Pest management practices involved under protected cultivation

1. W
EL
CO
ME

2. • +VELY ACCELERATING POPULATION
• LIMITED LAND AND OTHER RESOURCES
UN,2011
Solution?
2
?

3. PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a cropping
technique wherein the micro-climate surrounding the plant body
is controlled partially or fully as per the requirements of the plant
species.
3

4. • Better utilization of vertical space
• Year round production
• Off-season Cultivation
Productivity
• Better control over biotic and abiotic stresses.
Better quality of produce
Nursery raising and hardening of plant
Efficient utilisation of resources.
5/15/2021 2:37 PM
How helpful?
5-12
times
NCPAH,2014
4

5. Initial high
cost
Requires
careful
planning
and
management
Marketing
skills
Crop
protection
• Abiotic-
Temperature,
RH…
• Biotic- diseases,
weeds.. Insect
Pests
LIMITING FACTORS?
5

6. Pest Management
approaches under Protected
Cultivation of Vegetable &
Flower crops
Masters Seminar I
Department of Entomology, COH, Bagalkot
SHARAN C V
UHS15PGM596
Sr. M.Sc (Hort.)Entomology
6

7. Introduction
Pest
Management
Conclusion &
discussion
Suitable crops
How different
from field?
Different pests under protected cultivation
Monitoring approaches
Physical approaches
Biological appoaches
Chemical approaches
Integrated approaches
SEMINAR
OUTLINE
7

8. INTRODUCTION
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2:37 PM
8

9. Some of the suitable crops under protected cultivation

10. Current status…
 >115 countries
 In India,
Popular system: semi climate control greenhouse
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CPCT, 2009-14
10
Table 1. Leading States in Protected Cultivation

11. Structure itself will be helpful in excluding the pests.
Environmental factors can be manipulated.
Provides primary protection from wind, rain..
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How different from field condition?....
Pros
11

12. PROTECTED..! BUT STILL PESTS....
Planting and
other
materials Through
implements
/ human
transmissio
n
The walk-in
doorways
Windows
Ventilators
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13. • Provides favourable conditions.
• No natural enemies.
═►More rapidly and with greater severity than outdoors.
If Neglected = 100% loss
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How different from field condition?....
Cons
Solution?
13

14. PEST MANAGEMENT
What to manage?

15.  For implementing the appropriate management
tactics..
 Misidentifying may misleads to inappropriate
management practices…
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Pest ID is critical…
15

16. TYPES OF PESTS FOUND IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Insects
Slugs
Mites
Nematodes
Pathogens
Weeds
With changing horticultural practices new
pests like thrips, scales, whiteflies, mites,
borers, caterpillars, slugs, nematodes etc. are
emerging not only under open conditions but
also under protected cultivation.
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17. Insects pests

18. 5/15/2021 2:37 PM
Insect-pests scenario under protected environment in India
(Ajay, 2010)
18
Common
name
Insect pests Host Distribution
Aphids Aphis gossypii Capsicum Punjab, Delhi
Macrosiphoniella sanborni Chrysanthemum Karnataka, HP
Macrosiphum luteum Orchid Sikkim
Myzus escalonicus Strawberry New Delhi
Myzus persicae Capsicum, Gerbera, Punjab, Maharashtra
Toxoptera aurantii Orchid Sikkim

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Caterpillars Helicoverpa armigera Capsicum, tomato, carnation Punjab, Uttrakhand, H.P.
Spodoptera litura Rose, tomato, capsicum, cucumber Karnataka, Punjab, HP
Leaf-miner Liriomyza trifolii Tomato, cucumber, chrysanthemum, gerbera,
and many ornamentals
Karnataka, H.P.
Mealy Bug Planococcus citri Orchids, cacti and Solanum species -
(Ajay, 2010)

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Thrips Scritothrips dorsalis Chilli, Capscicum, Rose Karnataka
Thrips palmi Gerbera Karnataka
Thrips tabaci Gerbera Maharashtra
White flies Bemisia tabaci Gerbera, capsicum Karnataka, Pumjab
Trialeurodes vaporariorum Tomato, cucumber, capsicum, beans, gerbera,
and more than 30 hosts
H.P.and Nilgiri hills (TN)
(Ajay, 2010)

21. Common name Scientific name Host
Yellow Mites/ Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Chilli, Capsicum
Strawberry mite Stenotarsonemus fragariae Strawberry
Red or carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus Carnation
Glasshouse Red Spider Mite Tetranychus neocalidonicus Cucumber
Two -spotted Spider mite Tetranychus urticae Tomato, capsicum, cucumber, carnation,
gerbera
Bulb scale mite Stenotarsonemus laticeps Narcissus bulbs
Bryobia mite Bryobia ribrioculus Cucumbers
Conifer spinning mite Oligonychus ununguis Conifer
Red spider mite Panonychus ulmi Malus and apple
Cyclamen mite Phytonemus pallidus Cyclamen
Mites
(Ajay, 2010)
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22. Grey Field Slugs (Deroceras reticulatum)
• Creamy white to purple in
colour
• Feeds on the soil surface with
in the plants, root etc..
• Common host is potato.
Garden slugs (Arion hortensis)
• Black with watery orange underside
in colour
• Feeds on all the above surface parts of
plants and burrow roots too.
• Common hosts are bean and potato.
Keeled slugs (Milax budapestensis)
• Black or dark grey brown
with thin pale orange line
down the center of the black.
• They usually feed on roots
• Common hosts are carrots,
potato and beetroots.
Black slugs (Arion ater)
• Various colours, but most frequently
black, with an orange fringe underside
• They attacks seedlings and eat rotting
materials.
• Common host is potato.
Slugs/Snails
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23. Nematodes Host/Damage
1. Potato Cyst Nematode
(Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida)
• Sucking up plant cell content.
• Disturbing translocation in xylem and phloem tissues.
2.Stem and Bulb Nematode
(Ditylencus dipsaci)
• Host-Narcissus, Onion, Beans and Strawberries
• Loose puffy appearance(called bloat)
• Narcissus-yellow streaks and the crop flower late
Nematodes
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24. Nematodes Host/Damage
3.Chrysanthemum Nematode
(Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi)
• Blotching and purpling of the leaves.
• Dead brown area between the veins.
4.Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp) • Host-Chrysanthemum, begonia,
Cucumber and tomato.
• Wilting symptoms
5.Migratory plant Nematodes
• Xiphinema diversicaudatum- Dagger
nematodes
• Longidours elongates- Needle
nematodes.
• Host- Rose, Raspberry and strawberry
• Transmit important viruses- arabis mosaic on strawberry and tomato
black ring on ornamental cherries
Nematodes
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25. WHEN TO MANAGE?
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26. Scouting
By visual
Use of hand lens
Saha et.al. 2015
5/15/2021 2:37 PM 26
Hand Lens
Scout pest populations before starting:
• What are your pests?
• Where are your problems? Hot spots?
• When do they occur?

27. • No direct observations are needed.
• Whiteflies, aphids, thrips and leafminer adults: YELLOW sticky cards.
• Thrips: BLUE coloured sticky traps.
• SEX PHEROMONE BAITED TRAPS: Moths of tobacco caterpillar and
tomato fruit borer.
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Sticky yellow trap cards
Monitoring tools

28. Record Keeping
• Temp., RH
• Counts from sticky cards.
• Counts of pests on the plants.
• Specific crop observation (height, leaf color, bud
development, etc.)
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29. HOW TO MANAGE?
INDIVIDUAL
APPROACHES
INTEGRATED
APPROACH
• NON CHEMICAL
• PHYSICAL
• BIOLOGICAL
• CHEMICAL
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30. Coloured sticky traps:
♦ Yellow for white fly, mites,
aphids
♦ Blue for thrips
♦ Silver for aphids
PHYSICAL APPROACHES
Pheramone traps
♦ To attract
moths, fruitflies,
thrips
STICKY TRAPS PHERAMONE TRAPS
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(Covaci et.al. 2012)

31. Case study
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Place: Hangzhou, China
Crop: Brinjal
Trap size & density: 10x30 cm, 1
trap/5 m2
Treatments:
• GH with YST
• GH without YST
• OF with YST
• OF without YST
Replications: 3 in each
(Lu et.al. 2005-07)

32. Figure 3. The population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci
adult on eggplant from 15 August to 17 October in 2007
Figure 2. The population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci adult
on eggplant from 13 April to 25 July in 2006
Figure 1. The population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci
adult on eggplant from 7 June to 6 September in 2005
(Asterisks (*) in A1, A2, B1, and B2 indicate statistically significant difference between the two treatments respectively, n=3: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, n.s. = not significant).
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33. BIOLOGICAL
APPROACHES
NATURAL ENIMIES ENTOMOPATHOGENS

34. Biological control of
greenhouse insect pests can
be achieved through release
of biocontrol agents like
predatory mites, pirate bugs,
soil dwelling mites, and
parasitic insects.
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NATURAL
ENEMIES
• PREDATORS
• PARASITOIDS

35. Table 2. Key Pests of Greenhouses and their Major natural enemies
Target pest Predator Parasitoids
Mites Phytoseiulis persimilis1
Neoseiulis cucumeris1
Orius laevigatus2
White fly Orius laevigatus2
Chrysoperla spp.5
Encarsia formosa3
Eretmocerus mundus3
Thrips Orius laevigatus 2
Neoseiulis cucumeris 1
Thripoctenus americensis10
Leaf miner Diglyphus isaea3
Dacnusa siberica3
Gerson et.al. 2007, Saha et.al. 2015
35
1- Predatory mite
2- Predatory bug
3 - Parasitic wasp
4 - Predatory beetle
5- Predatory Insect
6 - Aphid midge
7 - Parasitic aphid
10 -Predatory wasp
11-Insect parasitoid

36. Table 3. Key Pests of Greenhouses and their Major natural enemies
Target pest Predator Parasitoids
Mealybug Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri4
Anagyrus pseudococci3
Leptomastix dactylopii3
Aphids Orius laevigatus
Chrysoperla spp.5
Apidoletes
aphidomyza6
Aphidus colemani7
Aphidus matricarae7
Jassids Chrysoperla spp.5
Caterpillars
(Spodoptera,Helicoverpa
etc.)
Chrysoperla
carnea5
Trichogramma spp.11
1- Predatory mite
2- Predatory bug
3 - Parasitic wasp
4 - Predatory beetle
5- Predatory Insect
6 - Aphid midge
7 - Parasitic aphid
10 -Predatory wasp
11-Insect parasitoid
Gerson et.al. 2007, Saha et.al. 2015
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37. Case study
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Location: Spain
Crop: Tomato (5 cultivars)
Module 1: Natural enemies
Parasitoid: Trichogramma achaeae
Release :18 DAT
Predator: Nesidiocoris tenuis
Release : 1st week
Module 2: Chemical
(Cabello et.al. 2010)

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Fig. 4. Progression of the average number of Tuta absoluta eggs (left Y-axis) in greenhouse tomato crop according to
treatment (Trichogramma achaeae releases compared with N. tenuis release only) and effect of these natural enemies
(right Y-axis) on the plot with releases of both entomophagous species (values in whiskers represent SE).
Trichogramma
achaeae
Nesidiocoris tenuis

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Fig. 5. Average mortality of Tuta absoluta by the parasitoid Trichogramma
achaeae and the predator Nesidiocoris tenuis in greenhouse tomato crop
according to cultivar. (values in whiskers represents SE).

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Fig. 6. Progression of the average number of larvae and leaf damage by Tuta
absoluta in greenhouse tomato crop according to treatment (Trichogramma achaeae
release compared with chemical control), (values in whiskers represent SE).

41. ENTOMOPATHOGENS
Fungus
• Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae etc. on aphids, whiteflies, thrips and spider
mites.
• B. bassiana has been found to be compatible with predators such as Encarsia spp., Eretmocerus spp.
and Chrysoperla spp.
Bacteria
• Bacillus thuringiensis, or BT is sold as Gnatrol, Dipel, Xentari.
• Gnatrol controls a variety of leaf chewing caterpillars and is also used against fungus gnats.
Nematodes
• Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. on Fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.), shore flies, western flower thrips,
leafminers.
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Grewal et.al. 2005,Gerson et al. 2007

42. 5/15/2021 2:37 PM 42
Target pest Entomopathogens
White fly Lecanicillium lecanii
Beauveria bassiana
Thrips L. lecanii
B. bassiana
Leaf miner Bacillus thuringiensis
Mealybug L. lecanii
Jassids L. lecanii
Caterpillars
(Spodoptera,Helicoverpa etc.)
B. thuringiensis
NPVs e.g. SlNPV, HaNPV etc.
Gerson et.al. 2007, Saha et al. 2015
Table 4. Key Pests of Greenhouses and some of their entomopathogens

43. Case study
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Location: Florida, USA
Crop : Capscicum ( Cv. California
wonder)
Treatments used
• Mycopesticides
• Beauveria bassiana (2.4 g/l, 1011
spores/l))
• Metarhizium brunneum (2.1
ml/l, 1010 spores/l)
• Isaria fumorosea (2.4g/l,
2.1×1011 spores/l)
• Pesticides
• Spinosad @ 0.47ml/l
• Horticulture oil @ 2% & 1%
• Control : Water+ Tween solution
spray
(Arthurs et al. 2011)

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Fungal concentration/ml
Figure 7. Response of Scirtothrips dorsalis to three fungal entomopathogens in leaf disc assays; (A) total mortality of
thrips exposed as adults, (B) total mortality of thrips exposed as larvae, Data show mean ± SEM of three tests (five
replicates per test). High
Adults Larvae

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Sample week Sample week
Figure 8. Thrips counts in greenhouse tests ; (A&B ) adults, and larvae in fall test, (D&E) adults and larvae in spring
test.
Data are mean ± SEM from plants in six replicate cages.
Fall Spring
Spring
Fall

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Key points- when using biological control agents
–Involves more work at first
–They are best used when pest numbers are fairly low.
–Perform best at moderate temperatures (65-85°F) and humidities
(60-90%).
–The effectiveness of the same beneficial may be different on
different plants.
–If all the pests are destroyed, the beneficials will starve.

47. CHEMICAL
APPROACHES
LESS TOXIC:
BIORATIONALS
TOXIC:
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

48. BIORATIONAL PESTICIDES
Insecticidal soap
sprays
kill pests by
dehydration.
Horticultural oils
are refined
petroleum or
vegetable oils that
work by
smothering pests.
Neem oil-
it interferes with
insect
development.
Pyrethrum Rotenone
48
They are least-toxic pesticide control option for pests.

49. Saha et.al. 2015
INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS
• They have a complex mode of action and kill insects
by disrupting their development.
• IGRs can work in one of several ways:
– they can mimic juvenile hormones, so that insects never enter the reproductive stage
of development;
– they can interfere with the production of chitin, which makes up
the shell of most insects.
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50. CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT
Chemical pest control refers to the use of chemicals that kill the pests. These chemicals are called pesticides.
•Easier use
•Readily available
•provides a quick means of killing pests
•efficiency
•Cost effectiveness
It’s the most popular,
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51. DIFFICULTIES/LIMITATIONS
Need to select the pesticides having less persistence.
Development of resistance in pest.
Contributor to pollution.
• Require Protective kit
• A re-entry period of at least 12 hr
• Fumigants must be avoided.
Applicator should take the safety measures,
51

52. Case study
Green house study
• Place: Greenhouse, Horticulture college &
research institute farm, Anantharajupet
• Design, Plot size : RBD, 2 x 3 m2
• Treatments: 9+ 1 control
• Replications: 3
• Seasons: 2011(1) & 2012(2)
• First Spray: 2 WA Natural pest infestation
• Spray interval: 2 times @ 15DI
• Observations recorded:
*from 3 plants from each plot
*@ before spray, 1, 3, 5, 7,10,14 DA each
spray
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53. Table 4: Effect of acaricides on the mortality of T. urticae in
greenhouse (First crop season)
Table 5: Effect of acaricides on the mortality of T. urticae
in greenhouse (Second crop season)
P=0.05, Mean of three replicates; Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values. In a column, ‘means’ followed by a common letter do not differ significantly at Pd”0.05
by Duncan’s multiple range test
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54. INTEGRATED
APPROACHES

55. Why Integrated…
How integrated system can suites better under protected
cultivation…
 Structure itself helpful in mitigating many pests..
 Control over microclimate...
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55

56. IPM is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information and available pest
control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of damage by the most economical means
with the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment. - EPA.
• Goals:
• Integrating different approaches
• Minimising chemical use
• Optimize pest control
• Economically sound
• Ecologically safe
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HARDWORK MAKES THE WORK COMPLETE, TEAMWORK MAKES THE WORK PERFECT

57. Tactic of
IPM
Preventive
Exclusion..
Cultural
Mechanical
Monitoring &
identification
Scouting
Record keeping
Curative
Minimising…
Physical+/
Biological+/
Low toxic Chemicals
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58. AIRLOCK ENTRANCE
INSECT PROOF SCREENS
ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION ABSORBING SHEETS
PLANT QURANTINE/SANITATION/SOLARISATION
FERTILIZER REGULATION
REPELLENT/ATTRACTANT CROPS
OTHERS
MECHANICAL
STRATEGIES
CULTURAL
STRATEGIES
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
ONE OUNCE
OF
PREVENTION
IS BETTER
THAN A
POUND OF
CURE
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59.  Screening vents and doorways can greatly limit the
movement of insect pests into the greenhouse.
 Selection of proper screen size mesh and assuring
adequate airflow are more important.
1. Insect proof screens
MECHANICAL METHODS
Saha et.al. 2015
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59
Screen vents to restrict new pest entry

60. Table 6. Screen mesh sizes needed to exclude major greenhouse pest species
Insect-Pest Hole size (micron)
Mesh
(Number of threads per
linear inch)
Leafminer (L. trifoli) 610 34
Cotton whitefly
(B. tabaci)
462 42
Aphid (M. persicae) 340 52
Greenhouse whitefly
(T. vaporariorum)
290 58
Thrips (Thrips spp.) 192 76
Saha et.al. 2015
5/15/2021
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60

61.  In greenhouses, an airlock entrance room is essential.
 It’s attached to the exterior of the greenhouse and enclosing
the entry doorway.
 It allows workers to enter the airlock room and close the
outside door behind them before entering the greenhouse
production area.
2. AIRLOCK ENTRANCE/ PROVISION OF DOUBLE DOOR
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61

62. 3.Ultra-violet radiation absorbing sheets
• The UV part of the solar spectrum plays an important role in the ecological
behaviour of insects, including orientation, navigation, feeding and interaction
between the sexes.
Saha et.al. 2015
MECHANICAL METHODS
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63. Case study
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• UV opaque GH
• UV open GH
• Open field
Varieties
T1- Inlay
T2- Diamond Pink
T3-Thepprathan

64. Different letters in columns indicate significant differences at
α = 0.01, differences in rows are not significant
Table 8. Total marketable yield (g/plant) after staggered harvesting
Table 7. Applied pesticides during six months vegetative and
reproductive cycle
Pests observed:
• Spider mite
• Aphid
• Leaf miner
• White fly
• Thrips

65. Soil solarization
• Soil solarization is the process of tarping moist soils with clear polyethylene
to trap solar radiation and raise soil temperatures to levels lethal to most
insect, nematodes, pathogens and weed seeds.
Saha et.al. 2015
CULTUTRAL METHODS
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66. Plant Quarantine & Sanitation
• Another common discovery is insects coming into the greenhouse on
infested plants from other areas.
• It is important to keep the area around the exterior of the greenhouse free
of weeds and other plants that could harbor pests.
• Eliminate infestations by discarding or removing heavily infested plants.
Saha et.al. 2015
CULTUTRAL METHODS
5/15/2021 2:37 PM 66

67. Balanced use of fertilizer
• Fertilization schedules based on balanced use of nutrients should be
followed.
• Nitrogen should be applied only as needed for optimal growth.
• Application of potassium at desired levels has been found to reduce the
incidence of insect-pests.
CULTUTRAL METHODS
5/15/2021 2:37 PM 67

68. 5/15/2021 2:37 PM 68
Use of Natural Insect Repellent, Attractant/Trap crops
Repellents-
• Spearmint repels aphids
• Strong-smelling herbs like rosemary, thyme, and wormwood – repels
moths and flies.
• A pot of mint repels cabbage white butterflies.
• Neem plants are another safe way to deter insects.

69. • Planting border rows of Portulaca oleracea in rose can be used as a
trap crop for tobacco caterpillar under protected environment.
• Whiteflies are attracted to lettuce and tomatoes.
5/15/2021 2:37 PM 69
Attractants/trap crops:- indicator plants.

70. OTHERS:
• Allow the greenhouse to freeze in winter to eliminate tender insects like
whiteflies.
• Avoid wearing yellow clothing which is attractive to many insect pests.
• Avoid personal plants "pet" plants.
• Crop rotation
• Resistant Cultivars should be grown
• Fallow Periods-
• Pinching , Pruning and Roguing
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71. EIL
ET
Average
density
Time
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Apply controls
Avoid exceeding economic
injury level
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES
CHEMICAL APPROACHES
Curative
measures

72. SELECTION OF CURATIVE MEASURES
• While selecting the combination we must be careful.
• Preferably least toxic chemicals should be used
E.g.
 Flonicamid, Methoxyfenozide were suitable with predators like Orius
laevigatus and Amblyseius swirskii. ( Colomer et al., 2011).
 Spinosad with some predatory mites (Rahman et al., 2010).
5/15/2021 2:37 PM 72

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Sabir et al. 2011

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Table 9. Application of different treatments under IPM and non-IPM modules.

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Table 10. Effect of biopesticides on the incidence of mites in greenhouse.

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Table 11. Comparative efficacy of different bioagents on incidence of diseases in protected cultivation.

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Table 12. effect of bioagents on root knot nematode on cucumber

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Table 13. Yield, C:B, gross and net profit in IPM and non- IPM practices
Gross income = Yield x Price; Net income + Gross income- total cost of cultivation; C:B= Gross income/ Cost of cultivation; Total
number of insecticide spraying--- 4 times in IPM, and 8 times in Non IPM; Average selling price of cucumber @ Rs.50 /kg

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