Historical Developments

Historical Developments
Preliminary Course Assessable Task 1 By Edward Hawkins 09.04.13 Title Page | p. 1 | Part A:
Historical Developments * Materials * Transport * Tool–Making * Chemical Knowledge *
Communication Knowledge * ElectricityPart B: Electric Motors: * Diagram: DC motor * Rotating
Magnetic Fields in an Electric Motor | p. 3 | | p. 3 | | p. 3 | | p. 4 | | p. 5 | | p. 6 | | p. 7 | | p. 8 | | p. 8 | | p.
8 | Bibliography | p. 9 | Table of Contents Part A: Historical Developments Materials: Salvinia
Molesta Mimic Salvinia Molesta hairs Salvinia Molesta hairs The Brazilian fern Salvinia molesta
has proliferated around the Americas and Australia in part because its surface is dotted with oddly ...
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In today's world, many students in universities do not learn manual drafting techniques because they
are not required to do so. The days of hand drawing for final drawings are virtually over.
Universities no longer require the use of protractors and compasses to create drawings, instead there
are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software. CAD has become an especially important
technology within the scope of computer–aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product
development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. The accuracy, flexibility and ease of access
provided by CAD technology has completely revolutionised every industry it is incorporated into
and is now used to model, design and communicate any physical system to the point where it is
universally understandable, linking the many stages of industrial process, from the experts and
specialists to the blue collars. Over the last couple of decades this has resulted in a significant shift
in employment areas away from the middlemen to the two working ends of the process, resulting in
increased productivity and efficiency in many fields in society. Chemical Knowledge:
Chlorofluorocarbons Growth of the hole in the Ozone Layer Growth of the hole in the Ozone Layer
In the 1930s chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became an industrial staple due to their
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Drowning Of Plastic : Mary Rose Stewart
Drowning In Plastic
Mary–Rose Stewart
Earth Science
Mrs. Beshears
12 December 2014
In 2012, Americans generated about 251 million tons of trash and recycled and composted almost
87 million tons of this material ("Municipal Solid Waste"). There are many ways to end our
environmental crisis, such as reducing our amount of trash, recycling items, and reusing other items.
In Sweden, less than 1% of their trash ends up in landfills. 50% of their trash is incinerated, causing
steam that spin generator turbines, creating electricity which is distributed across the country from
their WtE (Waste to Energy) facilities. One way we can reduce our amount of trash is by recycling
everyday objects such as plastic water bottles, newspapers, the bags newspaper comes in, old graded
papers, etc. Instead of throwing away old food from your refrigerator, you can start a compost heap.
A compost heap is a pile of organic materials that decompose and produce compost. This compost
heap is great for growing crops, since it is very fertile land. You can recycle almost anything.
Anything made of paper, plastic, metal, or glass can be recycled. Most cities have their own
recycling plant, along with recycle bins that they collect a certain day of the week. In Mexico,
Missouri, there are nine recycling locations. We collect metal cans, aluminum cans, plastic bottles,
plastic containers, plastic bags, anything paper, windowed envelopes, post–it notes, and cardboard.
We do not collect

Relationship Between People And Environment
What is the relationship between people and the environment?
Wesley Jean
Florida Gulf Coast University
Undergraduate Studies Fall 2017 IDS 3920 – CRN 80335
To emulate the relationship between people and the environment, I find it best to consider Newton's
third law of motion which states; For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Meaning
that for every change made in nature, there will be an inevitable change in mankind– a theory that
can easily be proven justifiable. There are a myriad of examples that proves a linear relationship
between people and the environment– some for the good and unfortunately some for the worse.
However, in an effort to illustrate and thoroughly explain the dynamic relationship between people
and the environment, I will provide research on what I view as the three most distinguished areas
where the nature of our relationship can not be ignored. These topics include our effects on other
species, climate, and collectively vegetation and landscape. To begin, over the course of history
human activities have drastically changed or destroyed the natural habitats that are essential to the
survival of plants and animals. We have been known to pollute habitats, hunt and kill animals
illegally, and our trivial need to fulfill our aches for luxurious lifestyle often has the side effect and
disrespecting home and resources of other species that we share the plant Earth with. Our human
population is multiplying at an alarming rate

The Effects Of Ozone Depletion
The ozone depletion has been well documented to negatively affect planet Earth for years. The
ozone is a thin layer of the Earth´s atmosphere which is responsible for absorbing the sun's harmful
ultraviolet light ( What is Ozone Layer?,2017). The loss of ozone on earth will take a toll on human
health, plants and marine ecosystems, ultimately resulting in a planet that does not support living
things. Today, this manifests in climate change. It is easy for many to confuse these two issues,
although they are connected in various ways. Loss of the ozone layer is caused by greenhouse gases
such as chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs (compounds with chlorine and/or fluorine attached to carbon),
as well as , halons (similar compounds with bromine or iodine) (Jain 2015). These chemicals can
stay in the atmosphere for up to 100 years causing damage(What is Ozone Layer?,2017).
Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, contribute to global warming, which then contributes to
climate change by warming the surface and waters. These factors are resulting in a domino effect on
our environment. Climate change is classified as an abrupt increase in the Earth's temperatures
typically caused by human activity (National Aeronautics Space Administration 2016). Human
activities that release pollutants in our atmosphere are changing it and contributing to global
warming and ozone depletion. With all the knowledge, resources and tools invented for the benefit
of humans, one would think that these

The Benefits Of Air Warming
Introduction
In a country where summer only lasts a few months of the year, over half of the households have air
conditioning (Statistics Canada, 2015). In recent years, the battle against climate change has been
gaining more traction and people are becoming increasingly aware of the damage that we as humans
are doing to Earth. If Canadians want to demonstrate that they are serious about climate change,
they must ask themselves the question regarding if having air conditioning (AC) is truly a need or a
want? But before we ask ourselves whether AC is a need or a want, we must consider the true costs
of AC on things such as the environment and our society. Only then can we truly decide whether or
not AC should be a want or a need.
True ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, environmental costs are not the only price we pay for AC as there is a social cost which
many overlook that is illnesses which are related to polluted air. It was found that air pollution from
AC was associated with negative cardiovascular effects (Lin, Chuang, Liu, Chen, & Chuang, 2013).
The true costs that are associated with AC are overlooked by majority of people, this ignorance is
extremely frightening because Earth does not show signs of cooling down anytime soon which will
result in people buying additional AC units creating a positive feedback loop that benefits no one.
Wants and Needs
When discussing human wants and needs, one can argue for either side depending on the minimum
level at which they deem a human being can survive or the minimum level at which a human can
survive with dignity. For the issue regarding human wants and needs for AC, AC should be
considered as a human want. The first reason for this is that when identifying wants and needs we
must look at both short and long term, and although the short–term benefits of AC are quite evident
we have to take in to account sustainability which would be extremely difficult long term with AC.
The next reason is based off the hierarchy of needs and a need for control. Our need to control every
aspect of our lives is further promoted with AC as we it perpetuates our need to maintain control.
The first implication of AC being

Causes Of Global Warming
Global warming
Global warming is a gradual process of heating of earth's surface and whole environment including
oceans, ice caps, etc. The global rise in atmospheric temperature has been clearly noticed in the
recent years. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, in the past century there is
increase in the earth's surface average temperature by around 1.4–degree Fahrenheit. It has also been
estimated that global temperature may increase by another 2 to 11.5 degrees F in the next century.
There are many causes of the global warming, some are natural causes and some are human made
causes. The most important cause of global warming is greenhouse gases which are generated by
some natural processes as well as human activities. The increase in the level of greenhouse gases
has been seen in the 20th century because of the increasing population, economy and use of energy.
Increasing demand of industrialization in the modern world to fulfill almost each need is causing the
release of variety of greenhouse gases through many industrial processes in the atmosphere.
The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas has been increased in the recent
years by 10–fold. The release of carbon dioxide gas varies according to the natural and industrial
processes including photosynthesis and oxidation cycles. Methane is another greenhouse gas release
in the atmosphere by the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. Other greenhouse gases are
like oxides of

How Does Ozone Affect Skin Cancer
Implication of ozone in skin cancer rate
This layer is vital to all living organisms (humans, animals, plants) by keeps them safe from genetic
damage due UV radiation. Ozone absorbs 90% of UVB radiation which is show to have harmful
effects on humans and an important role in skin cancer.
The World Health Organization estimates that if there is a 10% decrease in stratospheric ozone, an
additional 300,000 cases of NMSC, 4,500 cases of melanoma and between 1.6 and 1.75 million
cataracts could result world–wide annually.
Lower ozone values increase UV levels, and inversely, higher ozone values decrease UV levels. The
ozone has its own regulation system but it can be affected if other molecules are involved.
The Ozone system
Ozone is an inorganic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These gases also have an effect on climate change. There are two largest ozone holes over
Antarctica which occurred in 2000 (29.8km2) and 2006 (29.6km2). The ozone layer over Australia
(mid–latitude) is thinned which results in more UV exposure since more UV radiation is reaching
earth's surface. Research shows that the ozone layer has been thinned all over the world but
especially in Australia with a 5–9% of ozone depletion since 1960. The ozone layer over Antarctica
has also been thinned in spring ("atmospheric meteorological conditions around Antarctica", clouds
made of ice, nitric and sulfuric acid). The discovery of the existence of the Antarctic ozone due to
industrial production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in 1985 leads to the Montréal Protocol12, an
international agreement which has been established to eliminate the industrial production of
chlorofluorocarbons in 1987. Today the ozone layer repairs itself most due to the elimination of
these gases and the global warming. The Montreal Protocol is a success and is also the first treaty
that reached an agreement with all the countries in the world. Scientists estimate that this treaty will
be preventing over two million cases of skin cancer each year by 2030 and that in 2035 all the vast
majority ozone depleting substances will be eliminated.

Essay on The Pros and Cons of Ozone
Here is an environmental question worth asking, "Is ozone good or bad?" Need more context? Okay.
Has ozone been beneficial or detrimental to humans over the course of the past century? Unsure?
Well read the following and decide. If you're not motivated to do so, consider that if ozone weren't
part of the Earth, neither would we be, and, more immediately, if ozone levels aren't kept within
certain narrow ranges in the future, the biosphere will suffer greatly.
What is ozone? Ozone is the gas in our atmosphere which has the chemical formula, O3, meaning
that each of its molecules consists of three oxygen atoms. Although seemingly similar to the much
more common diatomic oxygen, O2, which we require consumption of in every breath, ozone ...
Let's start in the upper atmosphere and work our way down to the surface. The stratosphere (that
part of the atmosphere above the wispy clouds extending nearly 30 miles above the surface)
contains ~97 percent of the ozone on the planet. This ozone is considered extremely beneficial and
is, in fact, essential for life as we know it. Ozone has the very special property of absorbing the
highly energetic ultraviolet (UV) rays that come from the sun. This partial absorption of UV light
protects life from the complications that result when life forms are exposed to elevated levels of it.
In humans, UV light might be desirous to someone attempting to get a tan, but it is very damaging
to our eyes (via cataracts), contributes in the creation of cancerous skin cells, produces age spots,
and stimulates wrinkles. (Despite the fact that our culture tends to admire tanned skin, the process of
tanning is actually a sign of skin damage.) Many plants also show signs of reduced productivity
when exposed to higher UV levels. Thus, stratospheric ozone is a blessing to all of life because of
its ability to absorb (and therefore block) much of the UV light from reaching the earth's surface.
In the lower atmosphere, particularly near the surface, ozone isn't so beneficial. Often a primary
ingredient in smog, ozone causes damage in lung when inhaled. The American Lung Association's
website (http:/www.lungusa.org/) contains many

Chlorofluorocarbons Affecting Canada's Ozone Layer
How do CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons affect Canada's Ozone layer. To answer this question we first
have to understand chlorofluorocarbons and the earth's ozone layer. Chlorofluorocarbons are
chemical compounds made up of three chlorine atoms. One fluorine atom and 1 carbon atom. There
were many uses for CFCs ranging from, being used as coolants in refrigerants to propellants for
aerosols to being used as solvents for dry cleaning. As CFCs are non– flammable and not very toxic
we thought they were a revolutionary compound, but unfortunately CFCs were one of the leading
causes for the depletion of our ozone layer. ozone is a type of oxygen, an ozone molecule consists of
three oxygen atoms whereas a regular oxygen molecule only consists of two.

Rudolfo Anay Chlorofluorocarbons
There are many famous Hispanic Americans, in our world today. These first two are from Mexico.
Mario Molina (1943) is a chemist who discover the danger uses of Chlorofluorocarbons. His work
with Rowland helped with banning the use of CFC. All the other Hispanic Americans scientist are
astronaut. Rudolfo Anaya (1937) is an author from Mexico. He was known for his novels that where
published in the 1970s. He wrote many stories and books. He won a Pen–west fiction award.
Comparing to other Hispanic authors he just like Castillo considered a Chicano American writer
(The Hispanic American). Benicio del Toro (1996) is an actor from Puerto Rico. He was the first
Hispanic American to win An Oscar, Comparing to other actors like Jose Vicente who also

Sentinal Fire Protection Ltd ( Sfp )
TITLE
BLANK
Summary
Sentinal Fire Protection Ltd (SFP) is a company that design and specialises in the design and
manufacture of fire detection and extinguishing systems for aircrafts. SFP have been tasked with
carrying out tests on a new fire extinguishant named Agent H3.
Due to the findings conducted in 1994 as per the Montreal Protocol (a protocol to the Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer), the commonly used fire extinguishing agent
Halon 1301 ceased production. Halon 1301 is a CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) gas, which the Montreal
Protocol concluded, had a tendency to significantly breakdown the earths ozone layer. The
termination of Halon 1301 prompted the need for a CFC free replacement fire extinguishing agent.
The replacement extinguishant, Agent H3 was tested by SFP under controlled conditions which
simulated a bulk load cargo fire inside a compartment with a volume of 58m3. The effectiveness of
Agent H3 was constantly monitored through thermocouples and data loggers. It's efficiency as a fire
suppressant was based on two criterion set by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), the
temperature acceptance criterion and the maximum time/temp criterion, with the outcome of a lower
result being more effective. These results would then be compared with the known results of Halon
1301 being subjected to the same tests.
The results concluded that Agent H3

The Eco Cute
Eco cute is regarded as one of the most efficient heat and water supply systems. Despite its
credibility in the community it too has led to the emission of greenhouse gases and has impacts on
its surrounding systems and environment. Scientific community have stated different theories on the
impacts of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, however the most notable of the theories
is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's surface. The greenhouse effect is a natural
process by which some of the radiant heat from the Sun is captured in the lower atmosphere of the
Earth, thus maintaining the temperature of the Earth's surface. Most manufactured chemicals,
nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide assist in capturing the heat. Humans play a large role in
emissions however some are a form of natural sources. Recorded data across several decades
suggests rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Heat pumps pose
threats to the environment and environmental health, primarily due to their contributions to global
warming. The electrical energy consumption by Heat pumps is a fairly large portion of the
accumulated energy consumption of an average house. Approximately 80% of the impact of Heat
pumps on climate is as a result of power drawn from fossil fuels (The Greenhouse Gas Effect,
2014). In addition the liquid agents used within the coils to dehumidify the air too has its
environmental impacts.
Across the past few years and number

Chlorofluorocarbon Pros And Cons
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)–containing inhalers, or CFC propellants, were commonly used in US
inhalers prescribed to treat asthma and COPD (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).
However, CFC is an organic compound that accumulates in the stratosphere (Hendeles, Colice, &
Meyer, 2007, p. 1344). CFC causes deleterious effects on the atmosphere and thus reduces the
protective effects the stratosphere has in minimizing ultraviolet B radiation (Hendeles, Colice, &
Meyer, 2007, p. 1344). "The World Health Organization estimated that a 10% decrease in
stratospheric ozone levels would lead to an additional 300,000 non–melanomas and 4500 melanoma
skin cancers worldwide annually" (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).
The 2008 ban stems from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1350). Generic medications tend to be cheaper (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1350). Patients
also report that the HFA inhaler tastes and the spray feel different, "softer" (FDA, 2016). The spray
itself is different in the two types of inhalers (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1346). HFA
inhalers require routine cleaning and priming to function properly (FDA, 2016). Ventolin HFA
attracts moisture and drying agents are used in the product to counteract this (Hendeles, Colice, &
Meyer, 2007, p. 1347). The use of drying agents decrease the shelf life after it is removed from its
packaging (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1347). And, lastly, higher doses of HFA cause more
systemic effects including tachycardia and hypokalemia (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p.

The Pros And Cons Of The Montreal Protocol
The enactment of the Montreal Protocol is a classic case of a domestic debate being
internationalised at the world stage. The initial controversy started in the United States in the 1970s
with the advent of scientific research on the link between a chemical called Chlorofluorocarbon
(also known as CFC) popularly used in the aerosols, air conditioning and refrigeration, solvents,
foams and fire retardants sectors, and ozone depletion. This scientific discovery generated health
concerns among the population as the thinning of the atmosphere puts individuals at risk of
exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation (URV), which is itself tied to an array of health conditions such as
skin cancer. Responding to these public concerns, the United States Congress introduced restrictions
on non–essential CFC uses (Kaniaru, 2007:45). However, this ban was initially contested by
domestic chemical producers who sought to discredit scientific research on the danger posed by
those chemicals for the thinning of the atmosphere to protect their economic interests. Yet, as new
information on the existence of an ozone hole in the Antarctic Pole surfaced in the 1980s and as
European competitors gained control over the market for CFCs, American chemical producers'
position shifted from fighting against domestic regulations to pushing for international ones so as to
create a level playing field at the international level. This corporatist (Schmitter, 1974:93–94)
mobilisation thus created a political space for the enactment of the Montreal ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By 2010, all Parties to the Protocol had complied with their targets and 98% of all ODS were
ultimately phased out (UNEP, 2010). Furthermore, studies have shown that had the Protocol not
been enacted, the Antarctic ozone hole would have expanded by 40% by 2013 and the ozone layer
elsewhere would have thinned by 15% (Chipperfield & al,

Essay about What is Plagiarism
Introduction
Because students often are confused about what is and is not plagiarism, I have prepared this
handout to help you understand what is acceptable. There are some gray areas and if you have any
questions, ask your instructor. Plagiarism is very serious and it can be grounds for failure in a
course. So ask first.
Another important point is that as you progress in your education the standards become higher. As a
College student you are expected to have your own ideas. To read information and explain it in your
words. If you complete an assignment by copying material, you are not showing that you understand
something. Only that you can repeat what the textbook says. This does not show that you
understand.
Definition
Lets start ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For short quotes, use quotation marks in the sentence. An example is "CFC's: These
substances are also of concern in connection with the destruction of stratospheric ozone"
[Bunce, N. Environmental Chemistry (Winnipeg: Wuerz, 1994, p. 19)]
b. For longer quotes it is appropriate to indent the entire passage:
Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs: These substances are also of concern in connection with the destruction
of stratospheric ozone (Chapter 2). Like N2O, they have no tropospheric sinks, but are infrared
absorbers. Up to 1984, the tropospheric concentrations of three of the major commercial CFCs...
[Bunce, N. Environmental Chemistry (Winnipeg: Wuerz, 1994, p. 19)]
Another reason to use references is to show where you get information from. When you state a fact,
unless it is "general knowledge," you should say where it comes from. Otherwise, a
careful reader will have no way to verify your statement. It may be subjective to decide what is
"general knowledge" but keep in mind who is your audience. As an example what is
your reaction to the statement:
Wetlands emit 150 million tons of methane each year [Bunce, N. Environmental Chemistry
(Winnipeg: Wuerz, 1994, p. 18)].
Without the reference, why should you believe me?

The above examples may seem obvious. If you use something word for word it MUST be
acknowledged. Things start to get a bit gray when you paraphrase. There is

The product I choose is Big sexy hair spray & stay intense...
The product I choose is Big sexy hair spray & stay intense hold hairspray by Sexy Hair. I use this
product everyday to keep my hair in place. This hairspray can be found a purchased at Ulta, JC
Penneys and beauty stores throughout the world. It is advertised to be "the strongest long lasting
hairspray ever created by Sexy Hair. It's stronger resin and new production technology allows it to
create a stronger, longer–lasting hold. Delivers intense hold, long–lasting strength, humidity
protection and shine" (ulta.com).
Ingredients:
SD Alcohol 40–B (Alcohol Denat.), Hydrofluorocarbon 152a,
Octylacrylamide/Acrylates/Butylaminoethyl/ Methacrylate Copolymer, Aminomethyl Propanol,
PEG/PPG–17/18 Dimethicone, Fragrance (Parfum), Triethyl Citrate, ... Show more content on
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The ozone should always stay in tact to protects the earth from UV radiation, which is harmful to
humans (skin cancer) and also the earth (global warming). If allowed to build up indoors, VOCs
often contribute to lightheadedness, headaches, allergies and more importantly has also scientifically
proven harmful to asthma sufferers. As a matter of fact, according to Professor Roy Harrison,
professor of environmental health at Birmingham University, there is a body of research on VOCs in
the indoor environment which links them with those kinds of symptoms – headaches and not feeling
so good (news.bbc.co.uk). After proven to have negative effects on the ozone layer as well as
humans, the production of CFCs was shut down and in fact it's banned in the US. Some scientists
were not convinced by the act of banning CFCs in spite of all these evidences. "Given the large
economic impact of a ban – it was estimated that industries relying on CFC production generated $8
billion in business and employed 200,000 people in 1974 – several scientists in the field advocated
waiting a few years for science to make more progress on the issue before making any policy
decisions." (bio.sunyorange.edu)
Although pump sprays are supposed to be slightly safer to use than aerosol sprays, scientists
recommend to stay away from hairspray as much as possible. Refillable pump sprays can also help
to reduce packaging waste and eliminate the possibility of explosion. Manufacturers are

Indirect Scientific Measurements Of Atmospheric...
"Discuss how both direct and indirect scientific measurements of atmospheric composition over the
last 10,000 years have informed the climate change debate".
There are both direct and indirect ways of measuring atmospheric composition. Direct scientific
measures are used to gain quantitative data which primarily use scientific tools and equipment to
measure the actual climatic changes, be it a change in greenhouse gas concentrations or an increase
in climatic temperature. Indirect scientific measurements of climate change often measure a separate
factor which may provide some evidence of climate change in the past. This can include changes in
the study of dendrochronology overtime or the CO2 concentrations and radioactive isotopes trapped
within ice cores. Both of these forms of scientific measurements have provided strong evidence to
inform the climate change debate. One way in which the combination of direct and indirect
measurements have informed the climate change debate is that although changes to the climate are
naturally occurring and can be found in periodic cycles throughout history, an example of this being
the glacial–interglacial cycles, anthropogenic activities in recent years are having a huge impact on
climate change and the rate at which it is taking place.
Indirect measurements of atmospheric composition can host reliable sources of information around
the climate of today in comparison with the historical climate. One way of gaining information
about past

Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101 Essay
INTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Americanization – Consumerism, individualism – American
products and values – Cultural imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization – Fast–
food principles dominant in American and other societies – Uniform standards – Lack of human
creativity – Dehumanization of social relations Infantilization – Benjamin Barber "consumed" –
Against "ethos of infantilization" that sustains global capitalism – Turning of adults into children
through dumbed down advertising and consumer goods – Targeting children as consumers –
Homogeneous global products for young and wealthy, and for children => soulless and unethical
global consumerism in pursuit of profit Cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– In the short run – Jihad likely to dominate? – In the long run – McWorld dominates? –
Convergence of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? – Convergence of political cultures?
Triumph of

The Effect Of Chlorofluorocarbon And...
Chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants have been widely used in traditional
cooling systems. These refrigerants accelerate the depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. Therefore,
adsorption air–conditioning technology attracted much attention recently as an alternative solution
due to its advantage of environmental friendliness. This system as it powered by waste and/or solar
heat can help to reduce required energy and thermal pollution. This paper presents an overview of
research which have been carried out on adsorption cooling systems powered by waste heat from
automobiles.
Many adsorption pairs have been studied. Zeolite–water as a working adsorption pair has been
widely used in automobile adsorption cooling systems. This pair has been powered by exhaust gases
from the engine due to its relatively high working temperature. Silica gel–water pair has been also
widely used in automobile adsorption cooling systems. It has been powered by waste heat from
water coolant in the engine due to its relatively low working temperature. Results show that this
technology can help in increasing overall engine efficiency and reduce thermal pollution from
engines. Various modifications in adsorption cooling systems are still required. One of the
bottlenecks which prevents the improvement of adsorption cooling technology is its relatively low
performance compared to conventional vapor mechanical compression technologies.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents

Feon Research Paper
The Chemours Company, an off shoot company of du Pont, currently owns the trademark Freon,
which it uses in its halocarbon products. Freon exist as a slightly toxic gas or liquid which is non
flammable. Freon is a brand name which encompasses a number of chlorofluorocarbons. However,
a number of chlorofluorocarbons exist outside of the Freon brand such as R22. Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC) including Freon have been primarily used as an aerosol propellant in the past, and now
primarily refrigerant. The earlier versions of Chlorofluorocarbons used contained chlorine, and were
partly responsible for depleting the Ozone layer. The newer chlorofluorocarbons have changed
ingredients to fluorine, and no longer deplete the Ozone layer. Refrigerants

Climate Change : Melting Ice
Climate Change: Melting Ice
Over the past few decades, the ice that can be found in Greenland, Antarctica and the Arctic Ice
Caps, has begun to melt away. These massive sheets of frozen water are disappearing at an
unbelievably fast rate. The problem boils down to global warming. Climate change has been around
for millions of years and is unavoidable, but the way people live their everyday lives has sped up the
process and has had a major impact on our world. The way humans treat the earth is indisputably
killing the only planet we've ever known. Although the affects of climate change are not always
prominent to the average person, scientists have noticed a massive change in the ice located in these
colder regions and are blaming it on global warming.
Climate change has been a highly talked about subject for most of our lives. Scientists and
historians can trace the issue back to the before the ice age. The difference between the ice age and
now is that the ice age was caused by natural events and natural change while the problems we face
now are caused by our own doing. Our pollution has caused a massive disturbance in our
atmosphere. With that, the depletion of the ozone may have had an effect on other aspects
throughout the world.
The ozone layer is a protective barrier that can be found 9.3 to 18.6 miles above the surface of
Earth, in the stratosphere. The stratum contains molecules, each with three oxygen atoms, that are
highly reactive. The ozone "serves as a shield

Essay on Dire Predictions: Global Warming
Geography
November 29, 2010
Dire Predictions : Student Edition
Chapter one of Dire Predictions Understanding Global Warming does exactly like the title says, it
gives the reader the essential basics of understanding the Global Warming issue. Chapter one gives
essential information covering a wide range of things including: the natural and human impacts on
climate, definition of a greenhouse gas and how it affects temperature, positive and negative
feedback loops, threatening human byproducts that affect the ozone, ways scientists study ancient
climates, and it gives possible future Earth outcomes due to global warming. It is a really loaded
chapter I know, but this information proves to be very valuable when learning about global ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As proof of the gasses affect on the ozone it states that the average temperature of the globe has
gone up from 13.5 degrees Celsius to 14.5 degrees Celsius. It seems like a small amount of
temperature increase but even one degree average increase can have a major influence on global
warming. Finally, chapter one goes on to describe what happens if these patterns persist.
So what will happen if these patterns persist, and what effects will it have on agriculture and man?
To better understand what will happen to us, we have to understand what the ozone layer does. The
ozone layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. If these patterns persist the ozone will
protect less and less ultraviolet radiation from entering Earth's atmosphere. If this happens then the
ice caps will melt which will be catastrophic to man and agriculture. According to
http://www.tropical–rainforest–animals.com/Global–Warming–Effects.html some effects of global
warming will be: Floods Droughts, Heat waves, Extreme winter cold and snow fall, Tornadoes,
Extreme storms, Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons. You don't have to be a geography
major to know that these types of effects will deal a devastating blow to people and plants.
Precipitation patterns will also change everywhere, messing up normal agricultural growth. Some
more effects global warming will have on agriculture and animals is it will make trees produce
leaves earlier, it will cause earlier greening on vegetation,

Essay on Ozone Depletion and Industrial Output
Ozone Depletion and Industrial Output
For years, we have heard about the ozone crisis: that because of industrialization and the lack of
pollution–consciousness by our industries, governments, and academia, we have put so many
environmentally harmful products into the atmosphere that our ozone – the good kind, the kind that
protects us from harmful UV radiation – is becoming dangerously damaged. It is becoming thinner
and developing holes, like the large hole over Antarctica. Predictions made expected the ozone hole
to continue to increase and for the general thickness to get continuously thinner, so that the harmful
UV rays of the sun would pass right through our atmosphere and fry our skin if we went outside for
ten ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the interaction of CFCs with the relatively unstable O3 that makes up ozone caused a
depletion of this molecule in the atmosphere – thus diminishing the total amount of protective
ozone. Once CFCs were realized to be destructive and responsible for a great deal of damage to the
ozone, measures were put in place to reduce the amount of CFCs in products. These reductive
measures are probably responsible for stemming a lot of ozone depletion. Pure chlorine is another
particle that is seriously accountable for ozone damage because of the reactions it makes with O3
(Kerr). Bromide and halocarbons are other key damagers (Fahey/Ravishankara and Kerr). A crucial
component in the reduction of ozone damage is to decrease the emissions of these and other harmful
materials, both in product development and production, as well as in product functioning itself.
One of the measures instituted to reduce destructive emissions was the 1987 Montreal Protocol.
This international document provided guidelines for the reduction of ozone–damaging chemicals on
a timeline that would be helpful for ozone repair. It seems as though the reductions that have already
taken place have had beneficial effects. The importance of continuing to follow the

Ozone and Global Environmental Politics Essay
Ozone and Global Environmental Politics
A thin layer of gas called atmosphere surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere serves two important
purposes: it is a filter for the suns dangerous ultraviolet radiation rays and keeps the heat, necessary
to maintain life on earth, within the stratosphere (Vorlat 361). Ultraviolet light is incredibly
dangerous to all the organisms within the Earth's ecosystem because it causes skin cancer, effects
the immune system, and harms plant and animal life. For that reason the atmosphere and the ozone
layer within it are crucial to a stable life on this planet. The ozone layer is in danger, however. It is
facing depletion by a toxic man–made substance called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Together ...
CFCs are a very heavy, very stable chemical often found in things such as air–conditioners,
refrigerators, fire– extinguishers etc. Upon release it can take the chemical up to five years to reach
the ozone layer. Once there the sun's rays split the chlorine atom causing it to bond with the ozone
atom and in turn destroying it (Kellner 20). A single pound of Freon, a CFC, can destroy as much as
70,000 pounds of ozone (Kellner 20). CFCs are responsible for depleting five percent of the three
billion metric tons of ozone in the air, that loss contributed to a twenty to twenty–five percent
decrease in the ozone over the uppermost northern region of Earth. Not to mention that every time
the ozone decreases the increase in skin cancer is two–fold (Kellner 20). All of the CFCs being
inputted into the atmosphere are causing the depletion of the ozone layer and the result is a hole
forming over the Antarctic region.
The hole forms every September to November, during the Antarctic spring. In 1998 however, the
hole showed up in mid–August and in September reached a record size of ten and half million
square miles. That is three and a half times the size of the United States. The hole is not really a hole
but rather a thinning of the ozone layer. The ozone layer has thinned so much though that patches
are left unfilled, giving the appearance of a hole. In 1998 the layer was close to record thinness
(Kloor 8). When the hole was

Global Warming: Is Mankind to Blame? Essay examples
"Global warming is controversial, of course, but the controversy is mainly over whether human
activity is driving it (Michio Kaku)." For years, the suspect or suspects that cause global warming
have been unknown. Two of the well–assumed and controversial possible defendants are balancing
on a slightly unbalanced seesaw with scientific evidence that back up or refute their degree of
involvement in the crisis. There is evidence that global warming is taking a toll on the earth and will
continue to further affect it significantly in the future. To begin preventing these future calamities
caused by global warming, society must first assess whether mans' actions are causing global
warming or if it is a natural phenomenon.
Future environments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water vapor is the most ample greenhouse gas, but it acts more importantly as a response to the
Earths' climate. If the Earth's atmosphere increases, then the water vapor increases, along with
precipitation and clouds. According to the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
"...the increases in the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are combined with those of other
greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, the overall concentrations are the highest in at
least 800,000 years..."(Spotts). Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and
coal over the last century have significantly contributed to the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
because the process of oil burning combines carbon with oxygen in the air which results in
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation for agriculture and its land uses are impacting the
atmospheric composition and may also impact climate change on both global and regional scales
(Our Changing Planet). Also industry, car exhausts, and turning on the light and other human–
related activities have also contributed to the amount of heat in the atmosphere, but to a lesser
extent.
The mammoth amount of carbon from the fossil fuel emissions being released into the atmosphere
forms a "blanket" around Earth, which as a result traps heat in the atmosphere and heats up the
planet. As increased amounts of carbon rises into the atmosphere, you can imagine that that
"blanket" becomes thicker. The Earth is getting

Negative Externality Pollution Essay
Negative Externality Pollution Negative Externality: Pollution
Pollution has become a heated issue in recent years. The destruction of the environment along with
serious health problems are the eventual effects. The extensive use and availability of automobiles,
tremendous amounts of production in the booming economy and the constant increase in demand
for energy, can be held responsible.
Pollution and its effects can definitely be categorized as negative externalities. Although millions
are inevitably responsible, nobody in their right mind enjoys being subjected to these conditions.
Long–term affects of air pollution include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease,
and even damage to the brain, nerves, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By limiting the amount of pollution will diminish the risk of health problems caused by these toxins.
Now many industries have gotten involved with a technique called carbon trading in which those
with high pollution releases buy the rights to pollute from others with low amounts of releases. This
is a controversial approach to reduce pollution because it allows unnecessary amounts of pollution
to be released. If companies chose to sell their rights, what they sell would not have been used in the
first place; now they will be used by companies who can afford to purchase them. It is extremely
expensive to purchase these rights, however some major companies can do so.
In my opinion, all pollution standards should be tightened but over a period of time. I agree totally
that pollution is out of hand at the current time, however it is a problem that has built up for many
years and can't be solved all at once. I feel that it is somewhat unfair to those companies who
depend on their current status. By implementing procedures and regulations that are to occur over a
period of time, it allows many companies to adjust gradually. I also feel that this policy of carbon
trading should be eliminated. Although it does generate income for industries that currently comply,
it allows many others to evade responsibility. I also feel that such things as public transportation and
carpooling should be stressed. It provides an alternative that will drastically

Air Conditioning Experiment Essay
8Th November 2014 8Th November 2014 Daniel Loftus P11267317 Mechanical Engineering Third
Year ENGD3036–2015–Y Plant Analysis and Sustainability: An Investigation into the characteristic
of an Air–Conditioning Plant For the Attention of Dr. H. Rajakaruna Table of Contents Objectives of
the experiment 2 Experiment Apparatus 2 2 Data/Results 2 First Data Sheet 2 Second Data Sheet 2
Part–1 2 Part–2 2 Part–3 2 Part–4 2 Part 5 2 2 Discussion 2 Part One 2 Part Two [Research and
Review] 2 Research and Review into Air–Conditioning Plants 2 Energy Issues 2 Health Issues 2
Policies 2 Conclusions 2 References 2 Appendices Error! Bookmark not defined. Objectives of the
experiment The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
njection [DBT] | T3 | 0C | 34.8 | 34.6 | 34.2 | 34.53 | B | After Pre–heat or Steam injection [WBT] |
T4 | 0C | 26.1 | 26 | 25.9 | 26 | C | After Cooling/ Dehumidification [DBT] | T5 | 0C | 20 | 19.9 | 19.9 |
19.93 | C | After Cooling/ Dehumidification [WBT] | T6 | 0C | 18.8 | 18.7 | 18.5 | 18.67 | D | After
Re–Heating [DBT] | T7 | 0C | 35.3 | 35.3 | 34.8 | 35.13 | D | After Re–heating [WBT] | T8 | 0C | 23.3
| 23.3 | 23 | 23.20 | | Supply volts | VL | V | 232 | 232 | 232 | 232 | | Duct differential pressure | Z |
mmH2O | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.57 | | Fan supply voltage | VF | V | 138 | 139 | 139 | 138.667 | | Condensate
collected | me | ml | 150 | 160 | 160 | 156.67 | | Condensate collection – Time interval | x | s | 300 |
300 | 300 | 300 | | R134a mass flow rate | ref | g/s | | | | | [3] [3] System Heater Resistances First Data:
Boiler, Lower 2kW | Rb | | 24.8 | Boiler, Upper 2kW | Rb | | 23.9 | Boiler, 1kW | Rb | | 58.7 | 1st Pre–
Heater 1kW | RP | | 47.3 | 2nd Pre–Heater 1kW | RP | | 47.4 | 1st Re–Heater 1kW | Rr | | 47.7 | 2nd
Re–Heater 1kW | Rr | | 47.3 | Second Data Sheet | Test Reference [Second Data Set] | | | Start | End |
Mean | A | Air at Fan inlet [DBT] | T1 | 0C | 25.1 | 25.5 | 25.3 | A | Air at Fan inlet [WBT] | T2 | 0C |
17.4 | 17.1 | 17.25 | B | After Pre–heat or Steam injection [DBT] | T3 | 0C | 40.6 | 41 | 40.8 | B | After
Pre–heat or Steam injection [WBT] | T4 | 0C | 28.2 | 28.3 |

Pros And Cons Of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Introduction
The global decline of the environment is readily observable. Today, the quality of air, water and land
resources is increasingly compromised because of the pollutants that contaminate the environment.
For the sake of industrialization and economic development, some countries are willing to risk their
natural resources. Environmental degradation can be seen anywhere. According to some observers,
environmental degradation is more rampant in countries with poor economic conditions as
compared to more affluent countries (Ambler, n.d.). China and India, for instance, are developing
countries yet it is among the biggest contributor to air pollution in terms of carbon dioxide emission
( PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2014). Most often, leaders of developing
economies are willing to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But despite the known adverse environmental effects of CFCs, a global ban could not be fully
implemented. Since 1987, there is only a small fraction of nations that has joined, the Montreal
Protocol, an international agreement that aims to reduce and eventually end the production of CFCs
(United Nations Environment Programme, 2010). Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is currently
the next alternative to CFCs. HCFCs can also damage the ozone layer but is less harmful than
CFCs. However, HCFCs are more expensive to manufacture as compared to CFCs. For the same
reason, CFCs are still being produced especially in developing countries despite its adverse
environmental impact. Such activities are the reason why some people believe that poorer countries
are more inclined to damage the environment. It should be noted though that the application of such
chemical compounds are not only confined in developing countries. In fact, developing countries
are only used as a manufacturing hub but the real consumers of these products are located in richer,
more developed countries in North America and

How Can You Help Protect The Environment
Environment – how can you help protect it?
Our planet is in trouble! Almost every day we seem to hear of yet another problem affecting the
environment – and what a list of problems! – pollution, acid rain, climate change, the destruction of
rainforests and other wild habitats, the decline and extinction of thousands of species of animals and
plants....and so on.
Nowadays, most of us know that these threats exist and that humans have caused them. Many of us
are very worried about the future of our planet and unless we can find a way of solving the problems
we have made then the environment will suffer even more.
It all sounds so depressing – but we certainly mustn't despair! Every one of us, whatever age we are
can do something to help ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One and a half acres are cleared every second, an area about the size of a football pitch. They are cut
down to make way for 'civilised man' to provide timber, grow crops and graze cattle. Sometimes
they're burnt down to make space to grow soya, an animal feed and to grow palm oil, a bio–fuel
used as an alternative to petrol and diesel, as well as being used as an ingredient in many foods.
Ideas to Help
* Never buy products made up of tropical hardwoods e.g. mahogany and teak. It is better to buy
only pine, oak, ash or beech because they can be replaced. * Garden and flower shops sometimes
sell rainforest orchids that have been imported, although endangered ones have been protected since
1973. If you buy an orchid, check that it has been grown in Britain. * Some parrots and macaws are
unfortunately still imported. If you want a parrot as a pet, make sure it has been hatched in Britain. *
Eating a beefburger may be helping to destroy the rainforest! Most burgers in Britain are made from
European cattle. However, the cattle are often fed on soya beans and a lot of that comes from Brazil
where large areas of forest have been destroyed to make soya fields. Before buying a burger, ask
where the cattle came from and what they were fed on. Try a veggie burger for a change!
Pollution
The air, water and soil of habitats all over the world have been, and are still being polluted in many

Air Pollution Control Act Of 1955
The first legislation for air pollution was the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. Although air
pollution was not a new phenomenon this legislation was the first to fund research to investigate the
sources of air pollution, and raise public awareness. This legislation followed the 1948 incident in
Donora, Pennsylvania of industrial smog that killed 21 people and sickened over 6000 people, and
the international incident in London where smog killed over 4000. After research and investigation
the Air Pollution Control Act was expanded into the Clean Air Act of 1963 and this Act was
amended up until 1990. I believe that political/governmental reactions has been the biggest
influence on reducing air pollution. Once the data and research was available the potential health
risks were obvious. The CAA identified the largest contributors and imposed limits and subjected
them to monitoring. The CAA has reduced emissions, removed lead from gasoline, reduced
byproducts of fossil fuel combustion (SO2,NO2), increased fuel economy standards, and reduced
the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). A lot of these help regulate
one of the biggest human contributors to air pollution, DRIVING. Big cities all suffer from traffic
and congestion so my city (DC) implemented an anti–idiling law where vehicles are not allowed to
idle for more than three minutes. My city also offers education and outreach services for air quality
issues. The government in my opinion is the

How Does The Environment Affect The Economy
Environment vs. Economy
Is there an environmental crisis? Is there an environmental crisis? Expert opinions vary. The
Wingspread Conference Center in January of 1998 came to this conclusion: "We believe there is
compelling evidence that damage to humans and the worldwide environment is of such magnitude
and seriousness, that new principles for conducting human activities are necessary." The need for
environmental peace is at a greater demand than it used to be. Extremist, Peter Rossi, believes the
real enemy of the environment is poverty. He states, "Economic growth is meant to lead to
pollution, habitat loss, global warming cultural homogenization, exploitation of the poor and war for
oil," (The Real Environmental Crisis). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
K. (1999). Destruction of rainforests contributes to global warming and by 2030 more than fifty
percent of the Amazon will be destroyed. This will speed up global warming. Another one of the
serious ecological problems is that 1 out of every 4 mammals is at risk of extinction. In our lifetime
we could witness the dying out of thousands of known species. The rate of habitat loss is only
growing, so animals in areas like Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America do not have
much hope. It may require more costs in the beginning to use alternative energy sources, for
example, but it is quickly recovered soon after the beginning of energy generation. Since we can't
reduce our population, we need to do what we can to ensure our own survival, and switching from
harmful fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is a big step (Beckman, W. H. (2004).
There is not an environmental crisis.
The Economist, a British weekly newsmagazine, believes the environment is improving. Other
opinions also agree. The food companies are always going to keep producing food, and consumers
will keep buying food. No matter how expensive it is, consumers will still buy food for themselves
and family. According to The Economist, the effects of global warming have not been as
catastrophic as predicted. In fact, we have had great success in

Admin Law Hfa Mdis Preliminary Ideas
1. Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration: While I'm not asthmatic, I
do follow continual government regulation. However, I've quite interested in how government
regulations affect healthcare and the cost thereof for consumers. The new regulation is actually a
planned amplification of previous regulations regarding clorofluorocarbon (CFC) use in metered–
dose inhalers (MDI), where, as of 14 April 2010, seven more metered–dose inhalers will be phased
out and replaced with hydrofloroalkanes (HFA) inhalers.
I do not expect this increased regulation to adversely affect me; however, the increased costs to
consumers worries me. The affected products are especially used by lower–income individuals who
must now pay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case in point, science has repeatedly measured and shown the damage coal and gasoline–powered
emissions cause to the atmosphere; however, neither agency seeks to eliminate these energy sources,
even though their effect is clear. I understand the reasons for that hypocrisy, but I'm astounded that
the US government would essentially ignore those energy sources' effects but specifically target a
small number of products that actually save lives.
Additionally, these new regulations will adversely affect MDI consumers and contribute to
increased costs of healthcare. Currently, no generic alternative exists for HFA MDIs, which means
that all MDI consumers must pay significantly more for treating their asthma or pulmonary
ailments. While this may not matter to more affluent consumers, it does to low–income and fixed–
income consumers. Those are also the two market segments that draw the most from healthcare and
contribute to increased healthcare costs.
I am not opposed to providing alternatives and incentivizing changes from CFC to HFA MDIs, but I
do oppose arbitrarily eliminating, even phasing out, cost–effective treatments. Phasing these
products out will likely contribute little to "saving the environment" but will contribute directly and
quickly to rising healthcare costs for individuals and, eventually, the country.
Before the US government regulates in

The Effects Of Global Warming On The World
Global warming has become a major issue in the world today. Not only are humans being affected,
but many species and organisms are as well. Naturally, the Earth experiences heating and cooling
cycles, and has over time. The ice age is a great example of a cooling cycle that was rather extreme.
Since the industrial revolution, the amount of greenhouse gases has increased and built up in the
atmosphere over time (Weart, 2015). The climate changes are being caused by the heat that is
trapped in the atmosphere. Global warming is defined as, "the increase in the Earth's average
atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the
greenhouse effect" (dictionary.com, 2015). Drastic changes are occurring in the Arctic everyday.
The future of the Arctic and the depletion of the ozone layer seem to be the most popular today..
According to Weeks (2013), "new records have been set for low snow cover, smaller sea ice
coverage more extensive melting, for a longer duration, of Greenland's ice sheets. and higher
temperatures in permafrost" (para 2). Although the melting of the ice allows connection to the
region's oil, gas, and minerals, the Arctic glaciers continue to melt as an increasingly large rate. This
could destroy many ecosystems and habitats, that are already fragile and under a lot of pressure.
Many things are consequences of climate change, from heat–related death and illnesses, rising seas,
increased storm intensity, and a numerous

Grandpa Joe Character Analysis
New Character– "Grandpa Joe"
My character, "Grandpa Joe," is 98 years old, and he loves to share stories about what life used to be
like in the "good old days."
Humanist Approach
Mother: "Memorization of poetry is really important; you never, when it will come up again."
Grandpa Joe: "You know, kids, your mom is right. You never know when you might need to use any
of this valuable knowledge you are learning in school. Make sure you pay lots of attention and
absorb as much as you can. Now, that I think about it... I remember this one time when I was at a
trivia game, and the final question was precisely a line from the "The Road Not Taken" poem.
Thanks to the efforts of my teachers and all the time we spent reciting the classics, I was able to
answer the question correctly. That night, I took the boys out to celebrate. Oh, what fun we had!"
Social Efficiency Approach
Mother: "Interesting isn't enough to take a [class]... After all, what would you use it for in the real
world? You go to school to get a job."
Grandpa Joe: "I remember the summer before my freshman year in high school, I was anxiously
waiting for my placement test results. These scores were one of the most important news I would
receive in those days, since it would determine my career path. It was then that I learned that
business was a great career for me, and look at the benefits that choosing that path had for our
family. Now, your dad is the boss of the small company I built many years ago."
Child–Centered Approach
Mother: "I am so glad that your teacher is using Dewey's view in education, and making sure that
your interests, views, desires, and interests are being taken into account, so that your social,
physical, and intellectual needs are being met."
Grandpa Joe: "Wow kids, it's reassuring to see that teachers are still putting the student foremost and
providing you with authentic learning experiences. When I think back to my education, I can't for
the life of me, remember what I learned from those darn textbooks we had to read, but I do
remember every single hands–on activity that my teachers used in our classes. Take advantage of
this opportunity and learn as much as you can, so you can grow and fulfill your potential when you
become

R22 Feon Research Paper
R22 Freon Phase Out
Most people depend on their air conditioners. It is the only way to stay cool when you are inside of
your home or office and the temperatures are soaring into the 90s and beyond as it often does in Fort
Meyers and other areas of south Florida. The thing is, most older air conditioning units are not able
to keep up with the heat as well as most people want for them to. Also, many people are now having
to deal with the R22 Freon phase out that is taking place and it is causing a lot of people to suffer in
misery. What is R22?
R–22 is a type of propellant or refrigerant that is a colorless gas. It is a hydro chlorofluorocarbon
that, until recently, was the primary gas used in air conditioners both inside a vehicle and homes. It
is a gas that causes very little damage to the ozone, and was at one time considered very safe to use.
However, when you consider how many people are now using air conditioners, it is still causing a
problem according to some research. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Freon is a gas that is added to the compressor of an air conditioning unit. It is then added to a closed
loop system that ensures there is a constant recycling process that it goes through. The way it works
from there is when you turn on your air conditioner the compressor compresses the Freon. This
makes it become hot and then it travels through coils that are inside of your unit. As the Freon liquid
flows through, it evaporates and becomes cold. The now cold gas will continue through the air
conditioners coils to absorb heat and then push cooler air into the building or

Extending The Usage Of Refrigerants On Cooling Systems (...
John Wilkinson Christopher Lessick ENG 111 19 November 2016 Extending the usage of
refrigerants in cooling systems (TBD Words) Imagine sitting at home in the middle of July. Now,
imagine if that day had a high temperature of over 100 degrees, and a heat index of over 115
degrees. If you are living in the United States, then you are probably imagining yourself sitting in a
room with some sort of air conditioning system keeping you cool. That comfort, however, comes at
a price. In 1985, it was discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), one of the main refrigerants
used in air conditioning systems, played a substantial role in the depletion of the ozone layer
(Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin). CFC's were ultimately banned as a means of refrigeration, which
ushered in the next generation of coolant types known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's).
Unfortunately, "systems using these HFCs, however, make a moderate contribution to global
warming because of their efficiency and low emission rates." (Sand, Fisher and Baxter, P.E.). While
addressing the issue of the ozone layer, HFCs initiated a new set problems themselves, including
having an increased Global Warming Potential (GWP). Despite the negative environmental impacts
of the past, the use of refrigerants in home cooling systems should continue. Beginning in the late
1800's, air conditioning systems have been a part of everyday living. From through–the–window air
conditioners to centralized duct systems, nearly every home built in

Food
The Ozone Threat: Managing with Uncertainty
The ozone layer serves as protection of the Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Over a
span of decades it has been found out and continuously theorized that the said layer is thinning or
depleting. This depletion is speculated by scientific experts to have negative effects to human beings
and most importantly to the environment.
Studies have been done regarding the possible negative effects of the depletion of the ozone layer.
First, it was said that a small 5% decrease in the ozone would probably produce thousands of new
cases of skin cancer every year. Second, solar radiation can damage the planktons in the oceans
which provide the world its oxygen supply. Apart from that, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, the new report issued another concern which is the growing concentrations of atmospheric
carbon dioxide and its impact on the atmosphere or what has been called the "greenhouse effect."
In 1985, 21 nations including the US met and agreed to cooperate in atmospheric research and the
monitoring of ozone levels. Eventually, no agreement on restricting the use of CFCs was reached
because some nations refused to abide. In the same year, a scientist reported that a giant hole in the
ozone layer over the Antarctic has been developing. It was shortly confirmed after satellite
observations saw the presence of the said hole. It was the first clear direct evidence that the ozone
layer was breaking down at a very high rate. Observations in October 1985 indicated a 50% loss of
the ozone over the Arctic region. Though despite this finding, DuPont continued its expansion of
CFC production in Japan. Apart from DuPont, Allied–Signal, the second largest producer was
reported to be planning to increase their CFC sales.
In 1986, leaders of the CFC industry started to change their positions. The Alliance for Responsible
CFC Policy supported "a reasonable global limit on the future rate of growth" of CFC production.
DuPont also stated that its position was to "be prudent to take precautionary measures to limit CFC
growth worldwide." However, DuPont and other US producers lobbied against any federal
legislation that would limit CFC production unless there were

Climate Change : The Causes And Effects Of Global Warming
What is global warming? Over the past 50 years, the average temperature of the earth's has
increased at the fastest rate ever recorded. And scientists notice a trend is beginning. The earth hasn't
been this hot since 2000. People who deny climate change have argued that there has been pause in
increase of temperatures, but studies have shown from a paper published in 2015, has disproved this
claim. Scientists say that unless we stop using harmful emissions, the average U.S. temperatures
could increase by up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit within the next century. Global warming occurs when
CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb the sunlight and
the light collected bounces off the earth's surface. Normally, it would escape into space, but the
pollutants get trapped between the ozone and the surface of earth. This causes a greenhouse effect
which raises the temperature of the earth. These temperatures can be very harmful to the
environment (MacMillan). These CO2 emissions and green house gases come from things that we
use everyday. Though these all increase the hole in the ozone layer, CFC's are considered the main
reason we have the hole. Most CFCs are found in old air conditioners and refrigerators but not
anymore. This is because scientist have figured out that this CFC chemical was very harm full to our
planet. CFC was a chemical created in the 50's that kept fridges and air conditioners cold. The harm
that it caused to the Ozone layer

Ozone Should Be Protected Essay
""It's absolutely stupid that we live without an ozone layer. We have men, we've got rickets, we've
got rockets, we've got saran wrap – FIX IT"", said Lewis Black, a comedian. If only it were that
easy. However the ozone continues to be depleted because of deforestation. To understand this topic,
one must understand what the ozone and deforestation are. The ozone should be protected at any
cost. If we fail to protect our ozone, the earth will become one big frozen and lifeless ball. First and
foremost, to understand the ozone one must understand deforestation and the ozone layer. The
removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a no forest use is
known as deforestation. Removing trees without an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More than forty percent of logged trees are used for paper. Two to four tons of trees are brought to
the mill with old–growth trees supplying nine percent of that fiber for every ton of paper. Paper
making requires enormous amounts of chemicals.
One of the largest tribulations with stopping this destruction of the rainforest is that it is not being
done by just one group of people. It's not just the loggers demanding to make a buck off lumber.
They take wood well thought–out to be superior in other countries and ship them. Replanting is not
always an option they can take, though some have grand dreams about shipping other woods and
replanting better to save the stock. Without replanting, the trees become rarer and rarer until they are
impracticable to stumble on. If that day arrives, we will all be in danger and will also result in what
is called ozone depletion.
The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. If the ozone layer
is depleted by human action, the effects on the planet could be catastrophic.Ozone depletion
describes two distinct, but related observations. One is a slow, steady decline of about four percent
per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere since the late 1970s. The other is a
much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's Polar Regions during the
same period. Only a few factors combine to create the

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