The Effect Of Osmosis Across A Semi Permeable Cell...

The Effect Of Osmosis Across A Semi Permeable Cell...
The effects of osmosis across a semi permeable cell membrane as modeled with dialysis bags
By: Thiago Lusvarghi
Student Number: 0311147
Partners Names: Carissa Laurin, Mutanga Alpho Kabiseba, Christa Myers
Course Code: BIOL 1506E
Lab Session: Tuesday 1:00 – 4:00pm
Date of Submission: Tuesday October 21st 2014 AbstractOsmosis is the process in which water diffuses across a semi permeable membrane, and is
the reason for cellular stability in a system, generally a cell. The diffusion of water into and out of a cell is due to two main aspects; the concentration
of the dissolved substances in the cell, and the concentration of the dissolved substances outside of the cell. This is due to the fact that osmosis is
first and foremost a form of diffusion meaning that it moves along a concentration gradient. In osmosis water will travel in and out of a cell due to
the cell 's tonicity towards the solution it has been placed in. The cell can either be placed in a hypertonic solution where water will rush out of the
cell, a hypotonic solution where water will rush into the cell, or an isotonic solution, where there will be no net movement of water in or out of the
cell. In this lab the rate of osmosis will be examined by looking at the movement of water in five different model cells, in order to determine the
importance of osmosis to our bodies.
Introduction Diffusion in a cell is the process by which substances travel from areas of higher concentration to areas of
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Facilitated Diffusion Research Paper
Facilitated diffusion is a process of passive transport across a biological membrane. Passive transport is the diffusion of substances across a
membrane. This is a spontaneous process and cellular energy is not expended. Molecules will move from where the substance is more concentrated to
where it is less concentrated.
The cell membrane of eukaryotic cells is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. These phospholipids are composed of a polar head, made up of a
phosphate group, and two non–polar fatty acid tails. This amphipathic nature of phospholipids creates a semi–permeable membrane, fluid enough to
allow for the growth and movement of the cell but solid enough to hold the shape of the cell. The phospholipids of the membrane are arranged tail to
tail which create a protective, hydrophobic region in between the bilayer. This hydrophobic area prevents many types of molecules from entering the
cell including large, polar or charged molecules. This is an important feature for the regulation of substances and concentrations inside and outside the
cell. However, it can become a problem because most vital molecules are unable to pass through the membrane through simple diffusion. For
example, water is essential for a cells survival. Water is also a polar molecule. The cell allows water to pass in and out by using the process facilitated
diffusion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two types of bulk transport: exocytosis and endocytosis. These both require ATP.
In exocytosis, materials are exported out of the cell through secretory vesicles. In this process, the Golgi complex packages macromolecules into
transport vesicles that travel to and fuse with the plasma membrane. This fusion causes the vesicle to spill its contents out of the cell. This is important
in expulsion of waste materials out of the cell and in secretion of cellular products such as hormones or digestive

Facilitated Diffusion
On October 13, 2013, three Americans won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The three Americans who discovered and won a Nobel Prize
are James E. Rothman who was 62 at the time and attended Yale University, Randy W. Schekman who was 64 at the time and attended the University
of California, Berkeley; and Dr. Thomas C. SГјdhof who was 57 at the time and attended Stanford University. Their basic research solved the mystery
of how cells, which are factories producing molecules, organize a system to the discovery of the machinery that regulates how cells transport major
molecules in a cargo system that delivers them to the right place at the right time. They created an understanding on how molecules such as hormones,
transport proteins, or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Molecules move around the cells through vessels. There are three different ways that molecules enter the cell diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active
transport. Diffusion is when a molecule moves from high concertation to low concentration. Facilitated diffusion is when the molecules goes through a
plasma membrane. Active transport is when an organism uses energy to move molecules. The three scientist discovered the different aspects to make
sure and understand the research of making sure that the right cargo is shipped to the correct destination at exactly the right time. The scientist use the
example of a pancreas. The pancreatic cells make insulin and release it in the blood. Chemical signals called neurotransmitters are sent from one
nerve cell to another, this allow humans to have some of the functions they have today. The discoverers discovered that the molecules move at a fast
pace within the cell and also they used the comparison of rush hour traffic to the molecules moving within the cells. Dr. Schekman discovered a set of
genes that were required for vesicle traffic. To discover better research on this experiment he compared two cells, one that was normal and one that was
mutated. Dr. Rothman discovered protein machinery that allows vesicles to join with their targets to go through with the transfer of cargo. Proteins on
the vesicle bind to specific distinguished proteins on the target membrane, to make sure that the vesicle joins at the specific location and that cargo
molecules are delivered to the correct destination. Dr. SГјdhof revealed how signals give orders to vesicles to release their cargo with precision. He
studied how signals are directed to one nerve cell to another. He also discovered how calcium controls this process and that it controls certain things at
the

Diffusion And Osmosis Lab Report
Lab Report
Diffusion & Osmosis Experiment
Sydney Mask
INTRODUCTION All cells in the human body are surrounded by a plasma membrane made up of lipids and proteins which form a barrier. The
proteins and lipids in the membrane occupy different roles. The lipids create a semipermeable barrier and the proteins are part of a cross membrane
transport. To pass through the membrane a substance goes through a transport known as diffusion. Diffusion is movement of molecules from a high
area of concentration to an area of low concentration. There are two different forms of diffusion. One example of diffusion is known as simple
diffusion, an unassisted movement of dissolved substances through a selectively permeable membrane (Marieb pg. 54). The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically for the experiment we will need four deshelled eggs, four beakers and distilled water with a certain percentage of sucrose, a timer,
and a scale to weigh the eggs. Using the process of osmosis, we will determine the weight of the eggs after being soaked in the solution. The four
beakers each had distilled water in them with sucrose but all contained different amounts. One beaker contained 0% sucrose. The other beakers
contained 10%, 40%, and an "unknown" amount of sucrose. Before placing the eggs into the solution, we are to weigh each egg separately to the
nearest 0.1g and record this in table. Once that step has been completed, we then place one egg in each of the beakers separately that was marked with
the amounts of sucrose. At fifteen–minute intervals, remove the deshelled egg from the water inside the beaker and wipe off all the excess water.
After that process has been completed, we will weigh each egg separately to see if they have gained or lost their mass/weight. Once each egg has
been weighed accurately, the recorded data is placed in the table provided. This step goes on for an hour. The deshelled eggs in this experiment will
increase in mass in the different types of distilled water. This lab session provided the class with the evidence that diffusion and osmosis occurs within
the different types of solutions.
RESULTS

Healthcare
Assignment Brief Subject| Human Physiology | Unit| CELLS 3–RH33–058| Tutor Name| David Funge| Assignment Title | Assignment 1 (Nursing
groups)| Deadline–as shown on Moodle|
I declare that this is my own work. I understand that copying and/or plagiarism will result in rejection of the work with no opportunity for resubmission
Student Name _____________________________________________
Student Signature ____________Date _____________________
I declare that this is my own work. I understand that copying and/or plagiarism will result in rejection of the work with no opportunity for resubmission
Student Name _____________________________________________
Student Signature ____________Date ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* 40% sugar solution when the potato was placed into it and the mass was measured from time 5 minutes the mass was low then decreased greatly at a
faster pace from time 10 minutes to 25 minutes * From time 60% the mass of the potato was low at time 5minutes which kept decreasing sharply from
time 10 minutes to 25 minutes
4. Identify and suggest reasons for any anomalies (if none write "none)
An anomaly will be that when the mass of the potato was measured for 6% of sugar solution, the mass at time 5minutes was high then it decreased
sharply at times 10 minutes to time 20 minutes this shows that the pressure with which the potato shrunk made the potato less rigid which made the cell
membrane of the potato start shrink from the cell itself therefore causing the mass to decrease, also from 20% to 60% of sugar solution was used the
mass of the potato decreased sharply as time went on which also shows that the cell membrane of the potato has plasmolysed which shows that the cell
membrane has pulled away from the cell which shows with the shrinkage of the potato.
5. Explain the trends observed in the group's data: The trends showed that with distilled water the mass increased within a time range which showed that
osmosis was taking place so the cell were rigid and the weight of the potato increased then it started decreasing in mass which shows that it started
losing water but then after 25mins it regained its rigidity by absorbing more

Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecule throughout the cell from the region of a lower chamber into a chamber of higher concentration. This
type of transport uses energy to transport things to point A to point B. Active transport usually happen around the cell membrane, also there are
thousands of proteins contained in the cell lipid layer. These proteins does most of the work in the transporting system. They are placed across the
membrane so one part is inside of the cell while another is on the outside. Only when they cross the bilayer they will be able to move molecules in
and out of the cell. The membrane proteins are very specific. One protein that will move glucose will not move calcium ions. There are many types of
membrane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this process it is often only found when the particles or cells move down from their concentration gradient from one area of higher
concentration to an areas of lower standard. The most common type of passive transport is known as Osmosis. This process is solely responsible
for moving water throughout a cell membrane. Other types of particles can also move throughout the cell as well. They are frequently very small
molecules such as oxygen and simple pass between the spaces in the lipid bilayer of the cell's membrane. This is a very difficult or hard to
understand process. However, it is a very important process that all cells need to survive. One type of passive transport is diffusion. This process is the
process which it moves things from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. The difference between the concentration between the two areas is
often called concentration gradient. Diffusion will continue until this gradient is terminated or no longer is there. Since diffusion moves material from
an area of higher concentration to an areas of low concentration it is, identified as moving solutes "down the concentration gradient". However, in many
cases the moving forces of passive transport can not be identified to the simplified

Osmosis Lab
Lab Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to test the membrane dynamics of different solutes when placed in unique solutions and the effect this
has on diffusion rate, osmosis, and membrane permeability.
Hypothesis: When observing molecule size in relation to diffusion rate, we expect smaller particles to farther along the agar because the size of a
particle and rate at which it diffuses correlates negatively. In theosmosis and dialysis experiment, water should move down its concentration gradient.
The sucrose dialysis bag is hypertonic compared the DI water, so it will gain volume; and, the dialysis bag containing DI water is hypotonic compared
to the sucrose solution of the beaker, so the bag will lose volume. Lastly, because Iodine... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Active transport can be broken down into two categories as well: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport
begins with ligand binding to an integral protein that can act as a transporter as well as an enzyme. As the ligand binds to the receptor, ATP hydrolyzes,
changing the configuration of the protein so the particle can transfer (Tandy 2016). Secondary active transport pushes one substance against its
concentration gradient in order to move another substance as well. The energy created from the first substance moving provides energy to move the
second substance (Tandy 2016). When the two substances move in the same direction, this is called cotransport, while countertransport refers to when
they move in opposite directions (Usenko

Osmosis and Diffusion on Different Concentrations of...
1. Provide the aim and background information
2.1. Diffusion is the spontaneous kinetic movement by which molecules move from an area of a high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion continues until it reaches equilibrium. Osmosis is similar to Diffusion but it's the process in which water moves across a semi–permeable
membrane and goes to the higher concentration of solute.1
2.2. Important factors to Osmosis and Diffusion include Temperature, Concentration and Surface area to volume ratio. Temperature can affect the rate
in which a solute dissolves in a solution, higher temperature faster rate of Osmosis. This is caused by the molecules movements being faster in higher
temperatures. Concentrations are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results from the experiment have shown that an increase in sodium chloride solution increases the rate of osmosis and diffusion until the
percentage reaches an amount that is near the concentration of solutes inside the eggs membrane.
4.14. The accuracy of the data is dependent on the correct controls being in place, Ensuring temperate stays the same throughout all solutions,
making sure that the solutions are correct that the weight and size of the eggs are the measured correctly and that when the eggs are removed they
are removed at the same time. Some of the eggs were not completely submerged in the solution this may cause some errors in the experiment and
may have caused varying results. The eggs were of different sizes this also will cause the results to vary, Gathering eggs of exact size and weight
would have ensured the results were correct. The eggs may not have been dried enough also causing results to vary; this can be fixed by ensuring that
the eggs are thoroughly dried. The eggs were taken out at a time around about 24 hours, having an exact time to remove the eggs would have
eliminated errors.
4.15. The purpose of this investigation was to use our knowledge on osmosis and diffusion and apply it to a de–shelled egg and see how it reacts being
submerged in a sodium chloride solution. The hypothesis was that the egg would expand and increase in both size and weight this is proven correct in
the table of

Resistance Of Movement Of The Cell
If a cell is to perform its functions it must maintain a steady state in the midst of an ever changing environment. This steadiness is maintained by the
regulation of movement of materials into and out of the cell. To achieve this control, cells are bounded by a delicate membrane that differentiates
between different substances, slowing down the movement of some while allowing others to pass through. The membrane is said to be differentially
permeable since not all substances penetrate equally well. Selective permeability is a characteristic of healthy, intact cells. When a cell is seriously
damaged, the membrane becomes permeable to virtually to everything and substances can move freely in and out of the cell. (Marieb 2013) Movement
of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Marieb 2013) Osmosis, is a special kind of diffusion, is defined as the diffusion of water through a semi–permeable membrane from a higher
concentration to that of a lower concentration. The concentration of water is inversely related to the concentration of solutes. If the water can diffuse
across the membrane, both water and solutes will move down their concentration gradients through the membrane. (Marieb 2012) There are three terms
used to describe the concentrations of solute particles of different solutions: Hypotonic– When compared to another solution of different concentration,
the solution contains the lower concentration of solute particles. Water moves across a semi–permeable membrane out of a hypotonic solution.
Hypertonic– When compared to another solution of different concentration, the solution that contains the higher concentration of solute particles.
Water moves across a semi–permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution. Isotonic–Having the same concentration of solute particles as another
solution. There is no net flow of water across the membrane. In animal cells, the movement of water is affected by the relative solute concentration of
the plasma membrane. As water moves out of the cell, the cell shrink and if water moves into the cell, the cell swells and may even burst.
PURPOSE: The objective of this experiment is to

Osmosis : Observing Elodea Leaves And Plasmolysis
Observing Elodea Leaves and Plasmolysis
In this lab we observed elodea leaves with different solutions on them using microscopes that produced magnifications of 100 times and 400 times.
We observed elodea leaves with drops of water on them, we dropped a ten percent solution of salt and water on the elodea leaves, and we later
observed the elodea leaves with distilled water on them after the salt solution was washed off the leaves. We observed changes in the plant cells when
we dropped different solutions on the leaves and watched the cell's shape change. We didn't learn about osmosis before doing this lab, so I did not have
any educated expectations of what would happen in the lab.
I observed the elodea cells with salt water on top of them and saw a gap between the cell wall and the cell membrane that I did not see using tap and
distilled water on the elodea leaves. Before salt water was added to the elodea leaves and a drop of water was on the leaves I observed that the
cells were green, all cells were about the same sized rectangles and there was not a noticeable gap between the cell wall and cell membrane. After
adding two drops of salt water onto the elodea leaf I saw green and rectangular cells and chloroplast under the magnification of 100. Although, under
the magnification of 400 I observed that there was a larger gap between the cell wall and the cell membrane, called plasmolysis, and I was able to
identify the chloroplast, cytoplasm, and the cell wall. The cell

Comparing The Structure And Function Of The Cell Membrane
Task 2.1 Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane
Every living cell is surrounded by a thin layer known as the cell membrane or plasma membrane, which controls the movement of substances in to and
out of the cell. This membrane is also responsible for maintaining the ultra–structure of the cell, and keeping its internal components together.
Organelles such as the nucleus, lysosomes, the Golgi body and mitochondria are also bound by their own individual membranes.
The molecular structure of the plasma membrane is known as the fluid mosaic model; mosaic because of the way in which proteins are scattered
around and through the membrane, and fluid because although the phospholipid bilayer forms a firm boundary around the cell, it allows molecules and
proteins to travel through it freely. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic ("water–loving") and the other end is hydrophobic ("water–fearing"). The water–soluble hydrophilic heads
form the two outer surfaces of the membrane's bilayer. One layer is aligned on the outside of the cell toward the extracellular fluid, and the other is
aligned on the inside of the membrane, toward the intracellular fluid. The water–insoluble hydrophobic tails are aligned inwards toward the middle of
the bilayer, away from any aqueous substances.
Within the phospholipid bilayer, many different types of proteins exist. These proteins are diverse in shape, size and structure. Integral proteins are
embedded within the bilayer, either partially or fully. Peripheral proteins adhere to either side of the membrane's surfaces and transmembrane proteins
extend from one side of the membrane to the

Osmosis And Diffusion Lab Report
Molecule Properties that Allow Passive Transport Across the Membrane
There are certain properties of a solute that affects how easily it can pass through the plasma membrane. In passive transport, all substances move from
an area of high concentration to an area or low concentration which does not cause for the use of energy, also known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Diffusion and osmosis are two mechanisms of passive transport. Diffusion is the process in which small molecules compatible with the plasma
membrane can pass from the extracellular fluid that is outside the cell to the intracellular fluid, cytoplasm inside the cell, easily and without guidance.
Molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body pass through the cells of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the smaller oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, water molecules and salt molecules are large, polar molecules that are not lipid soluble, so
they need the assistance of integral proteins. (VanPutte, Regan, and Russo, 2017, p. 63–68) The dishwashing liquid in cup 3 parts the oil of in the cup
similar to the way integral proteins part the lipid bilayer, allowing the salt to pass through by facilitated diffusion and the water by osmosis. Other
factors such as the temperature of the constructed lipid bilayer could have sped up or slowed down the rate of diffusion through the bilayer. The higher
the temperature of the water and oil, the easier salt would have dissolved. While smaller molecules seep through the membrane with zero trouble, larger
substances struggle and need

Osmosis Lab Report
INTRODUCTION: If a cell is to perform its functions it must maintain a steady state in the midst of an ever changing environment. This steadiness is
maintained by the regulation of movement of materials into and out of the cell. To achieve this control, cells are bounded by a delicate membrane that
differentiates between different substances, slowing down the movement of some while allowing others to pass through. The membrane is said to be
differentially permeable since not all substances penetrate equally well. Selective permeability is a characteristic of healthy, intact cells. When a cell is
seriously damaged, the membrane becomes permeable to virtually to everything and substances can move freely in and out of the cell. (Marieb 2013)...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Marieb 2013) Osmosis, is a special kind of diffusion, is defined as the diffusion of water through a semi–permeable membrane from a higher
concentration to that of a lower concentration. The concentration of water is inversely related to the concentration of solutes. If the water can diffuse
across the membrane, both water and solutes will move down their concentration gradients through the membrane. (Marieb 2012) There are three terms
used to describe the concentrations of solute particles of different solutions: Hypotonic– When compared to another solution of different concentration,
the solution contains the lower concentration of solute particles. Water moves across a semi–permeable membrane out of a hypotonic solution.
Hypertonic– When compared to another solution of different concentration, the solution that contains the higher concentration of solute particles.
Water moves across a semi–permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution. Isotonic–Having the same concentration of solute particles as another
solution. There is no net flow of water across the membrane. In animal cells, the movement of water is affected by the relative solute concentration of
the plasma membrane. As water moves out of the cell, the cell shrink and if water moves into the cell, the cell swells and may even burst.
PURPOSE: The objective of this

Membrane Fluidity EXCEPT
are covalently attached to the surface of the membrane are loosely associated with the surface of the membrane may penetrate the membrane partially
never interact with the surface of the membrane
All of the following can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion EXCEPT?
O2 ethanol CO2 glucose All of the following factors affect membrane fluidity EXCEPT?
temperature cholesterol cis/trans–configuration of double bonds all of the above affect membrane fluidity
Which of the following is true when comparing facilitated diffusion to simple diffusion?
facilitated diffusion does not occur down a concentration gradient, only simple diffusion does facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion
energy in facilitated diffusion is supplied

Osmosis And Diffusion Lab : Experiment
Osmosis and Diffusion Lab
Saagar Chitale
10/13/14
AP Bio Pd.5
Introduction:
The first part of this three part lab was an investigation that examined the relationship between rate of diffusion and the surface area to volume ratio.
To simulate this, we used an agar cube with NaOH and phenolphthalein mixed in, and dropped it in an HCl solution. As the HCL diffused in and
reacted with the phenolphthalein, we were visually able to see diffusion at work.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules in a system from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. This action keeps going until an
equilibrium of molecules/ solutes is reached such that the overall movement of molecules through the barrier/membrane is 0. This however, does not
mean that nothing is moving across the membrane. Though diffusion is often viewed as an orderly function of molecules moving from a high
concentration gradient to a lower one, it is actually quite the opposite. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy– the randomness of
molecular movement in the universe is infinitely increasing. This, in relation to diffusion in the cell means that if on one side of a membrane there is a
high concentration gradient; there will be low entropy and less randomness of molecular movement. The 2nd law of thermodynamics suggests that the
system will inherently try to increase the randomness. To do this, the side with the higher concentration will have to diffuse molecules to the other side
of

The Effect Of Osmosis In Gummy
In this internal assessment the effect of osmosis in gummy bears placed in sugar, salt and water solutions will be examined.
In order for organism to survive, they need to be able to move particles through the cell. Particles can move through cell membrane by simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis or active transport. Simple diffusion is when particles passes through the membrane without membrane protein, from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. When bigger particles, which cannot diffuse through phospholipids, can still pass through
with the help of protein channel in plasma membrane. The channel helps to pass particles through membrane from higher concentration to lower
concentration and therefore is

Diffusion And Osmosis And What They Are And How They Work
Diffusion and Osmosis
What they are and how they work
Sarah Trotter
Dr. Heath
Carl Albert State College
11/16/2016
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration or along a concentration gradient which is
essentially the same. This continues until the molecule has reached equilibrium and distribution is equal, yet the molecules are still moving. For
example, when a dye crystal is placed in water, it is condensed into one area. As it dissolves the molecules moved from a higher concentration to a
lower concentration and eventually the dye molecules are equally distributed throughout the water in the container. In this case, the dye molecule is the
solute or the thing that is being dissolved and the solvent is what is able to dissolve something and in this example it would be the water.
Diffusion allows for substances to pass through the cell membrane that is selectively permeable which only allows for certain molecules to pass through
the membrane.The plasma membrane manages the crossing of molecules into and out of the cell. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Active transport mechanisms do require energy, and directly move food and nutrients from one location to another. These mechanisms include
mechanical efforts such as chewing and the digestive contractions called peristalsis. Chemical transportation is another form of active transport. Some
nutrients or mechanical actions signal the release of chemicals that help to break down food and move it to a specific location. Osmosis is essentially the
same as diffusion only this deals with water moving across as a differentially permeable membrane, moving down a concentration gradient. This means
that like diffusion the molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration and until it has reached equilibrium as

The Effect Of Diffusion On A Controlled Environment
Introduction:
Diffusion is defined as a type of passive transport and is the movement of particles across the membrane of the cell. There are three types of diffusion.
They are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis. The type of diffusion that this experiment focuses on is osmosis. Osmosis can be
demonstrated in a controlled environment. A controlled environment is an environment in which the conditions have specifically set by the
experimenter. And vice versa, an uncontrolled environment is one in which the conditions are not manipulated. Osmosis can be defined as the
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. As mentioned in the article that was excerpted from, "High flow porous membranes for
separating water from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Corn syrup converts over to a mixture of six Carbon, twelve Hydrogen and six Oxygen in addition to one hydrogen and two oxygen which is
shortened to the formula of C6H12O6 + H2O. The last solution , isotonic, will be actually be demonstrated by all three solutions including the water,
corn syrup, and apple cider and white vinegar. This due to how all three solutions will become a equilibrium, or balance in particles because of
osmosis. But in order to perform this experiment the shell of the three experimental eggs must be removed before the eggs can be placed in their
substances. This is done when calcium carbonate breaks down it creates carbon dioxide,water, and calcium acetate thus dissolving the calcium
carbonate shell. In which this information is vital in the way that it must be done in order to conduct this experiment correctly. Therefore the research
question that is to be evaluated is "What is the effect of osmosis on cells in a controlled environment?" This research question was significant to the
researcher due to the fact that osmosis is an essential in order to aid in research for the detection of new remedies for infectious diseases. Additionally
the hypothesis tested in this experiment will furthermore investigate the effect of osmosis in a controlled environment. Osmosis is proven to be able to
move across a semipermeable membrane throughout this forthcoming experiment. In a controlled

Passive Transport
The two big sections that all forms of cellular transportation fall into are passive transport and active transport. Passive transport is the moving of
material along a concentration gradient (a high concentration to a low concentration). Passive transport requires no use of energy because there is
nothing that you need to use energy to work against. Active transport is the moving of material against aconcentration gradient (a low concentration to
a high concentration). Active transport requires the use of energy because the movement of the material is going against the flow.
Passive Transport The types of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Diffusion– The net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypertonic– Higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell than the inside of the cell. Water travels out of the cell towards the outside of
the cell where the less pure solution is. The cell is all shriveled up.
Hypotonic– Lower concentration of solutes on the outside of the cells than the inside of the cell. Water travels toward the inside of the cell where the
less pure solution is. The cell is all bloated up.
Isotonic– The concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell and the concentration of solutes on the inside of the cell are the same. There is no net
movement of water and the cell maintains steady balance of water inside of itself.
Active Transport The different types of active transport are the Sodium–Potassium pump, and Endocytosis Exocytosis.
Sodium–Potassium Pump– A structure known as a cell–membrane pump that uses energy to transport sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell.
Has a vital role in maintaining cell

What Is The Difference Between Facilitated Diffusion And...
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Raegan R. Green
University of Southern Mississippi DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION, AND OSMOSIS Diffusion is the movement of substances through the
plasma membrane from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient, and it does not require a transport protein. Osmosis is the
diffusion of water. Diffusion and osmosis are similar because they are both types of passive transport and they do not require any proteins to move
items through the plasma membrane. The mechanism of diffusion and osmosis is to transport substances, [water for osmosis], through the plasma
membrane. Diffusion and osmosis are important to all cells because certain things must be transported in and out of the cell. Without diffusion and
osmosis, our cells would not properly function and all of our bodies would experience many dysfunctions.
Diffusion and facilitated diffusion both move items from higher concentration gradients to lower gradients, facilitated diffusion is slightly different.
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of substances through the plasma membrane a from higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration
gradient and requires a transport protein called a channel protein. (Dasika, Kinsey, Locke, 2011) Osmosis is the same as diffusion except it is only
associated with water. Osmosis is similar to diffusion and facilitated diffusion because osmosis also moves water from a higher concentration gradient
to a

Explain How The Membrane Controls What Turns Into And Out...
Cell Process Assignment
The membrane controls what passes into and out of cell. According to OpenStax College (2013), states that the membrane allows substances to enter
and leave a cell (OpenStax College, 2013). The membrane is selectively permeable and the process by which molecules pass through the cell membrane
can be accomplished by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport and active transport. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration
to a region of low concentration (OpenStax college, 2013). Osmosis is the process by which water pass through a semi–permeable membrane.
Facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion is the movement of particular molecules down a concentrated gradient. Active transport is the
process in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each process plays a very important role within an organism.
There are some similarities between diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport and active transport. One way in which they are all similar is that they all
transport substance across two different regions to and from the cell membrane that is essential to the cell being able to sustain itself. Diffusion
transports gases, such oxygen and carbon dioxide. Osmosis transports water. Facilitated transports, transports water, glucose and amino acids. Lastly
active transport, transports ions, sugar and amino acids. Another similarity is that diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transports are all passive transport.
Which means that each process doesn't need energy to pass molecules through a cell. According to OpenStax College (2013), states that it is a natural
occurrence that doesn't require energy to achieve movement (OpenStax College, 2013).
Even though there are some similarities between the different processes there are some difference. Diffusion requires no energy to transport materials
across membranes and within cells. It goes from a

Investigation Of The Cell Membrane Essay
Mustafa Elgabry
October 17, 2016
Period 3
Egg Lab
Introduction: The cell membrane benifits the cell in many different ways and is composed of many different parts which help the membrane execute
what it is supposed to practice. A model that represents these parts is called the fluid mosaic model. The model contains proteins and carbohydrates
within a phospholipid bilayer that consists of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. All of the components within the bilayer play a role in the
function of the cell membrane. For example the carbohydrates practice cell to cell recognition while the proteins transport molecules in the cell and back
out. Proteins also have alternate functions such as intercellular joining and extracellular matrix. When molecules transport in and out of the cell
through the membrane, there are two types of transport, passive and active transports. Passive transport occurs when molecules move with the
concentration gradient. One example is simple diffusion, where the molecules transport through the cell membrane effortlessly moving from a high to
low concentration. Then there is facilitated diffusion where the molecules such as glucose move with the concentration gradient but have to use a
protein to pass through the membrane. Osmosis, however, is the diffusion of water molecules across the membrane, but the water molecules also need
to pass through a protein because the inside of the lipid bilayer consists of hydrophobic tails. The purpose

Applied Behavior Analysis: Facilitated Communication
Introduction
Facilitated Communication (FC) is a technique used by some caregivers in an attempt to help those with severe communication disabilities.
Rosemary Crossley, the originator of FC, came up with this technique in the late 1970's and it was originally used for individuals with cerebral
palsy. A little over a decade later, FC made its way to the U.S. by way of Douglas Biklen and he extended it to autism. Biklen argued that we had it
all wrong and that autism is primarily a motor, not mental, disorder. For that reason, many used FC, or supported typing as it is called today, as a
means to communicate with autistic individuals who have severe communication disabilities. FC requires two people, the individual with autism and the
facilitator. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After attending a workshop on FC, Janyce decided that it was a solution to their problems with Betsy. Once skeptical about FC, she was becoming a
strong believer in its influence and began trusting that the words that Betsy was typing were Betsy's actual thoughts. Janyce interpreted Betsy's hitting
and scratching during their facilitated sessions as reenactments of abuse at home. Reluctant to report the incidents in the beginning, she finally gave in
a reported them to the Department of Human Services. Betsy and her brother were removed from their home and the brother was also implicated. The
parent's attorney hired Howard Shane of the Boston Children's hospital to conduct testing of authorship of the messages Betsy seemed to type. Through
double blind testing, Shane determined that it was Janyce, not Betsy, who authored the messages obtained through FC. This was eye–opening for

Electrolyte Case Study
1.Pedialyte is an oral electrolyte solution designed to replace fluids and minerals that are lost when a child who is vomiting or for a child that has
diarrhea. The ingredients within pedialyte are water, dextrose and less than 2% of the following: potassium citrate, salt, sodium citrate, citric acid, and
zinc gluconate. The purpose of the ingredients was to easily allow glucose into the cell by having it enter the cell with Na+ through a co–transport, once
inside the intensinial cell, the glucose could be put in the blood through the capillaries and provides energy for more cells throughout the body. This
replaces any electrolytes lost during emesis and diarrhea, but more importantly it helps gliclose in the drink to enter the intestinal ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The sodium potassium pump is a type of active transport because it uses ATP as energy to change the shape of the channel. Co
–transport with glucose
is a type of active transport but could not be possible without the indirect help of ATP to pump Na+ ions out to make higher concentration gradient
outside of the cell, so ATP is indirectly involved in co–transport. Protein channels are a type of passive transport because they use facilitated diffusion
to pass into cellular membrane which is the process of a molecule usually a sugar or amino acid is placed on a binding site of that protein which
makes the protein change shape or open its channeling, which allows the molecule to enter the cell otherwise facilitating the process, no ATP is
involved in this process.
3.ATP is the molecule that is used for the energy source for active transport. Theenzyme Na+/K+–ATPase is used and uses ATP to function. The
molecule transported across the cell membrane moves from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
4.If the sodium channels and pump transport are dysfunctional during a viral infection then a cell must be forced to use the sodium co–transport
mechanism because it is the only one that has not been harmed by the virus. Since both the sodium channels don't work it means there is a low
concentration of Na+ ions in the cell and a high concentration outside of the cell provided by pedialyte, which is perfect because as Na+ ions easily
flow into the cell they

Experimentation Essay
Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion Lab Report Pre–lab Quiz Results You scored
100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane because You correctly
answered: d. they are lipid insoluble or they are too large. 2. Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion? You correctly answered: c.
Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient. 3. Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include You correctly
answered: d. all of the above. 4. Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion? You correctly answered: a. the amount of
intracellular ATP... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You correctly answered: d. both a and b 2. For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is the same
as You correctly answered: b. making the concentration gradient steeper 3. When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are
You correctly answered: a. saturated. 4. Na+ Cl– had no effect on glucose transport because You correctly answered: b. sodium is not required for
glucose transport in the simulation.
08/30/12
page 3
Review Sheet Results 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it is different from
simple diffusion. Your answer: Simple diffussion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower without an input of energy. facilitated
follows the same rule but uses protein carrier molecules to allow substance that are fat solubles to diffuse through the cell membrane. 2. The larger
value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased.
How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: My prediction was wrong the glucose transport rate would increase 3. Explain
your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl– might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did
the results compare with your prediction? Your

Osmosis, Active Transport, And Facilitated Diffusion
The 3 types of cellular transport that I am including are Osmosis, Active Transport, and Facilitated Diffusion. Osmosis allows water to move from a
region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration until both sides are equal. During Osmosis, only water molecules can
pass through, and sugar molecules cannot pass through the membrane. This process requires no energy from the cell. An example of osmosis is in an
hypotonic red blood cell, which will cause the cell to burst due to the cell having too much water. Cells can regulate water concentrations through
osmoregulation. Active transport requires energy because it pumps solute against its concentration gradient. Energy for this work is usually supplied
by ATP. To

Cells Make Up Every Living Thing
Cells make up every living thing. They are mandatory to life and its functions. The cell allows us to do our functions, while doing its own (Cobb, ed.,
2009). Inside cells, there are organelles that carry out functions for the cell to live. They have many different kinds of organelles, such as the golgi
body, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus ("Cellular Transport," 2009). They all have different jobs to allow thecell to function, but the cell
membrane has a job that that is done in various different ways. Cell membranes are critical to transporting particles for organelles of the cell.
The cell membrane is the exterior layer of the mammalian cell and one of the plant's outer layers, is a phospholipid bilayer that keeps ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It goes from high to low. Passive transport requires no energy to do it. Some particles, such as carbon and water, can pass through with no effort on
the cell's part. There are three types of passive transport, such as facilitated diffusion, diffusion, and osmosis. Diffusion has to do with going with the
concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion is diffusion using a protein to help. Osmosis involves water and a selectively permeable membrane.
Water is diffused in and out the membrane (Liu, Amagai, & Chelen, n.d.). Diffusion is the process of molecules moving from an area of high
concentration of the kind of molecule to one of a low concentration (Liu, Amagai, & Chelen, n.d.). They are trying to achieve dynamic equilibrium.
Dynamic equilibrium is when the concentration outside and inside are equal to one another. An example of diffusion is when someone sprays
perfume on in a corner. The perfume will travel to every corner of the room until it is spread evenly across it. Diffusion's purpose is to have a
particle be spread evenly by moving to a high to low concentration (Liu, Amagai, & Chelen, n.d.). Facilitated diffusion is diffusion, but has protein to
help larger molecules move through the membrane. While it may seem to use energy due to it using a protein, it actually doesn't require energy. The
large particles are going to a lower concentration than what is on the other side of the cell ("Cellular Transport," 2009). The

Facilitated Diffusion In Your Body
A very large percentage of our body is composed of fluids. The most basic and widely known fluid, water, is essential daily to maintain life. Other
fluids in our body also broadly include serum, cerebrospinal fluid, albumin, and urine to name just a few. There is a very critical balance of these fluids
that we must maintain for homeostasis; otherwise we could have an excess or deficit. There are two main fluid compartments within your body, being
the intracellular and extracellular compartments. (McLaffert, Johnston, Hendry, & Farley, 2014) One–third of your body consists of the extracellular
space which is found on the outside of cells. The compartment of extracellular can be further broken down into intravascular, or plasma and interstitial.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tonicity is the osmolality of a solution or "the concentration of solutes" (Trakola, 2015, pg.337). Solutes can be either crystalloids, which are "salts
that dissolve readily into true solutions", or colloids that are "substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions"
(Trakola, 2015, p.337). Because of a solutions tonicity, it can be hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink from
osmosis because it has "a higher concentration of electrolytes compared with body cells" (McLafferty et al., 2014). Hypotonic is the complete
opposite so it makes the cells swell because it has "a low concentration of electrolytes compared with body cells" (McLafferty et al., 2014). Isotonic is
equal in electrolyte concentration to the body so it acts as a fluid replacement. Listed in table 1 are different major IV fluids and what type of tonicity
they're categorized

Fluid Concept Project Part 2
Fluid Concept Project Part 2
Shaneza Toro, SN
Scott and White College of Nursing
University of Mary Hardin–Baylor
Fluid Concept Project Part 2 Fluids and electrolytes are vital to human life. The concept of grasping how they play a great role within the human body
is complex and delicate; however, it is also essential in determining what fluid does what and how exactly it effects the cells of the human body. As
Trakalo (2015) states, "water serves as a medium for metabolic reactions within cells; transports nutrients, waste products, and other substances; acts as
a lubricant; an insulator and shock absorber; and regulates body temperature" (p.336). In this essay, the discussion will entail the major fluid
compartments of the body, the percentage of fluids contained in each compartment, active and passive transport, osmosis and diffusion, filtration,
hydrostatic and oncotic/osmotic pressure, a description of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic fluids, the effects of fluid administration and the
classification of all major IV fluids and blood product tonicity.
Major Fluid Compartments and percentage of body fluids
First, it is essential to understand major fluid compartments in the body. There are two major fluid compartments called: Intracellular fluid and
Extracellular fluid. Both Intracellular and Extracellular fluids are very vital to cell functioning. They contain solutes, which dissolve in liquid easily
such as: Oxygen, electrolytes and glucose and

Unit 3 Types Of Cell Essay
6. The gradient across the membrane represents potential energy because the gradient plays a major role of triggering whether diffusion is needed or
not, and diffusion is after all, fueled by energy. For example, if there is an imbalance in the cell and the cell environment, then the concentration
gradient has the "potential" to trigger diffusion (energy change because of moving molecules) to occur and create an equilibrium state.
7. Osmosis is the process in which water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane. The three types of cell environment include a hypertonic,
isotonic, and hypotonic. In a hypertonic environment, the cell environment have more solute concentrations outside than inside of the cell, which
results in more water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four ways that large molecules and substances are transported across a membrane include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor–mediated endocytosis
and receptor proteins. During phagocytosis, the cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around the particle and packing the particle within
the food vacuole (membranous sac). Once the food vacuole integrates with a lysosome (w/ hydrolytic enzyme), the particle will be digested. The
second way is pinocytosis, in which the cell takes in "droplets" of extracellular fluid and packs it into tiny vesicles; after this, the tiny vesicles are then
transported into the cell because the molecules dissolved in the droplets are the main factors that the cells need. The third process is known as
receptor–mediated endocytosis which the cells takes in large quantities of specific substances of all concentration in the Extracellular (EC) fluid; the
membranes of the cell vesicle are embedded with proteins that has certain receptor sites that are exposed to the EC fluid in which ligand binds to.
Then, the last step is that the receptor proteins cluster in regions of the membrane known as coated pits which contain fuzzy layer of coat proteins on
the exterior; then, each coated pit forms a vesicle which contains the ligand molecules and after the ingested material is released from the vesicle, the
vesicles then recycle the receptors to the plasma

Active and Passive Transport of Molecules Through Plasma...
The movement of molecules have two forms of transport through the plasma membrane: active transport and passive transport. Active processes
require energy, such as ATP, in order for the molecules to be transported. In active transport, the cell administers ATP.i Within passive processes no
energy is required and changes n pressure and concentration are the driving forces. Processes such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis,
and filtration are characterized as passive transport, while solute pumps are a form of active transport. Each of these form of transports occur in the
cells of all living organisms and are essential to life.
The process of diffusion occurs in and out of a cell when molecules travel from areas of higher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
iii Due to the fact that water can move freely in and out of most membrane pores, it is also considered a passive process.
Filtration is the process of which both water and solutes permeate a membrane from a region of higher fluid (hydrostatic) pressure to an area of lower
fluid pressure. iv Due to the fact that filtration is based on pressure and the size of membrane pores, it is a passive process. Within the human body
filtration occurs in the kidney and encompasses both blood and the fluid in the kidney tubule pressures.
Active transport is a process that requires ATP in order for molecules to move. There are several reasons why active transport is required as oppose to
passive transport: substances may be too large to pass through the membrane, substances may move against the concentration gradient as oppose to
with it, or some substances may not be lipid soluble. v Amino acids and some sugars are transported into cells by solute pumps. An example of a
solute pump is a sodium–potassium pump. Within a sodium–potassium pump, both K+ and Na+ are pushed into opposite regions across the cell
membrane. Other processes that require ATP are pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Both pinocytosis and phagocytosis occurs when the cell membrane
descends beneath the material in order to create a small vesicle, then pinches off into the cell. vi Phagocytosis is the process of cell eating, and
phagocytic cells work

The Effect The Molarity Of Sucrose Solution Has On Osmolarity
Title: The effect the molarity of sucrose solution has on osmolarity
Introduction: Passive transport occurs when substances move from high concentration areas to a lower concentration region. Both Diffusion and
Osmosis are examples of passive transport, however, osmosis is when water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane. The
plasma membrane, being a thin barrier to outside environment, is a selectively permeable membrane. Thus, it only allows certain particles to enter
or exit the cell. A selectively permeable membrane is important because it protects the cell from certain materials that can potentially be toxic to the
cell by not allowing the cell to diffuse uniformly; this means that not all particles can equally facilitate to the cell (encyclopedia ,n.d.). The
movement of substance across a membrane is caused by two factors, their size and charge (Pearson Education, 2008). If a substance is small and
nonpolar it can easily move but if it 's large and polar, it will have difficulty traveling across the membrane. For example, the selectively permeable
membrane allows water, which is known as solvent, to move freely but prevents large molecules such as sugar molecules from passing through; the
sugar molecules are known as solute (BBC, 2014).
However, facilitated diffusion can help the molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane by themselves. Facilitated diffusion can help these
molecules due specialize proteins such as the channel protein and

Cellular Transport
One type of cellular transport is osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane until the cell reaches
stability or osmotic equilibrium. When there is no cell wall, such as in animal cells, solute concentration gradient and membrane permeability are taken
in account for tonicity, the ability to gain or lose water. When acell becomes isotonic, there is no movement across the membrane because the volume
of the cell is stable and has reached osmotic equilibrium. If the cell becomes hypertonic, the cell is losing water to the environment around it causing
the cell to shrivel and die. A hypotonic cell is when the solvent from the environment enters the cell faster than it is leaving, causing the cell to... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentrations. Polar molecules and ions embedded in the lipid bilayer
diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane. The layer is selectively permeable, meaning they transport some
substances but not others. Within active transport there are two types of transport proteins, channel and carrier. Channel proteins provide a
hydrophilic passage for a specific molecule or ion to the cross the membrane. The passageways for these proteins allow water molecules or small ions
to flow very quickly from one side of the membrane to the other. Despite the small size of water molecules, movement through the phospholipid bilayer
is still slower because of the polarity of the water. Another type of channel proteins is the aquaporins. Aquaporins facilitate the amounts of diffusion that
occur in plant and animal cells. Another example of channel proteins are ion channels, many of which are gated channels, which open or close in
response to stimuli. The stimuli can be electrical or chemical. One example of this is the nerve cell, its stimuli is the electric message sent from the
brain and responds depending on the stimuli sent. Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change in the shape that somehow translocates the solute–binding
site across the membrane. These changes in shape may be triggered by binding and release of the transported

Deshelled Egg Lab
Introduction:
Students have grouped together in their Anatomy Lab using three different types of Sucrose Bathing Solutions and three different deshelled chicken
eggs. Students will learn the permeability of the cell membrane by studying the ability of a shell–less chicken egg to absorb the various sucrose bathing
solutions. Students can see how membranes can regulate a cell's interaction with its environment. The deshelled egg is semi–permeable, meaning that
some molecules easily move across the cell membrane, some cannot. A cell membrane can transport materials through two general forms: Simple
diffusion and Facilitated diffusion. Principles of Medical Physiology states "Facilitated diffusion, it is generally much faster than simple diffusion.
Glucose and other large uncharged hydrophilic molecules have extremely slow rates of simple diffusion across the lipid bilayer but they cross the
membrane much faster through facilitated diffusion." Osmosis can be defined as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After gently blotting, weigh all three eggs separately inside their own individual weigh boats to the nearest 0.1g and record the weights in Table 1 at
time 0. Place eggs 1, 2, 3 into separate culture dishes containing solutions of distilled water (0% sucrose), 14% sucrose, and 40% sucrose respectively.
The sucrose must cover the entire egg inside the culture dish before proceeding to the next step. Place a napkin down on the lab counter, at 15–minute
intervals, remove the eggs from the dishes with large spoon; place on napkin and wipe off all excess water each weigh boat must be clean as well
before weighing; and again, weigh each egg separately. Record the weight in Table 1: Weight of Eggs vs. Time (minutes). Replace the egg in the dish
for the next interval. After the experiment is complete, return the eggs to their container and each solution to its labeled container. Clean the dishes and
weigh boats and return all materials to the setup

The Membrane Of The Cell Membrane
1.0 Introduction
1.1 The Cell Membrane Biological cells have a membrane that separates the contents of the cell from its exterior environment and serves a number of
functions. The membrane is partially permeable, facilitating and controlling what materials pass into and out of the cell. The membrane can produce
different compartments within the cell in addition to allowing electrical signals to pass along them, playing a role in cell signalling and creating
attachment sites for enzymes and molecules involved in the metabolism (Keeton, 1983, p. 71).
1.2 The Phospholipid Bilayer
The membrane of the cell is composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer with various protein molecules floating within it phospholipids are fats and are
constructed of two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and a Phosphate head that is hydrophilic. The heads orientate themselves towards the water
molecules outside of the cell with the hydrophobic tails pointing away from the water molecules. A second tier of phospholipids forms a mirror image
with the heads pointing towards the water molecules inside the cell itself. These two tiers of Phospholipids form the Phospholipid Bilayer (Keeton,
1983, p. 71). Figure 1 Phospholipid Bilayer
1.3 The Fluid Mosaic Model
The Fluid Mosaic Model (Keeton, 1983, p. 71) shows that within the Phospholipid Bilayer are a number of proteins that float freely and form a 'mosaic'
pattern. These proteins can be intrinsic and exist through the complete thickness of the membrane

Osmosis Lab Report
osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane
isotonic solution in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved
substances inside a cell
hypertonic solution in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the
cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell
hypotonic solution in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration
inside the cell; causes the cell to swell and possibly burst as water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP; results in the splitting of water and the release of oxygen
light– independent reaction phase of photosynthesis where energy from light– dependent reactions is used to produce glucose and additional ATP
molecules
pigment molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight
electron transport chain series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized electrons are transported; as electrons are passed from
molecule to molecule, energy is released
NADH+ electron carrier molecule
Calvin cycle series of reactions during the light– independent phase of photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using
ATP and hydrogen from the light– dependent reactions
cellular respiration chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP; the three stages are glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle, and the electron transport chain

anaerobic chemical reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen
aerobic chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen
glycolysis in cellular respiration, series of anaerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit
of 2 ATP molecules
citric acid

The Cell : Transport Mechanisms And Cell Permeability
The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability
Hunter Dockery
Biology 2101
Derek Draper
September 15, 2016
Introduction
Cells are a highly complex entity and is both structurally and functionally the basic unit of all living things. Cells are an important and vital part in
order to sustain life. Cells are highly diverse and their specific roles are dependent on shape and internal composition. Cells are what carry out functions
to promote life, including: reproduction, nutrient digestion, and metabolism. The cell has many components including the nucleus, cytoplasm, many
organelles, and a plasma membrane. The nucleus contains all of the genetic material and genes, which are found in the DNA. The nucleus is the
control center of the cell as it is key for cell reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded in a membrane called the nuclear envelope for protection and
regulation of materials in and out of the nucleus. Cytoplasm is what all of the cell contents is referred to outside of the nucleus. This includes all the
high specific metabolic machinery called organelles. A list of organelles include: Ribosomes,endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, mitochondria, and centrioles. Ribosomes are free floating spherical bodies of RNA and proteins which are the site for protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum is broken into two structures, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Rough ER provides area for storage and transport
of proteins

Egg Osmosis Lab Report
How Do Different Concentrations of Sucrose Influence Osmosis of a De–Shelled Egg
10/14/2017
BIOL 2110L
Professor Rollins
By: Autumn Maxey
Lab Partners: Joanna Galan, Karena Newell, Allyson Clark Introduction: Osmosis by definition is the process of diffusion in which a fluid moves
from an area of less concentration a hypotonic solution, of dissolved particles to a region of higher concentration or hypertonic solution, of dissolved
particles across a semi–permeable membrane (a membrane that only allows specific membranes to pass through it). Because there is a difference in
the concentration gradient, the dissolved particles are free to move across the semi–permeable membrane from the higher concentration to the lower
concentration. In order to study the transfer of liquid across the plasma membrane, in this experiment a de–mineralized egg was examined. Upon
receiving the eggs they had already previously been soaked in a vinegar solution for several days, dissolving the eggs shells thus leaving a thin
semi–permeable membrane exposed, which is representative of the cells in our bodies. In this experiment the process of osmosis is being observed and
the different conditions in which osmosis occurs. In the egg osmosis experiment kinetic energy is used making this process a passive transport 'in
passive processes concentration or pressure differences drive the movement (Marieb,Smith, 2007)' since ATP is not required which is called facilitated
diffusion.

Physioex 9.0 Cell Transport Mechanisms
For Learning Centre use only
Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report
Review Sheet Results
1. 2. Describe two Variables that affect the rate of diffusion.
The two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are:
A. The size of the molecule. The larger molecule will diffuse more slowly than the smaller molecule. B. The nature of plasma membrane. If the
membrane is composed of lipid portion., only lipid soluble molecules can pass through while water molecules cannot.
3. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through 20 MWCO? How well did the results compare with your predictions?
The urea was not able to diffuse through 20 MWCO because the size of the pores of 20 MWCO was too small to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration has on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration in the left beaker while keeping the size of MWCO at 20 would result in an increase in osmotic pressure (Run
No.2). This was because the high concentration of Na+ Cl– in the right side of membrane gives a increased force to water (in left beaker) to move
towards the solution with the highest concentration of solutes. Therefore, there was an increase in osmotic pressure.
However, when the membrane was changed to from 20 MWCO to 50 MWCO, the Na+ Cl– molecules were able to diffuse through the membrane, the
equilibrium would be reached and no osmotic pressure was generated. If the concentration of Na+ Cl– of both size are equal, the osmotic pressure
would be zero.

I obtained the results from the experiment supported my predictions because as the the concentration Na+ Cl– was increased from 5 mM to 10 mM (by
adding more Na+ Cl–), the osmotic pressure also increased. However, after the membrane was changed to 50 MWCO, the Na+ Cl– molecules could
diffuse easily through the membrane and did not caused an increase in osmotic pressure.
2. Describe on way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and on way in which is different.
One way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion is that both mechanisms are

The Effect Of Osmosis Across A Semi Permeable Cell...

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