Berdiri di Pundak Raksasa: Tips Bertualang di Lautan Literatur*
Hasriadi (Ary) Masalam, PhD.D. (knowledge dissemination consultant)
*Diadaptasi dari Gallagher, M. (n.d.). Systematic Approaches to Literature Reviewing. https://student-learning.tcd.ie/assets/PDF/Approaches%20to%20Literature%20Reviewing.pdf
5. Tantangan Umum
Mulai dari mana (umum<>khusus)?
Literatur mana yang harus dimasukkan?
Kapan harus berhenti?
Seberapa jauh penelusuran literatur?
6. 3 Tahap Kunci
1. Merumuskan pertanyaan dengan jelas;
2. Melakukan penelusuran sistematis dan eksplisit;
3. Melakukan penilaian kritis;
7. 1. Merumuskan Pertanyaan
Pertanyaan penelitian harus:
spesifik;
fokus;
dirumuskan dengan jelas;
didefinisikan dengan baik.
Telisik pertanyaan penelitian Anda!
TIPS!
Pertanyaan penelitian
tidak boleh ambigu atau
multi-interpretasi.
Jika ragu, buat
pertanyaan penelitian
sesempit dan sefokus
mungkin.
8. 1. Merumuskan Pertanyaan (lanj.)
Mengapa media sosial berbahaya?
Bagaimana pengguna daring mengalami atau
mengatasi masalah privasi di situs jejaring sosial
seperti MySpace dan Facebook?
Apa efek pemanasan global terhadap lingkungan?
Bagaimana pencairan gletser mempengaruhi penguin
di Antartika?
9. 1. Merumuskan Pertanyaan (lanj.)
Mengapa media sosial berbahaya?
Tidak menentukan media sosial mana
Kerusakan apa yang ditimbulkan media sosial.
Mengasumsikan “kerusakan” akibat media sosial
sudah terbukti dan/atau harus diterima.
http://writingcenter.gmu.edu/?p=307
10. 1. Merumuskan Pertanyaan (lanj.)
Bagaimana pengguna daring mengalami atau mengatasi
masalah privasi di media sosial seperti Facebook dan
Instagram?
Menentukan media sosial (Facebook dan Instagram),
Jenis bahaya (masalah privasi)
Siapa yang mengalami masalah (pengguna medsos).
http://writingcenter.gmu.edu/?p=307
11. 1. Merumuskan Pertanyaan (lanj.)
Apa efek pemanasan global terhadap lingkungan?
Saking luasnya, pertanyaan ini tidak bisa dijawab
hanya dalam satu buku.
http://writingcenter.gmu.edu/?p=307
12. 1. Merumuskan Pertanyaan (lanj.)
Bagaimana pencairan gletser mempengaruhi penguin di
Antartika?
fokus ke penyebab tertentu (pencairan gletser),
tempat tertentu (Antartika)
kelompok tertentu yang terpengaruh (penguin).
http://writingcenter.gmu.edu/?p=307
14. 2. Penelusuran (lanj.)
2.1. Identifikasi Literatur:
a. Menentukan kata kunci;
b. Menentukan arena penelusuran;
c. Menentukan batasan pencarian
lain, mis. bahasa, tanggal, dll
TIPS!
Dokumentasikan
protokol pencarian dan
catat literatur yang
ditemukan.
Gunakan platform
dokumentasi hasil
pencarian, mis.
endnote.
15. 2. Penelusuran (lanj.)
2.1.a. Menentukan kata kunci
ejaan, tenses, dan varian;
sinonim;
konsep terkait;
penulis terkait.
TIPS!
Cari kata kunci dan
padanannya di:
- buku dan artikel
tentang bidang
penelitian;
- kamus, tesaurus,
buku pegangan, dan
ensiklopedia;
- text mining software.
17. 2. Penelusuran (lanj.)
1.c. Menentukan batasan pencarian lain, mis. bahasa,
tanggal, dll
Mis. studi yang diterbitkan dalam bahasa Inggris di
jurnal peer-review 10 tahun terakhir (Maret 2001-
Maret 2011);
Justifikasi pemilihan waktu.
18. 2. Penelusuran (lanj.)
2.2. Seleksi Literatur
Tetapkan kriteria penyertaan dan pengecualian:
hasil studi;
desain penelitian;
metode yang digunakan;
populasi, dll.
19. 3. Penilaian Kritis
Nilai kualitas metodologi;
Tinjau semua aspek, berikan argumen, cek kredibilitas dan
kesesuaian dengan kriteria pemilihan
Pastikan proses pemilihan transparan, bisa diulang, dan dapat
diperbarui.
20. 3. Penilaian kritis (lanj.)
Apa?
Kapan?
Siapa Dimana?
Mengapa?
Bagaimana?
Bagaimana jika?
Deskripsi
Analisis
Evaluasi
Terus?
Apa selanjutnya?
Alur Penilaian Kritis*
Tema
Learning Development University of Plymouth
21. 3. Penilaian Kritis (lanj.)
Sintesis koheren
dari penelitian
sebelumnya dan
termutakhir dalam
domain studi*
Apa kesimpulan
utama dari penelitian
sebelumnya di bidang
ini?
Apa perdebatan
utama di bidang ini?
Aspek mana dari
literatur ini yang paling
relevan dengan studi
saya?
Apa konsep kunci di
bidang ini?
Apa pertanyaan
utama penelitian?
Di mana pengetahuan
yang ada “minim"?
Bagaimana orang lain
mendekati topik ini? Di mana ruang kosong
pada literatur?
Apa perspektif
utama tentang
topik ini pada
penelitian
sebelumnya?
Apakah ada
literatur paralel
untuk topik ini?
Diskusi yang
mana?
Sub-tema yang
mana?
Penulis yang
mana?
Literatur mana
yang perlu
dipertanyakan?
Siapa saja
“mereka"?
Literatur apa
yang perlu
diperluas?
Di bidang studi
mana topik
tersebut dikaji?
Sumber: Dr Hazel Hall, Napier University
22. 4. Struktur Laporan
Pendahuluan
Mulai dari topik umum ke topik khusus pertanyaan penelitian;
Paparkan penilaian Anda tentang status pengetahuan;
Jelaskan garis besar laporan.
23. 4. Struktur Laporan (lanj.)
Pendahuluan
Dari topik umum ke topik khusus pertanyaan penelitian;
Penilaian tentang status pengetahuan;
Jelaskan garis besar laporan.
25. 4. Struktur Laporan (lanj.)
Penutup:
Ringkasan hasil studi yang ada;
Evaluasi atas literatur yang dipilih;
Kekuatan dan kelemahan;
Pertanyaan untuk studi lebih lanjut.
26. 4. Struktur Laporan (lanj.)
Penutup:
Ringkasan hasil studi yang ada;
Evaluasi atas literatur yang dipilih;
Kekuatan dan kelemahan;
Pertanyaan untuk studi lebih lanjut.
27. Referensi
Ridley, D. (2013). The literature review: A step-by-step guide
for students. London: SAGE.
Matheson, Lydia., & Lacey, Fiona M. (2011). Doing your
literature review : traditional and systematic techniques. Los
Angeles, Calif.: SAGE.
Fink, Arlene. (2010). Conducting research literature reviews :
from the Internet to paper. Los Angeles: Sage.
*Diadaptasi dari Gallagher, M. (n.d.). Systematic Approaches to Literature Reviewing. https://student-learning.tcd.ie/assets/PDF/Approaches%20to%20Literature%20Reviewing.pdf
”Preparing Indonesian Youth” to be published soon!
*Diadaptasi dari Gallagher, M. (n.d.). Systematic Approaches to Literature Reviewing. https://student-learning.tcd.ie/assets/PDF/Approaches%20to%20Literature%20Reviewing.pdf
*Diadaptasi dari Gallagher, M. (n.d.). Systematic Approaches to Literature Reviewing. https://student-learning.tcd.ie/assets/PDF/Approaches%20to%20Literature%20Reviewing.pdf
This is one example of outline of a literature review (which might be your lit review chapter)
Here, method refers to how you conducted your literature review, not how you did your research.
Findings/Discussion refers to analysis of retrieved literature
Implications/Recommendations might be what this means for your thesis. For example, a review of literature on learning skills interventions revealed: 1) two different theoretical approaches that underpin interventions and 2) very little qualitative research on these interventions; therefore, thesis research will focus on these aspects.
Read other theses
This is one example of outline of a literature review (which might be your lit review chapter)
Here, method refers to how you conducted your literature review, not how you did your research.
Findings/Discussion refers to analysis of retrieved literature
Implications/Recommendations might be what this means for your thesis. For example, a review of literature on learning skills interventions revealed: 1) two different theoretical approaches that underpin interventions and 2) very little qualitative research on these interventions; therefore, thesis research will focus on these aspects.
Read other theses
This is one example of outline of a literature review (which might be your lit review chapter)
Here, method refers to how you conducted your literature review, not how you did your research.
Findings/Discussion refers to analysis of retrieved literature
Implications/Recommendations might be what this means for your thesis. For example, a review of literature on learning skills interventions revealed: 1) two different theoretical approaches that underpin interventions and 2) very little qualitative research on these interventions; therefore, thesis research will focus on these aspects.
Read other theses
This is one example of outline of a literature review (which might be your lit review chapter)
Here, method refers to how you conducted your literature review, not how you did your research.
Findings/Discussion refers to analysis of retrieved literature
Implications/Recommendations might be what this means for your thesis. For example, a review of literature on learning skills interventions revealed: 1) two different theoretical approaches that underpin interventions and 2) very little qualitative research on these interventions; therefore, thesis research will focus on these aspects.
Read other theses
This is one example of outline of a literature review (which might be your lit review chapter)
Here, method refers to how you conducted your literature review, not how you did your research.
Findings/Discussion refers to analysis of retrieved literature
Implications/Recommendations might be what this means for your thesis. For example, a review of literature on learning skills interventions revealed: 1) two different theoretical approaches that underpin interventions and 2) very little qualitative research on these interventions; therefore, thesis research will focus on these aspects.
Read other theses
This is one example of outline of a literature review (which might be your lit review chapter)
Here, method refers to how you conducted your literature review, not how you did your research.
Findings/Discussion refers to analysis of retrieved literature
Implications/Recommendations might be what this means for your thesis. For example, a review of literature on learning skills interventions revealed: 1) two different theoretical approaches that underpin interventions and 2) very little qualitative research on these interventions; therefore, thesis research will focus on these aspects.
Read other theses