It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
Individuals can vary significantly in their response to drugs due to differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Variations exist between patients and also within the same patient over time. Several categories influence drug action, including individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs; variations in receptor numbers and proteins; and differences in physiological and pathological states. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, concurrent diseases or medications, and route of administration can impact drug action either quantitatively by altering concentrations or qualitatively by changing the type of response. Environmental conditions and psychological aspects also modify a drug's effects.
There are several routes of drug administration that determine how quickly a drug acts and is absorbed in the body. Oral administration is the most common and involves swallowing drugs, but this can result in first-pass liver metabolism. Sublingual and buccal routes under the tongue and cheek provide rapid absorption bypassing the liver. Parenteral routes like intravenous injection place drugs directly in the bloodstream for immediate effect. Other routes include intramuscular, rectal, inhalation and topical application to skin or mucous membranes. Proper administration depends on the drug properties and patient needs.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources: plant sources, animal sources, mineral/earth sources, microbiological sources, semi-synthetic sources, and recombinant DNA technology. Plant sources provide many older drugs and include poppy flowers, tobacco leaves, and ipecacuanha roots. Animal sources such as sheep thyroid and cod liver are used. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbiological sources provide antibiotics from fungi and bacteria. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural sources, while synthetic drugs have altered chemical structures. Recombinant DNA technology produces drugs by inserting genes into bacterial cultures.
The document provides a broad classification of various types of drugs. It lists and describes several categories of drugs including analgesics, anesthetics, anthelmintics, antipyretics, antidotes, anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants, antihistamines, antacids, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, antitussives, anti-asthmatics, androgens, antipruritics, antiphlogistics, antiseptics, antifungals, antispasmodics, antiemetics, antituberculars, antirheumatics, astringents, bronchodil
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
Individuals can vary significantly in their response to drugs due to differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Variations exist between patients and also within the same patient over time. Several categories influence drug action, including individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs; variations in receptor numbers and proteins; and differences in physiological and pathological states. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, concurrent diseases or medications, and route of administration can impact drug action either quantitatively by altering concentrations or qualitatively by changing the type of response. Environmental conditions and psychological aspects also modify a drug's effects.
There are several routes of drug administration that determine how quickly a drug acts and is absorbed in the body. Oral administration is the most common and involves swallowing drugs, but this can result in first-pass liver metabolism. Sublingual and buccal routes under the tongue and cheek provide rapid absorption bypassing the liver. Parenteral routes like intravenous injection place drugs directly in the bloodstream for immediate effect. Other routes include intramuscular, rectal, inhalation and topical application to skin or mucous membranes. Proper administration depends on the drug properties and patient needs.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of how the body affects a drug after administration through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug entering systemic circulation through various routes and is affected by properties of the drug and biological membranes. Distribution involves a drug passing through body compartments depending on its physicochemical properties. Metabolism chemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more excretable, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites through the kidneys, lungs, bile, intestines, skin, and other routes.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources: plant sources, animal sources, mineral/earth sources, microbiological sources, semi-synthetic sources, and recombinant DNA technology. Plant sources provide many older drugs and include poppy flowers, tobacco leaves, and ipecacuanha roots. Animal sources such as sheep thyroid and cod liver are used. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbiological sources provide antibiotics from fungi and bacteria. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural sources, while synthetic drugs have altered chemical structures. Recombinant DNA technology produces drugs by inserting genes into bacterial cultures.
The document provides a broad classification of various types of drugs. It lists and describes several categories of drugs including analgesics, anesthetics, anthelmintics, antipyretics, antidotes, anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants, antihistamines, antacids, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, anti-diarrheals, antitussives, anti-asthmatics, androgens, antipruritics, antiphlogistics, antiseptics, antifungals, antispasmodics, antiemetics, antituberculars, antirheumatics, astringents, bronchodil
This document discusses the parenteral route of drug administration. Parenteral administration means delivering drugs through any route other than the digestive tract, such as intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous injection. The primary routes are intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injection. Intravenous administration is the fastest way to deliver drugs throughout the body via the circulation. Other intraarterial routes include intracardiac, intraspinal, intracerebral, intraocular, and intra-abdominal injection. Parenteral administration provides immediate effects but requires trained personnel, is more expensive than other routes, and causes some inevitable pain.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the actions of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They are competitive antagonists that bind to muscarinic receptors, reversibly blocking acetylcholine transmission. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic derived from deadly nightshade. It causes dilation of the pupils, increased heart rate, decreased secretions, and relaxed smooth muscles. Anticholinergics are used to treat Parkinson's disease, motion sickness, asthma, peptic ulcers, overactive bladder, and other conditions. Side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and excitement or delirium in overdose.
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First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
This document discusses various parenteral routes of drug administration, which deliver medications across defensive barriers and directly into systemic circulation or locally. It describes several parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intra-arterial, intrathecal, epidural, inhalational, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. The key factors in selecting a route include the drug's properties, the patient's condition, and the desired therapeutic effect. Each route has advantages like rapid onset but also disadvantages such as invasiveness or risk of infection that must be considered.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply as well as enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal. It also covers different types of parenteral routes like injections that can be intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intra-arterial, and intrarticular. For each route, it provides the definition, advantages, and disadvantages. The factors affecting the choice of administration route and classification of routes are also defined.
This document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body. It discusses the basic types of drug action like stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, and cytotoxic effects. It then explains the main mechanisms of drug action, including interaction with enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors are categorized into G protein-coupled, ion channel, transmembrane enzyme-linked, JAK-STAT binding, and nuclear/transcription factor receptors. The concepts of drug potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, synergism, antagonism, and competitive and noncompetitive receptor antagonism are also introduced.
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
This document discusses various factors that can modify drug action, including genetic and non-genetic factors. Body size, age, sex, species, race, and genetics can impact drug pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements. Route of administration, environmental factors, psychological states, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions can also influence drug effects both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tolerance can develop with repeated drug use due to changes in disposition or receptor sensitivity. These modifying factors are important to consider for safe and effective use of medications.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
A brief presentation on the factors affecting bioavailability of drugs along with a quick overview on what is bioequivalence, clinical equivalence, therapeutic equivalence, chemical equivalence and pharmaceutical equivalence.
The document discusses different types of syringes. It describes the main parts of a syringe including the barrel, plunger, and tip. The barrel holds the medication, the plunger is used to draw in and inject medication, and the tip connects to the needle. It provides details on common types of syringes like hypodermic, tuberculin, insulin, and prefilled syringes. Safety syringes that prevent needlestick injuries are also discussed. The document concludes with a short quiz about syringe parts and types.
Newer Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) provide several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. NDDS aim to deliver drugs at predetermined rates and sites over extended periods from a single application. This helps maintain therapeutic drug concentrations, increase bioavailability, reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance. The summary discusses several types of NDDS including prolonged release oral preparations using enteric coatings, extended release granules, and transdermal patches. It also mentions targeted delivery systems like liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticles, and implants.
Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention caused by conditions like heart failure and liver disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases sodium and water excretion through urine. Common brands include Lasix. It has a fast onset of 30-60 minutes when taken orally and a duration of action of 6-8 hours. Adverse effects can include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, so caution is needed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Drug interactions can occur with other diuretics, NSAIDs, and some antibiotics.
Pharmacodynamics covers how drugs act on the body. Drugs can act through receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated mechanisms. Receptor-mediated actions involve drug binding to receptors, which then trigger signal transduction pathways. There are various types of receptors including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and nuclear receptors. Drug effects are determined by factors like affinity, efficacy, and intrinsic activity. Individual drug responses can be modified by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors such as age, weight, disease states, genetic differences, and drug interactions.
This document discusses local routes of drug administration which provide localized drug delivery and minimal systemic absorption. It defines local routes as those used for localized lesions that can attain high drug concentrations at the site without systemic exposure. The document divides local routes into topical (applied to skin/mucous surfaces), deeper tissues (injected via syringe), and arterial supply (injected into supplying artery). It provides examples and advantages of localized treatment but notes risks of irritation and limited pain relief compared to systemic routes.
Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, injection, inhalation, rectal, topical, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, the desired site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition. Oral administration is the most common due to convenience, but other routes like injection allow for more rapid onset when needed. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, risk of side effects, and patient acceptability.
This document discusses the parenteral route of drug administration. Parenteral administration means delivering drugs through any route other than the digestive tract, such as intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous injection. The primary routes are intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injection. Intravenous administration is the fastest way to deliver drugs throughout the body via the circulation. Other intraarterial routes include intracardiac, intraspinal, intracerebral, intraocular, and intra-abdominal injection. Parenteral administration provides immediate effects but requires trained personnel, is more expensive than other routes, and causes some inevitable pain.
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the actions of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They are competitive antagonists that bind to muscarinic receptors, reversibly blocking acetylcholine transmission. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic derived from deadly nightshade. It causes dilation of the pupils, increased heart rate, decreased secretions, and relaxed smooth muscles. Anticholinergics are used to treat Parkinson's disease, motion sickness, asthma, peptic ulcers, overactive bladder, and other conditions. Side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and excitement or delirium in overdose.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
This document discusses various parenteral routes of drug administration, which deliver medications across defensive barriers and directly into systemic circulation or locally. It describes several parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intra-arterial, intrathecal, epidural, inhalational, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. The key factors in selecting a route include the drug's properties, the patient's condition, and the desired therapeutic effect. Each route has advantages like rapid onset but also disadvantages such as invasiveness or risk of infection that must be considered.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply as well as enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal. It also covers different types of parenteral routes like injections that can be intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intra-arterial, and intrarticular. For each route, it provides the definition, advantages, and disadvantages. The factors affecting the choice of administration route and classification of routes are also defined.
This document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body. It discusses the basic types of drug action like stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, and cytotoxic effects. It then explains the main mechanisms of drug action, including interaction with enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors are categorized into G protein-coupled, ion channel, transmembrane enzyme-linked, JAK-STAT binding, and nuclear/transcription factor receptors. The concepts of drug potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, synergism, antagonism, and competitive and noncompetitive receptor antagonism are also introduced.
The intramuscular injection is most common type of drug administration. Because of a single mistake we can do harm to our patient. So, we should know about the right way to administer IM injection. Here, in this slides we discuss details about the topic. It will increase your skill proficiently.
Thanks
This document discusses various factors that can modify drug action, including genetic and non-genetic factors. Body size, age, sex, species, race, and genetics can impact drug pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements. Route of administration, environmental factors, psychological states, concurrent diseases, and drug interactions can also influence drug effects both quantitatively and qualitatively. Tolerance can develop with repeated drug use due to changes in disposition or receptor sensitivity. These modifying factors are important to consider for safe and effective use of medications.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
A brief presentation on the factors affecting bioavailability of drugs along with a quick overview on what is bioequivalence, clinical equivalence, therapeutic equivalence, chemical equivalence and pharmaceutical equivalence.
The document discusses different types of syringes. It describes the main parts of a syringe including the barrel, plunger, and tip. The barrel holds the medication, the plunger is used to draw in and inject medication, and the tip connects to the needle. It provides details on common types of syringes like hypodermic, tuberculin, insulin, and prefilled syringes. Safety syringes that prevent needlestick injuries are also discussed. The document concludes with a short quiz about syringe parts and types.
Newer Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) provide several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. NDDS aim to deliver drugs at predetermined rates and sites over extended periods from a single application. This helps maintain therapeutic drug concentrations, increase bioavailability, reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance. The summary discusses several types of NDDS including prolonged release oral preparations using enteric coatings, extended release granules, and transdermal patches. It also mentions targeted delivery systems like liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticles, and implants.
Anesthesia
What are the risks and complications of anesthesia?
Stages of anesthesia
types of Anesthesia :
General ,local and Regional Anesthesia
Drugs for Anesthesia
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention caused by conditions like heart failure and liver disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases sodium and water excretion through urine. Common brands include Lasix. It has a fast onset of 30-60 minutes when taken orally and a duration of action of 6-8 hours. Adverse effects can include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, so caution is needed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Drug interactions can occur with other diuretics, NSAIDs, and some antibiotics.
Pharmacodynamics covers how drugs act on the body. Drugs can act through receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated mechanisms. Receptor-mediated actions involve drug binding to receptors, which then trigger signal transduction pathways. There are various types of receptors including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and nuclear receptors. Drug effects are determined by factors like affinity, efficacy, and intrinsic activity. Individual drug responses can be modified by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors such as age, weight, disease states, genetic differences, and drug interactions.
This document discusses local routes of drug administration which provide localized drug delivery and minimal systemic absorption. It defines local routes as those used for localized lesions that can attain high drug concentrations at the site without systemic exposure. The document divides local routes into topical (applied to skin/mucous surfaces), deeper tissues (injected via syringe), and arterial supply (injected into supplying artery). It provides examples and advantages of localized treatment but notes risks of irritation and limited pain relief compared to systemic routes.
Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, injection, inhalation, rectal, topical, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug's properties, the desired site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition. Oral administration is the most common due to convenience, but other routes like injection allow for more rapid onset when needed. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, bioavailability, risk of side effects, and patient acceptability.
Route of administration refers to how a drug enters the body. There are four main routes: enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical. The enteral route involves ingestion through the mouth or rectum. The parenteral route bypasses the digestive system through injection into muscles, veins, or under the skin. Inhalation allows direct delivery to the lungs. Topical application places the drug on body surfaces like the skin. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to speed of onset, bypassing metabolism, and patient acceptability.
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lung tissue and air spaces. It can be caused by issues that increase pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs like heart failure, or by problems that damage the blood vessel walls. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and anxiety. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but aims to reduce fluid buildup and support breathing. Differentiating cardiogenic from non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema involves considering medical history, symptoms, physical exam findings, and chest imaging results.
This document discusses different types of drugs including stimulants like caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. It also discusses depressants like alcohol, opioids, and solvents. Additionally, it covers hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, and their effects on the body and brain. All drugs are addictive to some degree and can damage the body with long term use, impair judgment, and negatively impact social and family life.
The document discusses different types of drugs including cannabis, cocaine, and heroin. It describes what each drug is, common slang terms, and health risks. The document also notes that people use drugs to change something in their lives and provides resources for seeking help with drug addiction.
This document discusses guidelines for the administration of oral medication by nurses. It provides abbreviations used for medication timing, classifications of drugs by action, abbreviations for drug preparation and amounts, formulas for calculating pediatric dosages, safety measures like the six rights, and the nurse's responsibilities and procedure for administration. The key aspects are ensuring correct patient, drug, dose, time and documentation according to orders and assessing for any reactions after administration.
The document discusses drug administration including defining it, listing routes of administration, and outlining the rights to ensure proper administration. It covers oral, parenteral, and other routes. Parenteral routes discussed in detail include intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous injections. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing the patient, medication order, and documenting properly to administer drugs safely and effectively.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral (oral, sublingual) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous) routes. It describes advantages and disadvantages of each route such as absorption rate, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, control over dosing, and risk of infection. The major routes covered are oral, sublingual, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration.
Nutritional diseases can result from deficiencies or imbalances in energy, proteins, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Primary malnutrition occurs when one or more dietary components are entirely missing, while secondary malnutrition happens when intake, absorption, or storage of nutrients is impaired. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) manifests as marasmus or kwashiorkor and can affect up to 25% of children in low-income countries. Specific vitamin deficiencies like vitamins A, D, and B1 can cause conditions such as night blindness, rickets, beriberi, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Nutrition experts recommend 15-20 calories per kilogram of weight per day for healthy adults. For an 80kg adolescent, this equals 1,600 calories per day distributed across three to five meals. Recommendations to reduce calorie intake include limiting added sugars, choosing water or 100% fruit juice over soda, replacing candy with fruit, and reading nutrition labels to identify added sugars. Recommendations to reduce fat intake include trimming fat from meat, choosing fish and poultry without skin, limiting red meat to three times per week, choosing low-fat dairy, and reducing fried foods and butter or margarine. Common nutritional disorders discussed are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity.
The document discusses several nutritional problems including obesity, eating disorders, predisposition to osteoporosis, anemia, undernutrition, and premenstrual syndrome. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, and effects of obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. It also discusses symptoms of anemia, causes of anemia, ways to prevent osteoporosis, and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Overall, the document covers a wide range of nutritional problems and eating disorders, their characteristics and health impacts.
Vitamins are organic micronutrients found in foods that are essential for health. Vitamin A deficiency can occur due to malabsorption or other issues affecting fat absorption. Key symptoms include night blindness, keratomalacia (softening and ulceration of the cornea), papular desquamation (flaking of the skin), and frequent respiratory infections. Vitamin A is important for maintaining epithelial surfaces and its deficiency can lead to epithelial metaplasia and keratinization of tissues.
This document defines key vocabulary terms related to nutrition and obesity such as balanced, active, lentil soup, overweight, diabetes, hypoglycemia, accused, childhood, documentary, inflammation, lethargy, tobacco, snacks, constipation, deficiency, craving, slim, addicted, diet. It provides descriptions of balanced and unbalanced diets. Obesity is defined as being very fat in an unhealthy way, when one's BMI is 20% over normal weight. Other eating disorders discussed include anorexia nervosa, pica, and bulimia nervosa. Treatments for obesity and eating disorders include diet, behavior therapy, drugs, and surgery.
With obesity comes serious health, economic, and social consequences. Systems4PT explains these implications and the realities of obesity in the United States.
This document discusses several nutritional deficiency diseases caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the diet. It describes goiter caused by iodine deficiency which results in swelling of the thyroid gland. Kwashiorkor is a disease of children caused by lack of protein in the diet, leading to stunted growth and edema. Marasmus results from general malnutrition and lack of energy and protein, causing a lean body and sunken eyes. Rickets is caused by lack of vitamin D and calcium in children, resulting in soft bones and bent limbs. The document emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet containing all essential nutrients to prevent these deficiency diseases.
Drugs can be classified pharmacologically based on their chemical makeup and characteristics or therapeutically based on their intended effects. Allopathic drugs work by producing effects opposite to the disease symptoms and can be prescription or over-the-counter. Non-prescription drugs are available without a prescription and are used to treat conditions like acne, coughs, hemorrhoids, and more. They include analgesics, antacids, antihistamines, antiseptics, and other drug classes.
The document provides an overview of drug delivery to the respiratory system. It discusses the advantages of pulmonary drug delivery such as it being needle-free and requiring a low dose. It describes the different regions of the respiratory tract and various formulation approaches for drug delivery, including marketed products that use different devices like dry powder inhalers and metered dose inhalers. The document also mentions some patented preparations and recent advances in pulmonary drug delivery.
This document discusses environmental and nutritional pathology. It covers common exposures like outdoor air pollution, medications, tobacco, and alcohol. Tobacco is a major cause of preventable death, linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, and other organs. Alcohol abuse can cause fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and neurological issues due to thiamine deficiency. Medications like oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy may increase risks of blood clots and some cancers. Occupational diseases frequently involve repeated trauma or toxic exposures affecting the lungs and skin.
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied.
The document discusses various channels and routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. Oral administration includes swallowing drugs for gastrointestinal absorption or applying topically to the mouth. Sublingual and buccal routes place drugs under the tongue or between the gums and cheek for rapid absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous bypass the gastrointestinal tract. Topical administration applies drugs directly to surfaces like the skin or mucous membranes. The optimal route depends on drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
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The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. The oral route involves swallowing drugs for gastrointestinal absorption and comes with advantages like convenience but also disadvantages like first-pass liver metabolism. Sublingual and buccal routes place drugs in the mouth for rapid absorption bypassing the liver. The rectal route is used for unconscious patients and when nausea is present but absorption is slow and erratic. Parenteral routes like intravenous delivery have complete bioavailability but are more invasive.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. The main enteral routes are oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual. Oral administration has advantages like convenience and low cost but also disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and irritation. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous bypass the gastrointestinal tract. Topical routes apply drugs directly to surfaces like the skin or mucous membranes. The optimal route depends on drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
Routes of drugs dministration PDF For study.pdfHakeemUllah7
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. The enteral routes described are oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual. The oral route has advantages of convenience and widespread absorption but also has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and potential irritation. Sublingual administration provides rapid absorption but is limited by drug taste and volume. Rectal administration can be used for unconscious patients or those vomiting but absorption is slow and erratic. Parenteral routes like intravenous and intramuscular deliver drugs systemically but have risks of irritation, infection, and technical requirements. Topical routes apply drugs directly to surfaces.
This document defines dosage forms and discusses various routes of drug administration. It provides details on:
1) The need for dosage forms such as accurate dosing, protection, taste masking, and controlled release.
2) Classification of dosage forms by route of administration (oral, topical, rectal, parenteral), physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and type.
3) Advantages and disadvantages of different routes including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, topical and others. Time of onset of effect for different routes is also compared.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. Oral administration involves swallowing drugs for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and has advantages of convenience and low cost but can be inefficient with first-pass liver metabolism and gastric irritation. Parenteral routes like intravenous delivery bypass the gastrointestinal tract but require medical assistance. Topical application puts drugs directly on the skin or mucous membranes for local effects.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific areas and minimize systemic absorption and side effects. These include topical application to the skin or mucous membranes as well as deeper tissue injection. Systemic routes distribute drugs throughout the body and include oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal, inhalation, cutaneous (transdermal), and parental routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, reliability of absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, convenience, and invasiveness.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration and their characteristics. It begins by defining route of administration as the path by which a drug enters the body, noting this affects absorption rate. It then lists and groups different administration routes as enteral (oral, rectal, etc.), parenteral (intramuscular, intravenous, etc.), and topical. For each route, it provides details on administration method, advantages, disadvantages, common drugs examples. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the optimal administration route based on drug properties and patient factors to safely and effectively deliver medications.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. Oral administration involves swallowing drugs for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and has advantages of convenience and low cost but also has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and irritation to the stomach. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous involve injection of drugs and bypass the gastrointestinal tract. Topical routes apply drugs directly to surfaces like the skin or mucous membranes. The document provides details on specific routes like sublingual, rectal, and transdermal administration.
This document summarizes various channels of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical routes. Oral administration includes swallowing drugs that are then absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, or applying drugs topically to the mouth. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous involve injection or infusion of drugs directly into the body bypassing the GI tract. Topical administration applies drugs directly to surfaces like skin, eyes, or lungs in forms like creams, patches, or sprays.
The document discusses various channels and routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical. The main enteral routes are oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual. Oral administration involves swallowing drugs for absorption in the GI tract. Sublingual and buccal routes place drugs under the tongue or in the cheek for rapid absorption bypassing the liver. Parenteral routes involve injection and include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and others. Topical routes apply drugs directly to the skin or mucous membranes. The selection of a specific route depends on factors like the drug properties, desired speed of onset, and patient condition.
This is the second part of my presentation. It is all about the review on Routes and rights of drug administration. The slide also covers IP & Drug Laws too.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It defines routes of administration and lists factors that govern the choice of route, such as the physical and chemical properties of the drug, the site of desired action, and the condition of the patient. The main routes discussed are oral, parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), rectal, inhalation, and topical. It provides details on each route including advantages, disadvantages, examples of drugs administered via that route, and approximate time until effect. The goal is to introduce the different ways drugs can be delivered to the body.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It describes several factors that influence the choice of route, including the drug's properties, desired site of action, absorption rate, and patient condition. Systemic routes aim to distribute drugs through the bloodstream and include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (injections, inhalation, transdermal) routes. Local routes deliver high drug concentrations locally with minimal systemic absorption. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular and intravenous injections.
1. There are several routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, local, and topical routes. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition.
2. Enteral routes include oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual administration. Parenteral routes involve direct delivery into the systemic circulation via injections like intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous. Local routes target specific sites and topical routes apply drugs to external surfaces.
3. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like absorption, onset of action, safety, patient acceptability, and cost. The optimal route maximizes drug delivery while avoiding
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors affecting bioavailability. It describes both systemic and local routes including oral, sublingual, rectal, transdermal, inhalation, nasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, topical, intra-arterial, and intrathecal routes. Key factors discussed that can impact drug absorption and bioavailability include the drug's physical/chemical properties, desired site of action, rate and extent of absorption, first-pass effect, condition of the patient, and interactions with food and other drugs. The document also provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of different administration routes.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration in animals. There are two main classes of routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, and others. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, drug stability, and bypassing of first-pass metabolism. The document provides details on various administration techniques and considerations for each route.
This document provides information about peptic ulcers, including their pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, and laboratory findings. Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between aggressive factors like gastric acid and pepsin and defensive mucosal factors. Helicobacter pylori infection is the leading cause of peptic ulcers, causing inflammation and cytokine production. NSAIDs also increase risk by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Common symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of ulcers and biopsy for diagnosis, while tests for H. pylori infection are also important for diagnosis and treatment.
DNA amplification techniques include in vivo cloning and in vitro PCR. PCR was independently proposed in the 1970s and 1980s and allows selective amplification of DNA segments using a thermostable DNA polymerase. Key components of PCR include a template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and magnesium. During cycling, the DNA is denatured, primers anneal, and the polymerase extends the DNA. PCR has revolutionized molecular biology due to its ability to rapidly amplify specific DNA regions.
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin used to treat diabetes. It describes the two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by insulin deficiency and type 2 caused by insulin resistance. The document outlines several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs including biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effects and side effects of drugs from each class.
Nuclear magnetic resonance partial lecture notesankit
1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy utilizes the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine the structure of organic molecules.
2. NMR works by applying a strong magnetic field which causes the nuclei of atoms like 1H, 13C, and 19F to align and absorb electromagnetic radiation at characteristic frequencies.
3. The frequency of absorption, known as the chemical shift, depends on the magnetic field strength and the electron density around the nucleus, providing information about the molecular structure.
1. Mutation refers to changes in DNA that may be inherited. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or due to exposure to mutagens.
2. There are two main types of point mutations: base substitutions which replace one base with another, and deletions/insertions which remove or add DNA bases. These mutations can have varying effects on protein function.
3. Mutagens like radiation and UV light can induce mutations by damaging DNA and interfering with its replication. Ionizing radiation breaks DNA bonds while UV causes pyrimidine dimers that introduce mutations.
Hindustan Unilever lost a trademark case for its 127-year-old Sunlight soap brand to a little known Kerala-based company called the Thai Group. While Sunlight was once HUL's most popular soap, its sales had declined nationally as brands like Surf and Wheel became more popular. The Thai Group, founded in 1984, had launched its own soap brand called Sunplus that earned around 10 crore annually. HUL had sued the Thai Group for infringing on the Sunlight trademark, but lost the case as the court found HUL had not used the Sunlight brand for detergent in over 60 years.
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Histamine and bradykinin are autocoids that act as local hormones. Histamine is stored in mast cells and basophils and causes effects by binding to H1, H2, or H3 receptors, such as stimulation of gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and vasodilation. Bradykinin causes powerful vasodilation, increases capillary permeability inducing edema, and stimulates pain nerve endings. Both have important roles in inflammation and are antagonized by H1, H2, and bradykinin receptor antagonists that block their effects.
Commercial production of gene products requires high levels of gene expression. Several factors can be manipulated to increase protein production, including the vector, host chromosome location, gene dosage, transcription elements like promoters and terminators, translation elements like ribosome binding sites, and codon optimization. Final localization of the protein, such as secretion extracellularly, and preventing degradation through fusion proteins or other means can also improve yields. However, expression in E. coli has limitations like the inability to perform post-translational modifications and potential endotoxin contamination.
This document discusses chrono-pharmacokinetics, which deals with the temporal changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs due to the time of administration. Biological rhythms like circadian rhythms can impact PK parameters. Studying chrono-PK is important because symptoms of diseases and drug toxicity can depend on the time of administration. Several drug delivery technologies have been developed to provide chronotherapeutic drug release tailored to the body's circadian rhythms. Placental transfer of drugs from mother to fetus is also discussed.
This document discusses animal models used to study nociception (pain perception). It describes several common tests used to induce and measure phasic or short-term pain responses in animals, such as the tail-flick test which uses thermal stimuli, and the paw withdrawal test. Long-term or tonic pain is also studied using methods like the writhing test, which involves injecting an irritant like acetic acid and counting pain-associated behaviors over time. The document provides details on protocols and how these tests are used to evaluate potential analgesic effects of drugs.
Radioligand binding studies involve incubating radioactive ligands with tissue samples to measure binding to receptors. This provides information on receptor characteristics like binding affinity and number of sites. The radioligand must have high affinity and selectivity for the receptor of interest. Measuring specific binding versus nonspecific binding allows determining properties of the receptor population under study.
Participation of the gabaergic system on the glutamateankit
This study investigated the participation of the GABAergic system in regulating glutamate release from frontal cortex synaptosomes in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which mimics multiple sclerosis in humans. The results showed reduced GABAergic inhibition of glutamate release and impaired GABA regulation of synapsin I phosphorylation in synaptosomes from EAE rats compared to controls. Specifically, GABA had no effect on glutamate release or synapsin I phosphorylation in EAE rats, suggesting alterations in the GABAergic system may contribute to cortical pathology in EAE.
Lectin-functionalized carboxymethylated kappa-carrageenan microparticles for ...ankit
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Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, come in combined and progestogen-only formulations. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen, while progestogen-only pills only contain progestogen. Their main mechanisms of action are to prevent ovulation and make cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm. Potential adverse effects include cardiovascular risks, changes in serum lipids, and metabolic effects. Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease risks of some cancers while their effects on other cancers are still debated.
Anti inflammatory agents used in asthma and cough suppressantsankit
This document discusses anti-inflammatory agents and cough suppressants used to treat asthma. It outlines the pathogenesis of asthma as an inflammatory condition involving the airways. Treatment involves bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents like glucocorticoids that decrease cytokine formation and inhibit aspects of inflammation. Cough suppressants work by depressing the cough center in the brainstem and include opioids like codeine and dextromethorphan and pholcodine that have fewer side effects than codeine.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
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Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
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Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
4. ORAL ROUTE
Oral refers to
two methods of administration:
applying topically to the mouth
swallowing for absorption along the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract into systemic circulation
po (from the Latin per os) is the abbreviation used
to indicate oral route of medication administration
5. ORAL
Advantages
Convenient - can be self- administered, pain free,
easy to take
Absorption - takes place along the whole length of
the GI tract
Cheap - compared to most other parenteral routes
6. ORAL
Disadvantages
Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug may
be absorbed
First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are
initially transported to the liver via the portal
vein
irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting
7. ORAL
Disadvantages cont.
destruction of drugs by gastric acid and
digestive juices
effect too slow for emergencies
unpleasant taste of some drugs
unable to use in unconscious patient
8. First-pass Effect
The first-pass effect is the term used for the
hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological
agent when it is absorbed from the gut and
delivered to the liver via the portal
circulation. The greater the first-pass effect,
the less the agent will reach the systemic
circulation when the agent is administered
orally
10. Oral Dosage Forms
Common dose forms for oral administration
tablets
capsules
liquids
solutions
suspensions
syrups
elixirs
11. SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
Sublingual administration is
where the dosage form is
placed under the tongue
rapidlyabsorbed by
sublingual mucosa
12. SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
12
ADVANTAGES
ECONOMICAL
QUICK TERMINATION
FIRST-PASS AVOIDED
DRUG ABSORPTION IS QUICK
DISADVANTAGES
UNPALATABLE & BITTER DRUGS
IRRITATION OF ORAL MUCOSA
LARGE QUANTITIES NOT GIVEN
FEW DRUGS ARE ABSORBED
13. BUCCAL ROUTE
Buccal
administration is
where the dosage
form is placed
between gums and
inner lining of the
cheek (buccal
pouch)
absorbed by
buccal mucosa
14. BUCCAL ROUTE
ADVANTAGES
– Avoid first pass effect
– Rapid absorption
– Drug stability
DISADVANTAGES
– Inconvenience
– advantages lost if
swallowed
– Small dose limit
15. RECTAL ROUTE
15
ADVANTAGES By Suppository or
USED IN CHILDREN
Enema
LITTLE OR NO FIRST PASS EFFECT
USED IN – E.g. aspirin,
theophylline,
VOMITING/UNCONSCIOUS
HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS RAPIDLY ACHIEVED
chlorpromazine
DISADVANTAGES
INCONVENIENT
ABSORPTION IS SLOW AND ERRATIC
IRRITATION OR INFLAMMATION OF RECTAL
MUCOSA CAN OCCUR
16. SYSTEMIC-PARENTERAL
Parenteral administration is
injection or infusion by means of
a needle or catheter inserted into
the body
The term parenteral comes from
Greek words
para, meaning outside
enteron, meaning the intestine
This route of administration
bypasses the alimentary canal
17. SYSTEMIC-PARENTERAL
17
INJECTABLES
I. INTRAVENOUS
II. INTRAMUSCULAR
III. SUBCUTANEOUS
IV. INTRA-ARTERIAL
V. INTRA-ARTICULAR
VI. INTRATHECAL
VII. INTRADERMAL
INHALATION - Absorption through the lungs
18. INTRAVENOUS
18
ADVANTAGES
BIOAVAILABILITY 100% DISADVANTAGES
DESIRED BLOOD
CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVED IRRITATION & CELLULITIS
LARGE QUANTITIES THROMBOPHELEBITIS
VOMITING & DIARRHEA REPEATED INJECTIONS NOT
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ALWAYS FEASIBLE
FIRST PASS AVOIDED LESS SAFE
GASTRIC MANUPALATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
AVOIDED REQUIRED
DANGER OF INFECTION
EXPENSIVE
LESS CONVENIENT AND
PAINFUL
19. INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE
19
ADVANTAGES
ABSORPTION
REASONABLY UNIFORM
RAPID ONSET OF
ACTION
MILD IRRITANTS CAN BE DISADVANTAGES
GIVEN
FIRST PASS AVOIDED ONLY UPTO 10ML DRUG
GASTRIC FACTORS CAN GIVEN
BE AVOIDED LOCAL PAIN AND ABCESS
EXPENSIVE
INFECTION
NERVE DAMAGE
20. SUBCUTANEOUS
Injected under the skin.
Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.
IMPLANT :a tablet or porous capsule is inserted into
the loose tissues by incision of the skin, which is
then stiched up.
example : certain hormonal drugs
21. INTRA-ARTERIAL
Rarely used
Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects
Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular
diseases
22. INTRA-ARTICULAR
injections of antibiotics
and corticosteroids are
administered in
inflammed joined
cavities by experts.
example: hydrocortisone
in rheumatoid arthritis
23. INTRADERMAL
drug is given within skin layers
(dermis)
Painful
Mainly used for testing sensitivity
to drugs.
e.g. penicillin, ATS (anti tetanus
serum)
INOCULATION :administration of
vaccine (like small pox vaccine )
24. Topical Routes of Administration
Topical administration is the application of a drug
directly to the surface of the skin
Includes administration of drugs to any mucous
membrane
eye – vagina
nose – urethra
ears – colon
lungs
25. Topical Dosage Forms
Dose forms for topical administration include:
Skin:
creams • Eye or ear:
ointments – solutions
lotions – suspensions
gels – ointments
transdermal patches • Nose and lungs:
disks – sprays and powders
26. Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Topical Route
Local therapeutic effects
Not well absorbed into the deeper layers of the
skin or mucous membrane
lower risk of side effects
Transdermal route offers steady level of drug in
the system
spraysfor inhalation through the nose
may be for local or systemic effects
27. Transdermal
absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)
i. stable blood levels
ii. no first pass metabolism
iii. drug must be potent or patch
becomes too large
29. SELECTION OF ROUTE
The ROA is determined by :
the physical characteristics of the drug
the speed which the drug is absorbed and/
or released
the need to bypass hepatic metabolism
to achieve high conc. at particular sites
Accuracy of dosage
Condition of the patient
30.
31.
32. Sublingual/Buccal
Some drugs are taken as smaller tablets
which are held in the mouth or under the
tongue.
Advantages
rapidabsorption
drug stability
avoid first-pass effect
33. Sublingual/Buccal
Disadvantages
inconvenient
smalldoses
unpleasant taste of some drugs
34. Rectal
1. unconscious patients and children
2. if patient is nauseous or vomiting
3. easy to terminate exposure
4. absorption may be variable
5. good for drugs affecting the bowel such
as laxatives
6. irritating drugs contraindicated