Semipermeability Of The Cell Membranes

Semipermeability Of The Cell Membranes
A membrane is the cell's gatekeeper. This phospholipid bilayer says what molecules can move in or
out of the cell. The cell membrane is also responsible for maintaining homeostasis. The cell
membrane is semipermeable. They can control what molecules come in or out. There are two ways
that molecules can move across the membrane. Passive mechanisms like diffusion dont use any
energy while active transport uses energy to move molecules.
Diffusion is the movement of particles down their gradient. Simple Diffusion is the passive
movement from high to low concentration. Facilitated Diffusion is the movement of particles from
high concentration to low concentration through a protein carrier. Osmosis is the diffusion of water
across the cell membrane. steepness of gradient, temperature, size of molecule, and distance are all
factors in the rate of diffusion. Tonicity refers to the concentration of solute in the solvent. A typical
solution consists of two components known as the solvent and the solute. The solvent is used as a
dissolving medium while the solute is used as the substance dissolved in the solvent. In a hypotonic
solution, there is a lower concentration of solute relative to the inside of the cell. In a hypertonic
solution, there is a high concentration of solute relative to the inside of the cell. In plants cells, the
swelling of cells placed in a hypotonic solution results in turgor pressure. The structure of the cell
stops it from bursting. Turgor pressure keeps the
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Nucleus: Membrane Bound Structure
The nucleus is like the principal.The cell nucleus is a membrane bound structure that contains the
cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It is the command
center of a eukaryotic cell and is commonly the most prominent organelle in a cell.The cell nucleus
is bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The principal is the person that is
control of the school.They make sure that everything is in order and is running like it should be.
The mitochondria is like the cafeteria. The mitochondria generates cellular energy (ATP).
Mitochondria are also involved in other cell processes such as cell division and growth, as well as
cell death.Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The cafeteria

Pi3p
Immunoelectron microscopy has shown that PI3P also localizes on the parasite apicoplast and the
food vacuole6. During the asexual blood stage, the Plasmodium endocytoses hemoglobin (the major
cytosolic constituent of red blood cells) and digests it within the food vacuole. This key catabolic
process is largely attenuated in the presence of kinase inhibitors that block PI3P biosynthesis14.
Further investigation into a PI3P–binding protein called FCP in P. falciparum reveals a similar
phenotype (a stunted parasite size and defect in hemoglobin digestion) if its PI3P–binding domain is
deleted15. Again, this finding demonstrates the importance of deciphering PI3P effector proteins in
P. falciparum. These PI3P–regulated functions identified in the ... Show more content on
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An urgent health public concern is raised due to the recent emergence of artemisinin resistance in P.
falciparum17. Artemisinin–based combination therapy is the front–line antimalarial treatment due to
its fast–acting mechanism and high potency against falciparum malaria. Surprisingly, the molecular
target of this potent antimalarial drug has recently been identified to be the PI3–kinase of P.
falciparum18–20. This finding, along with the essentiality and significance of PI3P described above,
accentuates the need to decipher the PI3P–regulated cellular functions in P. falciparum. More
importantly, many Plasmodium proteins are unique to the parasite (e.g., apicoplast enzymes and
FCP), providing excellent targets for drug development. All in all, a more thorough comprehension
of the important PI3P functions on the molecular basis allows for an explicit way to develop
preventive and therapeutic interventions against malaria. Identification of PI3P effector proteins
from a systemic point of view may provide a combinatorial drug therapy and strategy to bypass or
delay the development of drug

Endomembrane System Study Guide
The Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System– is a system of membrane based organelles within the eukaryotic cell that
are either in direct contact with each other or communicate through the use of vesicles. A primary
role this system plays in intracellular processes is treatment and transport of proteins. The
membranes and organelles include the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.
Components/Process of the Endomembrane System
1. Nuclear Envelope
Made up and inner and an outer compartment o Nuclear pores formed where these membranes meet
Nuclear pores allow molecules to pass through the nuclear envelope
This is the first component of the endomembrane system
2. Rough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insertion of membrane proteins: membrane proteins appear on the membrane while protein
synthesis
Glycosylation: Carbohydrate attach themselves to proteins and lipids
Proteins move from rough ER by means of transport vesicles
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Metabolism: enzymes promote the detoxification of hydrophobic molecules, which are harmful, into
hydrophilic molecules which can easily be transported out of the body
Storage of Ca2+: contains calcium pumps that facilitate secretion of calcium from the ER lumen
into the cytosol
Lipid synthesis and modification: synthesizes phospholipids and enzymes modifies lipid
cholesterols into steroid hormones such as testosterone
4. Golgi Apparatus
There are two theories for process of moving material through the Golgi apparatus o Vesicular
transport model
Move from compartment to compartment (like a ghost through walls) o Cisternal maturation model
Vesicle gets swallowed by cis face, and the cis face morphs into the medial cisterna
Also participates in protein

Osmosis in Red Onion Cells
Osmosis in Red Onion Cells
By: Youssef Gharib
Brief Description of Osmosis in Red Onion cells:
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
across a semi–permeable membrane. The purpose of this lab is to compare the three different types
of solutions affect on the relative size of the vacuole to the cell, the outer membrane of onion red
cells (tunics) are used to figure out the different types. In the red onion you can see effects promptly
when the onion cells are placed in different type of solutions. The effect of the solutions is shown
through the purple part within the membrane since that's where the vacuoles are present.
Question:
How will the vacuole inside the cells ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The percentages recorded in the data table though were not accurate since they were just
assumptions because the tools to correctly measure the percent change were not present. Since the
experiment was only conducted once, there were no repeated trials, leading the data to be more
prone to errors and uncertainties. Another error in the data was that at first many slices of the tunic
had to be peeled to finally get a single strand of cells, because every time a slice would be peeled,
there would be a double layer of cells, causing it to be hard to see through the microscope.
Conclusion and Evaluation:
In the lab, many conclusions were drawn from the results found. The data calculated, and the
observations recorded supported the hypothesis, since in the data the saline solutions caused the
vacuoles to shrink, and the deionized water caused the vacuole to stay the same. The saline solutions
caused the vacuoles to shrink because since there was more salt outside the vacuole, the vacuole
became hypertonic causing it to release water and absorb salt into the vacuole. The use of a control
group in this experiment establishes the basis of a means for comparison between the different levels
of IV and the control group. The procedure was not as descriptive as possible, and could have been
more explanatory, and instructive. Limitations in the experiment could have been that the tunic of
the red onion was not thin enough to record

Tonoplast Experiment
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Even though alcohol does not actually kill brain cells, it still can damage the brain. It does this by
damaging the dendrites (Krucik, 2013) which are the branch–like ends of the brain cells. Dendrites
are used for passing messages from one neuron to another, therefore damage to dendrites can cause
severe cognitive problems. (Lexton, 2016)
Alcohols:
Ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages and is a two carbon molecule. (Wilmar, 2014)
Methanol, sometimes referred to as wood alcohol, can cause blindness and death and it is also a one
carbon molecule. (Turnon, 2016) Propanol is fatal if consumed and is a three carbon molecule. One
reason why they are so dangerous to living organisms is that they can damage dendrites, as
mentioned before. However, many studies have come to conclusion that this is only possible if a
human consumes a certain amount and concentration of alcohol. This is the reason why I am testing
the effects at different concentrations: (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%).
Methanol, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tonoplast is quite large and typically contains water. In beetroot plants, this membrane–bound
vacuole (Tonoplast) also contains a water soluble red pigment, betacyanin, which is what gives
beetroot its colour. (Bjarnadottir, 2014) Due to the fact that the pigment is water soluble, not lipid
soluble, it remains in the vacuole when the cells are healthy. However if the integrity of a membrane
is disturbed, then the contents of the vacuole will release into the surrounding environment.
(Bjarnadottir, 2014)This usually means the cell is dead. If beetroot membranes are damaged–– red
pigment will leak out into the surrounding environment. Although these cells are not the same as the
dendrites they can still act as a model for a cellular damage analysis. This is why I have chosen
beetroot to serve as my 'biological membrane'. As well as this beetroot contains thiamine.
(Bjarnadottir,

Comparison Of Lysosomes And Vacuoles
A cell is like a huge factory. Numerical amounts of processes are non–stop, even when we're asleep.
After a long day of sleeping and play, you must eat. A great meal satisfies the body; to keep moving
each and every day, but how does it get receive the nutrients and power its needs? That is through its
digestive system, but more in particular, the cell organelles. Two of these organelles work hand in
hand to keep the body functioning. The two organelles are the lysosomes and vacuoles. The two
organic like objects are like brothers. They need and depend on each other, to digest and dispose of
waste coming from the human being. These items also are located in the cytoplasm of the cell where
they are recycled and deposit fresh nutrient into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cell as no particular shape nor size. Vacuoles store the nutrients needed for the cell and as well
as keep it from being contaminated by the waste produced by the body. It is found in both plant and
animal cells but is much larger in the plant cell, because its main degree of function is storage of
water for the plant to larger portion of its family which is the Vacuole. It exports items outside of the
cell to keep damage to a all–time low. On the contrary, lysosomes break down food and garbage
inside the body as well. Its like the stomach of the cell. It's found in all eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes
are typically recycled back into the cytoplasm of the cell after the enzymes attack and destroy the
harmful substances that it broke down and engulfed. Lysosomes are also like the builders of the cell,
and looked upon as a reparation item. They are able to act upon this way due to a special enzyme
called hydrolytic enzymes. Enzymes within the endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in
nurturing the process of creating a lysosome. Which information is then sent to the Golgi body and
the formation of the lysosomes are then created by the budding off of its branches and then sent to
the

Microbes At Bay
The speaker for the last video cast is Dr. Steven Holland. He is a senior clinical investigator and the
head of the Immune pathogenesis of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Dr.
Holland received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. In the late 90s he started at the
NIH as a researcher. In 2002 he received the NIH distinguished teacher award. The topic that Dr.
Holland talked about in this video cast is: Keeping Microbes at Bay: What White Cells Do. Dr.
Holland started off his presentation talking about one of his patients. This woman was healthy
previous to her going to the ER. She had acute dyspnea and couldn't breathe. The patients had
progressive hypoxia, fever, leukocytosis. They started to treat her ... Show more content on
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Holland. I liked how was engaged with the audience and asked them for their participation. I
thought he did a good in relating real life scenarios to the area where research is being done. I liked
listening to the different patient cases but got a little confused and wasn't sure to what disease he
was referring too. For my summary, I chose to focus on the ones that were of most interest to me.
Dr. Holland's philosophy is that by understanding what causes rare problems that can hopefully help
them understand common ones, which I think is an interesting idea. Dr. Holland informed the
audience that when searching for diseases in genetics the investigators needs to take into account
phenotype and genotypes. He also told them that gene therapy is a good idea for future treatment of
these diseases. I thought that it was interesting to find out that single gene defects lead to all these
problems. I was most interested when Dr. Holland talked about IBD but I wish he would have spent
more time on this specific topic. It was interesting to learn more about what a big problem IBD is
knowing that Dietitians can work with patients that have this

Plant Cells : Occasion Homework
Plant Cells: Occasion Homework. 9/4/16
Plants have numerous cells inside them. They all have distinctive part and capacities. Together they
all out to make the plant empower itself to survive. Inside a plant are its cells. Inside a cell are its
organelles. These organelles are called cell organelles which are little individual parts of a phone
which complete distinctive particular capacities. There are a vast variety of different
Golgi Mechanical assembly: An arrangement (stack) of levelled, film bound sacs (saccules) required
in the capacity, alteration and emission of proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids bound to leave the cell
(extracellular) and for use inside the cell (intracellular). The Golgi device is plentiful in secretory ...
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Bigger particles (counting microscopic organisms) enter extraordinary white platelets (phagocytes)
through a type of endocytosis called phagocytosis. The Single adaptable cell is a unicellular protist
that ingests sustenance (counting algal cells) by phagocytosis.
Lysosome: A film bound organelle containing hydrolytic (digestive) catalysts. Lysosomes begin as
layer bound vesicles (called Golgi vesicles) that bud from the Golgi mechanical assembly. They are
basically required with intracellular processing. Lysosomes wire with vesicles (little vacuoles)
framed by endocytosis. The substance of these vesicles are processed by lysosomal chemicals. Auto
absorption by lysosomes likewise happens amid embryonic improvement. The fingers of a human
developing life are webbed at first, however are isolated from each other by lysosomal catalysts.
Cells in the tail of a tadpole are processed by lysosomal compounds amid the continuous move into
a frog.
Peroxisome: A layer bound organelle that contains particular catalysts imported from the cytoplasm
(cytosol). For instance, certain peroxisomes contain the compound catalase which quickly separates
dangerous hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This response can be effectively exhibited by
pouring some hydrogen peroxide on crude meat or an open injury.
Glycolysis: An anaerobic oxidation pathway outside of the mitochondria in which glucose is

How Carbon 's Electron Configuration Determines The Kinds...
Viola Tuliao
PD. 7–8
Organic Chemistry "Explain how carbon's electron configuration determines the kinds and numbers
of bonds that carbon will form."
Carbon has six total electrons; two of the electrons it has are in its first electron shell while the other
four are its valence electrons. Due to its four valence electrons, it rarely gains and/or loses electrons
and/or form ionic bonds due to the fact it would have to give away or take four other electrons. In
order to complete its outer shell, carbons shares its valence electrons with other atoms by having
four separate covalent bonds. The carbon atom then becomes the crossing point where each
molecule branches off into four separate directions.Carbon's electron configuration allows it to bond
frequently with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. If the carbon atom forms only a single
covalent bond, The electrons form so that its bonds angle towards an imaginary tetrahedron.
"Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Include structure and
function."
Monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars, are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can
either function alone or become a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides. Its function is to
fuel molecules in a living cell as well as be used as raw materials for the synthesis of amino and
fatty acids. It is formed of a singular sugar formula of CH2O. Disaccharides are used as an energy
source for organisms and made up of two

Biology : Cells And Stem Cells
Cells and Stem Cells 1. The Typical Animal Cell 2. Vacuole: The Vacuole are used as storage inside
the cell. Vacuoles store food, water and nutrients to help keep the cell alive. The vacuole can also
store the waste that the cell produces so it doesn't damage the rest of the cell. Vacuoles are usually
made from amino acid and water. Nucleus: The Nucleus acts like the brain in the cell, this is because
the Nucleus helps to control the cells reproduction, eating and movement. Nucleolus: The Nucleolus
is a small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell. The
nucleolus is organizer of chromosomes which contain the genes. Mitochondria: The Mitochondria
are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system that
takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. Lysosome: The Lysosome is an
organelle that holds enzymes that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to digest
things that the cell has made. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies.
3. Structure and function The animal sperm cell The animal nerve cell Nucleus Helps control the
movement and the cells reproduction The nucleus helps control the direction the sperm is moving
during reproduction. The nucleus controls the nerve cells communication. Cytoplasm is a type of
fluid that fills up the cell. Inside the cytoplasm there's acids that are used to keep the cell

Tetrahymena Ink
Tetrahymena in the 5% ink showed a higher stained vacuole count that those in 1% ink. This
supported our hypothesis that the Tetahymena in a higher concentration of ink would show more
staining, because there is more ink around for them to consume. Differing results were found in a
similar experiment by Bazzone (2000), as cells in a higher ink concentration showed fewer vacuoles
than those at a lower ink concentration. This experiment followed the same procedure, but expanded
the ink concentrations to include 10% ink and examined cells at the timepoints 2, 10, 20, and 30
minutes (Bazzone, 2000). This study did not find an explanation for why these results occurred
(Bazzone, 2000). Since our numbers of vacuoles of 1% and 5% ink were nearly identical for each
time period, it is possible that if we repeated the experiment and counted more ... Show more
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For this experiment, Tetrahymena would be starved for 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 hours. Then, 2ml would
be combined with 2ml India ink and fixed at 0, 5, 10, 20 minutes. Wet mounts would be prepared
and the average number of vacuoles per Tetrahymena for twenty cells would be counted.
Additionally, average cell counts per drop of fixed Tetrahymena would be taken for twenty drops.
This would allow us to gain more knowledge on how exactly starvation affects the number of
vacuoles and the lifespan of the Tetrahymena. This would be helpful because we observed fewer
Tetrahymena in our starvation medium, but we don't know how quickly the cells died once they
were placed in this medium.
In conclusion, this experiment helped us determine that Tetrahymena can perform phagocytosis
most efficiently when at a temperature close to their natural environment, when more stain is
available, and when they are not starved. Additionally, phagocytosis is a microfilament dependent
process that does not involve

The Cell 's Essential Recycling Mechanism Essay
"I want everyone to understand the nature of fundamental research," said Yoshinori Ohsumi. "It
develops in ways sometimes not initially anticipated, but has an immense and beneficial impact on
society."
On Oct. 3, the 71–year–old molecular cell biologist stood amongst a sea of reporters and colleagues
at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (TITECH) and echoed these words that he often shares with his
students. Ohsumi won this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for nearly three decades of
fundamental research in autophagy – the process by which cells recycle their own contents. On Dec.
10, Ohsumi will stand on stage in Stockholm, this time in front of the global scientific community,
to accept his award and join the ranks of other Nobel laureates.
"I remember fancifully dreaming of receiving the Nobel Prize as a child, but once I became a
researcher, any thought of receiving the award completely left my consciousness as I focused on
science," said Ohsumi at the TITECH press conference.
The Cell's Essential Recycling Mechanism
In 1963, Christian de Duve coined the term "autophagy" when describing the degradation of
cytoplasmic bits inside lysosomes and vacuoles. Several researchers around the world looked into
autophagy, but the field lacked popularity. Twenty–five years after earning its moniker, autophagy
finally received the spotlight thanks to Ohsumi.
After completing his Ph.D. at the University of Tokyo, Ohsumi went abroad to conduct postdoctoral
research at The

Elodea Cells And Solutions With Different Osmolarity...
Elodea Cells and Solutions with Different Osmolarity Experiment
Introduction
Water is one of the most abundant and yet most important substance here on our planet, in our body
cells, even to the smallest organism. Our body consists of up to 60% water, whereas some other
organisms can contain up to 90% water (Perlman). All living organisms must keep water level
balanced to maintain homeostasis, and to survive. This is where osmolarity comes into play.
Osmolarity refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution, closely relating to the movement of
water across a membrane (Campbell, 2009).
Before the experiment, the response of Elodea cells in different environments was observed in the
lab. Based on observation, my hypothesis on responses of Elodea cells to the different environments
are: 1.) Elodea cells would shrink in hypertonic solution with higher concentrations of solute, due to
water osmosis down its concentration gradient, diffusing from inside to outside of the cell; 2.)
Elodea cells would swell in hypotonic solution with lower concentration of solute, due to water
osmosis, diffusing from outside to inside of the cell; 3.) Elodea cells would have no change in
solution that is isotonic to the cell, water will diffuse in and out of cell equally.
This experiment will use Elodea plant cells as the research object. Three different tests will be
performed to examine how Elodea plant cell would respond in solutions with different osmolarity,
and to find out which

The Stomach Of The Cell
The article, "The Stomach of the Cell" from Pharmaceutical News describes lysosomes of the cell
located in the stomach of a human. Lysosomes are in the cells of the stomach. Their main function
"uses acid to degrade, or breakdown proteins."(p. 1). Lysosomes can be used against the body in the
case of malaria, although, there is a drug that can treat it. In the beginning of the article, the writer
describes the main function of lysosomes and how lysosomes relate to other organelles in other
types of cells. In the writer's words, "Lysosomes are found in animal cells...In plant and fungal cells,
a similar type of function is carried out inside vacuoles"(p. 1). After the introduction, the main
paragraphs describe the proton pumps in the membrane of a ... Show more content on
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Lysosomes and vacuoles break down amino acids and proteins to be recycled to make new proteins.
Phagocytosis is when cells deal with the remains of dead cells. Dead cells are broke down in
lysosomes to be recycled to be "reused as building materials or as nutrients for energy."(p. 1). The
article sets the disadvantage of lysosomes. Some of the organelles use the acidic environment "to
carry out reactions that require a low pH"(p. 1). Malaria parasites are one them. Because of the
heme that is released from the digestion of hemoglobin, it becomes toxic to the parasite. To
"detoxify the heme, malarial parasites convert heme into an insoluble crystal called hemozoin,
which is no longer toxic to the parasite."(p. 1 – p. 2). The near the end of the article discusses the
drug solutions to convert heme to hemozoin and the process. Quinine and chloroquine both
neutralize the pH of vacuoles and dissolve/attach to lipids. After the drugs go through the lipid
membrane, they increase the pH of vacuoles. After the vacuoles get neutralized, "heme begins to
accumulate in Plasmodium, eventually killing the parasites."(p.

Carbohydrates Chemical Structure
The chemical structures and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and, Nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates often known as sugars and are also known as an organic compound, its oxygen,
carbon and, hydrogen. Carbohydrates are classified into three categories basically carbohydrates is
sugar and is broken down into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and, polysaccharides. Also, cells
attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and lipids. Carbohydrates help us by providing our body
with energy. The simplest are sugars, like glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. Complex
carbohydrates, like starch, are created of lots of sugar molecules joined together. Proteins are
composed of amino acids ,we also use protein to make enzymes, hormones, and other body
chemicals. Protein is a very important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, blood and skin.
Along with fat and carbohydrates, protein is a "macronutrient," meaning that the body needs a large
amounts of it. Protein also helps with growth of nails and hair and help repair tissue. ... Show more
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We wouldn't be able to digest food properly without lipids. We also use fat to help insulate us from
cold temperatures. Lipids are also substance that do not mix with water. The main role of lipids in
your body is to provide energy for muscles and body functions. Nucleic acids allow organisms to
transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. There are two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid, well known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, well known as RNA. Nucleic
acids help us by moving our

Pros And Cons Of Mitochondria
So basically mitochondria accused us for being a dangerous killer, and sure, we can malfunction and
cause a disease that can seriously mess up your life, and we know that that's a valid reason not to
vote for us, which is fine. But before you throw your vote away for the other organelles, think of it
this way. We really aren't like the other cells. They all have these really cool purposes and we're just
kind the guy who takes out their trash, which might just be the most important part of a cell because
we all know what's gonna happen if no one is there to pick up after you. We protect the cell too, and
while we can mess up and give you Danon's disease, it's actually so rare that doctors have trouble
diagnosing it because they look at your symptoms and are like 'what the heck' because this isn't
something their medical school taught them. Dangerous? We're about as dangerous as an ant and of
all the organelles to call us dangerous, mitochondria shouldn't be the one talking with their cancers
and aging and heart failure. Pros of Vacuole (Part 2): The vacuole has many different jobs but all the
same in importance. For example, the vacuole keeps the cell clean; it holds the trash that the other
organelles leave behind. This organelle also is the reason why plants stand straight. In addition, the
vacuole holds water and other nutrients for plants. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, we need everyone. But we are not here to say good things about other organelles, we are here
because we need a leader for this glorious nation of Celltopia. A great leader who is strong and is
able to lead us. And we believe that the vacuole can do that!! Imagine the beautiful future ladies and
gentlemen. The future that our children are safe from the virus and bacteria. We gonna have big
wall, a giant, beautiful, great wall that gonna protect us from the virus and bacteria. And guess what,
the cell membrane gonna pay for it. Because that's their

How Does Temperature Affect The Permeability Of The Plasma...
Introduction
Membranes contain phospholipid bilayer these are two layers of phospholipids which are facing in
opposite directions to each other. The non–polar tails are hydrophobic which are water–hating, what
makes it difficult for polar molecules/ions to pass through them are the fatty acid tails which also act
as a barrier to water–soluble substances. These molecules move in and out of the cell by diffusion,
osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles down a concentration
gradient for example when gases move about and will move from where there is a high
concentration to where they are in lower concentration. By osmosis, the diffusion of water through
the plasma membrane is possible because the lipids bilayers are water–resistant to important
molecules and small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide, these molecules and ions diffuse
freely across the cell membrane. By active transport, ions and molecules are forced using metabolic
energy to move against their concentrated gradient. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will lead to a higher reading on the colorimeter. At about 59°C proteins start to become
denatured losing their shape preventing the normal movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Above 60°C proteins become totally denatured. At these temperatures the fatty acid melts leading to
a reduced stability of the membrane.
Betalain are the red coloured pigment which happens in the vacuoles of the beetroot cell, a
membrane called the tonoplast is what surrounds each vacuole. The leakage of the beetroot red
coloured pigment which is the Betalain, out of the cell will determine how permeable the cell
membrane is at a certain time. As the water gets darker by the dye more light is

8 Cell Organelles
When creating my game I included 8 organelles that are found in the cell. One of these organelles is
the nucleus. The nucleus is a large membrane–enclosed structure that contains genetic material in
the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities. The job of the nucleus is to protect the
DNA and the RNA from anything outside the nucleus. Another organelle is the ribosome.
Ribosomes are small particle of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. The
ribosome is responsible for making protein by following the coded information from the DNA. The
endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with
proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is in charge
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The golgi apparatus is an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials
from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell. The job of the
golgi apparatus is to package the proteins so that they are able to travel out of the cell. The vacuole
can be found inside the cell. The vacuole is a saclike, membrane–enclosed structure. The vacuole is
in charge of storing materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Another organelle found
in the cell is a lysosomes. A lysosome is a small organelle filled with enzymes. This organelle breaks
down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
The cell wall is an important organelle in the plant cell. The cell wall is a strong supporting layer
around the membrane. The cell wall is responsible for protecting the cell and providing structure to
the cell. Lastly, the vesicles are very important to the cell. Vesicles are membrane enclosed storage
organelles that are smaller than vacuoles. The job of vesicles is to store and move materials between
organelles and to and from the cell

Temperature Change and Its Impact on Cell Permeability
The cell membrane plays multiple important roles regarding the overall function of the cell such as
separating the intracellular parts of the cell from the extracellular environment. One of the main
functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell
(Maderin 2009). The cell membrane itself is actually made up of a lipid bilayer which is broken
down even more to fatty acid chains, proteins, and cholesterol. The lipids of the bilayer are
aphipathic, which means that they have hydrophilic polar heads pointing out and the hydrophobic
portion forming the core (Gwen 2001). Within the bilayer, proteins are embedded. These proteins
may sometimes pass through the bilayer, or they may be inserted at the cytoplasmic or exterior face.
The fluid characteristics of the cell membrane come from this lipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer
also forms sacks within the plant cell. One surrounds the whole cell, which creates the cell
membrane, while another sack surrounds the vacuole (Howard 2003). The special membrane that
surrounds the vacuole is known as the tonoplast membrane (Peter 2004). Within the vacuole is a
molecule known as betacaynin. Betacyanin is any one type of a group of pigments. It is a nitrogen
containing glycosylated compound that is responsible for the red color in the beta vulgaris or
beetroot (Encyclopedia 2004).The Betacyanin is stored within the vacuole of the plant cell. At
normal temperatures the betacyanin remains within

A Scientist 's Quest For His Discoveries Of Autophagy...
From Baker's Yeast to the Nobel Prize: A Biologist's Quest to Elucidate Autophagy
Molecular cell biologist, Yoshinori Ohsumi, won the 2016 Nobel Prize for his discoveries of
autophagy mechanisms. His life's work changed the world's perspective on a fundamental process,
and now, thousands of scientists use his research to develop potential treatment solutions for chronic
diseases. Learn more...
"I want everyone to understand the nature of fundamental research is such that it develops in ways
sometimes not initially anticipated but has an immense and beneficial impact on society," said
Yoshinori Ohsumi.
On Oct. 3, the 71–year–old molecular cell biologist stood amongst a sea of reporters and colleagues
at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (TITECH) and echoed these words that he often shares with his
students. Ohsumi won this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for nearly three decades of
fundamental research in autophagy – the process by which cells recycle their own contents. On Dec.
10, Ohsumi will stand on stage in Stockholm, this time in front of the global scientific community,
to accept his award and join the ranks of other Nobel laureates.
"I remember fancifully dreaming of receiving the Nobel Prize as a child, but once I became a
researcher, any thought of receiving the award completely left my consciousness as I focused on
science," said Ohsumi at the TITECH press conference.
The Cell's Essential Recycling Mechanism
In 1963, Christian de Duve coined the

Ribosomes In Eukaryotic Cells
The nucleus houses most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell. The genetic instructions are housed
within a cell, and the instructions are carried out by the ribosomes. The nucleus directs protein
synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA according to instructions provided by the DNA. The
mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm via nuclear pores.
The main parts of the nucleus include the nuclear envelope, which encloses the nucleus and
separates it from the cytoplasm, which has an outer and an inner membrane. There is a complex of
pores that helps regulate entry and exit into the nucleus. The nuclear side of the envelope is lined by
the nuclear lamina, which helps maintain the structure of the nucleus. The DNA inside a nucleus is
organized into units called chromosomes, which is made up of chromatin, a complex of proteins and
DNA. The structures in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They carry out protein synthesis. There are two locales– free ribosomes in cytosol and bound ones to
the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope. Most proteins are made in free ribosomes.
The central dogma of biology is how proteins are made– DNA transcribes RNA, then RNA forms
proteins by translation, or protein synthesis. DNA–>RNA–>Proteins.
Free ribosomes are found in the cytosol, while bound ribosomes are found attached to the side of the
endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.
The information in a gene,found on a chromosome, in the nucleus is used to synthesize an mRNA
that is transported through a nuclear pore to the cytoplasm. There it is translated into a protein,
which is transported back through a nuclear pore into the nucleus, where it joins other proteins and
DNA, forming chromatin.
The transport vesicles move membranes and substances that they enclose between other components
of the endomembrane system. They are sacs made of membrane that helps transport

Lab Report On Plant Cell Walls
Introduction:
Plant cell walls are composed of: Pectin matrices, cellulose microfibrils and branches of
hemicellulose. Cell walls give plant cells their rigid oblong shape (in morphogenesis) and its
strength aids the plant cell's maintenance of osmotic stability–preventing lysis and crenation when
exposed to hypertonic or hypotonic environments respectively. The apoplast pathway in the cell wall
is also completely permeable to ions and small particles–while preventing the entry of toxic
macromolecules.
Second to cell walls, plant cell membranes contain a variety of different lipids (made of fatty acids),
proteins and carbohydrates. The two–molecule thick–layered structure of membranes is made of a
bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tonoplast is similar the external plasma membrane–in that there are also intrinsic
transmembrane proteins which govern the movement of a variety of ions and the one–way entry of
betalain molecules–produced via the flavonoid pathway in the cytoplasm.
In fig.1, the absorbance values of the resultant beetroot solutions show a clear increase with
increasing temperature, this is gradual from 23°C to 60°C, but this steeply increases until 70°C–
which was the last data point. Extrapolation may show an exponential increase, until all the red
pigment has been liberated from all of the beetroot cells, and the trend line would thus plateau
horizontally.
In fig.2, the absorbance readings of H2O and chloroform are relatively very small–almost
negligible, IMS has the second highest reading and Rapid freezing did the most damage to the
beetroot cells' membranes with a very high absorbance reading. This was so high that it couldn't be
detected by the monochromatic light from the spectrophotometer–dilutions were made as a result
and the absorbance was multiplied to its true value.
Discussion:
The monochromatic light of the spectrophotometer was set to a value of 540nm (the green region of
the visual spectrum). This is essential because the betacyanin pigments present in the vacuoles of
beetroot cells are what give the vegetable its distinctive red colour (light transmitted), so the
'compromise' green wavelength is absorbed in the greatest

Action Potentials In A Giant Alga Lab Report
LAB #4: ACTION POTENTIALS IN A GIANT ALGAL CELL
Generating action potentials in a giant alga using mechanical stimulation, injury, or direct electrical
stimulation
Introduction The Chara coralline is a freshwater plant that lives in temperate zone ponds and lakes.
The intermodal segment is a single large cell which uses cytoplasmic streaming to distribute
organelles and nutrients throughout the cytoplasm which is surrounded by a large central vacuole.
Recording action potentials with intracellular microelectrodes is less complicated because Chara
cells are so large. Actin and myosin allow for the movement of intracellular materials. The Chara
coralline generates action potentials in response to deformation of the cell membrane. Then,
cytoplasmic streaming is halted via a signal that is spread by the action potential. Protein kinase is
activated due to the increase in internal calcium. The protein kinase phosphorylates myosin which in
turn inhibits its interaction with actin and terminates streaming. This allows a wound to heal without
leakage of the pressurized cytoplasmic contents.
The purpose of this lab is to examine the waveform characteristics of action potentials using
standard intracellular recording techniques. In the first set of experiments, students will use a glass
microelectrode to record from a giant algal cell. Then, students will generate an action potential in a
giant algal cell. If ion concentrations remain constant inside the cell, then the

Tetrahymena Lab Report
Kristal Jackson
Phil Chancellor
Bio Lab 1130
November 22, 2014
Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena In this laboratory exercise, we used the single celled ciliated protist
Tetrahymena to be a model organism for the formation of vacuoles. For this lab, you should be able
to see Tetrahymena vacuole formation through phagocytosis, and be able to calculate the rate of
formation. The cilia of the organisms sweep food particles into the "mouth" of the cell, and get
enclosed within the vacuoles through the process of phagocytosis. You can visualize that process
through a microscope and feeding Tetrahymena India Ink, stained yeast cells, and observe vacuole
formation. In order to test whether or not the concentration of India ink affects the rate of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This graph shows the number of vacuoles formed in Tetrahymena in three different groups with
varying ink concentrations. The number of vacuoles per group of cells was monitored for 30
minutes. This figure displays the inverse relationship between ink concentration and vacuole
formation. From the results that at my group and I got, we came to the conclusion that vacuole
formation and ink concentration have an inverse relationship. We can see that by looking at Figure
1, and seeing that as the concentration increased there was a decrease in the formation of the
vacuoles. This approves the claims made by previous studies that the rate of phagocytosis is
negatively affected by particle concentration. When you look back at our hypothesis and look at the
results we ended with, you see that the hypothesis null was the one that ended up being supported by
the data on our graph. Because there was more vacuoles formed in 30 minutes with the Ink that had
the lowest concentration, we see that cilia can engulf more particles when there is less India Ink in
its surroundings. During the experiment however, we did encounter some problems with extracting
an observable amount of cells and also setting up the first centrifuge of group one(1% Ink) for the
initial reading at time zero. That affected our results, causing us to have to do Experiment

Cell Organelles And Structures
tion of Cell Organelles
Cells are surrounded with a boundary known as the cell surface membrane and as well as holding
the cell together, being semi–permeable, it controls the movement of materials across it. Within the
cell are a number of structures each which have specific functions. These structures are known as
organelles. The cell surface membrane and the membranes of any of the membrane bound
organelles described below are made of the same material, a double layer of phospholipid
molecules. Within the cell surface membrane, the intracellular space known as the cytoplasm,
contains all the organelles and a fluid known as cytosol. Within the cytosol is a network of
microtubules and fibres called the cytoskeleton. This cytoskeleton's main functions are to give
support to the cell helping to maintain its shape and aid the movement of organelles. Most cell
organelles and structures are common to both animal and plant cells but there are some differences
as outlined in the table below and as seen in fig. 1 and fig. 2.
Organelles + structures Present in animal cells Present in plant cells
Cell surface membrane Yes Yes
Cytoskeleton Yes Yes
Nucleus Yes Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum Yes Yes
Ribosomes Yes Yes
Golgi body Yes Yes
Mitochondria Yes Yes
Lysosomes Yes Rarely ???
Centrioles Yes Not in higher plants
Cell wall No Yes
Chloroplasts No Yes
Vacuole No Yes
Animal Cell (Fig.1) Plant

Animal Tetrahymena Feeding Rate When Salt
Intro In this experiment we'll observe the organism Tetrahymena. The focus of our experiment is to
observe Tetrahymena feeding rate when salt is added, we will add .0, .4, .7, and 1 mil liter solution
to the organism and see its behavior. Our control group and experimental group will have the same
temperature, pressure, PH level and light. The experimental group will be given salt and the control
group will not have salt. We already know that the Tetrahymena eat Indian ink and form food
vacuoles. Our hypothesis is that the feeding rate of the organism will decrease once we add the salt.
Methods In the Tetrahymena experiment we decided to create an experimental design to observe the
feeding rate of the organism Tetrahymena, in the experiment we used a control group of salt, the
measurement we decided to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We examined the 12 slides and saw a couple of the food vacuoles they create when they ate the
Indian ink. We continued with the planned experiment it did not take as long, the most time
consuming part was making the right amount of saline solution and gathering the data after leaving
the organism eat for 5 minutes. We learned that the organism Tetrahymena experiment was neither
proven nor refuted from the solution of salt to affect its feeding rate although we saw a decrease in
the feeding of the organism it was not enough data to tell. Instead of just doing one experiment we
should do additional experiments to gather more effectible data. There were no obvious errors that
we could have made throughout it, but the mostly possible error we could have made was with the
micro pipetting by just letting one or two members of the group micropipette or creating a higher
salt solution then we may have thought so the results were too inconstant to tell if the feeding rate
was really affected but the

Biology Form 4
Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 – Cell Structure and Organisation
Plant Cell
© Amir Fuhaira 2008‐20XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.
Animal Cell
Cell Components –
1. The Nucleus – Cell Prime Minister and Info Storage a. Large, dense, spherical organelle b.
Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane) c. Has nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus) d.
Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasm e. Chromosomes carry genetic information
that determine cell characteristic + function f. Controls all cell activities 2. Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum – Highway + Ribosomes – Factory Workers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
reproduces by binary fission, but produces spores when cannot do binary fission
© Amir Fuhaira 2008‐20XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.
Multicellular
Cells grow, change shape and differentiate in multicellular organisms. Mature cells carry out
different functions, like different medical specialists are experts in their field, like a cardiologist in
the heart, the neurologist in the brain, etc. They undergo specialization to carry out their functions
more efficiently. Organisation is in this form:
Cells that carry out a function are grouped into tissues. Different tissues that carry out a function are
grouped into an organ. Several organs that contribute to one section of an

Lab Report : ' Lighting Up With Tetrahymena. Katy Snider....
Lighting Up with Tetrahymena
Katy Snider
Texas State University
Abstract
Tetrahymena cells are model organisms that have led to the discovery of many groundbreaking
topics in the biology world. Tetrahymena cells nourish through a process called phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis is when the cell engulfs anything in its path using the cell's cytoplasm. In this
experiment, through the use of a control, and low and high concentration of tobacco extract it was
determined that cigarette extract inhibits the process of phagocytosis in cells. This was then
compared to the ciliotoxic effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs and the hypothesis was supported
after the drop in phagocytosis of high and low concentrations after ten minutes. It can be determined
that cigarette smoke does have a direct effect on the difficulty of breathing and overall living of life.
Introduction In the science world, Tetrahymena is a uni–cellular organism found in most fresh water
ponds, streams and lakes. Tetrahymena cells can tolerate many environments and are notably used
as a model organism in eukaryotic cell biology and research. A model organism can be defined as an
organism that is easy to culture in a laboratory and shares many similar processes and genes with
complex multi–cellular organisms, for example, cells in the human body. The use of Tetrahymena as
a model organism has led to the discovery of ribozymes, telomere structure and even the motor
protein, dynein.
Tetrahymena is

How Different Temperatures Effect The Cell Membrane Of A...
How different temperatures effect the cell membrane of a beetroot
Hypothesis: The more betalain is leaked when the membrane is in higher temperatures
Abstract:
The experiment which was conducted was to identify the effects of temperature of the beetroot
discs. Majority of the pigment from the beetroot is found within the vacuole which is called
anthocyanin and each of the vacuole is surrounded by a tonoplast membrane. Externally the
cytoplasm is surrounded by the plasma membrane hence the foundation of the experiment depends
on the temperature which will rapture the membrane and lead to a leakage of the pigment. The
experiment consists of several different temperatures and same sized beetroot discs, the beetroot
discs will be placed in 3 sets of discs in a tube test tube which will be placed in the distilled water in
same test tube. Using a colorimeter once the beetroot have been exposed to the temperatures the
colour of the distilled water will change therefore leaving a coloured water to be measured by a
colorimeter, this is because the colorimeter measures the light being passed through the solution.
Introduction:
The experiment is conducted to find out how the membrane is affected by different temperatures.
Betalain pigment increases with high temperatures because most mammalian proteins denature and
tertiary structure unravels because the strong covalent bonds between the R groups of amino acids in
the polypeptide chains are destroyed at temperatures over 45°C.

##hosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate As An Essential...
Phosphatidylinositol 3–phosphate as An Essential Signaling Phospholipid in the Human Malaria
Parasite
Research Summary
Signaling lipids control multiple fundamental cellular processes, including endocytic trafficking and
cell proliferation. However, our understanding of lipid–mediated cellular functions in Plasmodium
parasites is still largely lacking. Among all the signaling lipids, phosphatidylinositol 3–phosphate
(PI(3)P) has been recognized as crucial to parasite growth and survival. Emerging evidence has
demonstrated that PI(3)P is localized to the membranes of two specialized organelles–the apicoplast
and the food vacuole–in the blood–stage parasites where it facilitates apicoplast biogenesis and
hemoglobin uptake. This distinct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The PI(3)P binding of the three selected candidate proteins (PfRan, PfAlba1 and PfHsp70–1) has
been validated using a protein lipid overlay assay. To further profile the lipid–binding specificity, I
utilized a membrane spotted with 15 different lipids and demonstrated that the selected proteins
preferentially bound to PI(3,5)P2 and phosphatidylinositol monophosphates (e.g., PI(3)P) in vitro.
Given that PI(5)P and PI(3,5)P2 were not found in P. falciparum, this finding may reveal a
spatiotemporal regulation by PI(3)P and/or PI(4)P in vivo. The following competitive assays showed
that both PI(3)P and ATP can compete out PI(3)P–bound PfHsp70–1 when compared to the control
ligand phosphatidylinositol (PI). Further investigation into the PI(3)P binding specificity is needed
before ruling out the possibility that PI(3)P may nonspecifically bind to the nucleotide–binding
domains of the identified proteins.
Among the three promising PI(3)P–interacting partners, the mammalian orthologues of PfHsp70–1
have been reported to bind several anionic phospholipids including phosphoinositides, implicating
conserved lipid–binding pockets in PfHsp70–1. Furthermore, the human Hsp70 has been shown to
be associated with lysosomes via binding to a lysosomal membrane lipid and may stabilize the
lysosomal membrane under cellular stresses. The functional counterpart of lysosome in Plasmodium
is the acidic food vacuole where hemoglobin is digested. The fact that PI(3)P is heavily

Effect Of Salt On Osmosis
Introduction: Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules from a region of low concentration
to a region of high concentration. Osmosis occurs through a semipermeable membrane that allows
some molecules to pass but not others. Osmosis is a vital biological system which can move water in
and out of the cell depending on its external environment. The membrane, through which osmosis
occurs, is semipermeable and doesn't allow large polar molecules including ions and proteins. If the
concentration gradient between the cell and its external environment is large, then osmosis will
occur faster.
Sodium Chloride (NaCl), or salt as it is commonly known, is an ion and cannot pass through the
semipermeable membrane of a cell. When salt solution is added to the external environment of a
cell, the cell's vacuole will push water out of its vacuole to dilute the surrounding solution. This
process can be seen under a microscope and is often tested using various plant cells, including
onion.
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to determine if the concentration of salt solution affects the rate
of osmosis.
Independent Variable – Concentration of Salt solution (10%, 20%, and 30%)
Dependent Variable – Change in vacuole size
Factors held constant – Amount of solution, type of onion, size of onion pieces, microscope used.
Hypothesis: If the salt solution concentration is increased, then the cell's vacuole size will decrease.
The hypothesis will be supported if the onion tested with the 30% salt

Plant Cells
Activity 3: Sugar Cube Plant Cells
Students will understand the shape, function and purpose of differentiated organelles by modeling a
plant cell with sugar cubes. They will also be tasked to label and write down the function for five of
the more important organelles.
Set–up:
Every student will need 20 sugar cubes, one piece of chip board and five toothpicks. At each table,
you can place markers, glue and address labels for the students to share.
Demo and discussion:
Introduce the concept of plant cells and animal cells. Make sure your students understand that cells
are the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms and that cells
are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently. Focus ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Plant cells specifically contain cell walls, a very large vacuole and plastids – the most important of
which is the chloroplast.
Eukaryote – Any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles contained within a
membrane.
Organelle – A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function or job.
Nucleus – The control center of a eukaryotic cell. The nucleus contains most of the genetic material
of the cell, and the main function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to
control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression.
Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell – mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of
adenosine triphosphate which is a source of chemical energy.
Cell Wall – In plant cells, the cell wall is primarily made of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin and
is important for the structure and protection of the cell.
Chloroplasts – The organelle that is most involved with photosynthesis – the conversion of light
energy from the sun into chemical energy or "food" for the plant. The photosynthetic pigment
chlorophyll captures the light and converts it into adenosine triphosphate that provides the plant
necessary energy. Chloroplasts also free oxygen from

Plant Cell Centrioles
Nucleus: it's a double membrane that is closed all around and sends messages to the cytosol via
numerous nuclear pores, that is near the nucleus. The nucleus contains the DNA. Some cells genes
can be turned off because of what type of cell it is.
Nucleolus:the organelle inside of the nucleus. It creates ribosomes and transfers it out of the nucleus.
Cytosol: The protein within the cytosol helps control the cell metabolism.
Centrosome:It where most of the microtubules are made. Plant and animal cells centrosomes have
almost the same jobs during a cell's division. Only difference is that plants cell centrosomes does not
contain centrioles.
Centriole: Has nine groups of fused microtubules, with three in each group, in a shape of a ring. A
complete ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You see them mostly in animal cells, but if found in plant cells then it's in the vacuole.
Peroxisome:In plant cells it has the job of turning fatty acids into sugars and many other jobs. While
in animal cells, peroxisomes kills the toxic hydrogen peroxide that the cell has made.
Secretory Vesicles: the secretory vesicles moves the cell secretions that was inside of the golgi, to
the cell surface and let it go
Cell membrane: closes the cell all the way around. It also has two layers of phospholipids. One the
phospholipids is hydrophilic. The hydrophilic is exposed and it can touch water. Another one is
hydrophobic and can't touch water. The cell membrane protects it from any water that you can't
control. It has many proteins that are important for the cell to do other things
Mitochondria:It creates energy for the cell to do anything.
Vacuole: Helps with intracellular digestion and throws out the waste products in the cell. The plant
vacuole is bigger than the vacuole in a animal cell. The plant vacuole plays many jobs, such as
storing nutrients and waste products, helps the cell grow bigger, and controls turgor pressure in the

Tetrahymena Experiment
To investigate the rate at which Tetrahymena consume "food" we preformed two labs. In the first
lab, we had Tetrahymena consume India ink and then measured the number of food vacuoles over
various time periods. Our hypothesis was that there would be more vacuoles visible over a longer
length of time in the Cytochalasin and Colchicine than in the vehicle (70% ethanol) because the
ethanol does not affect actin filaments or microtubules, whereas the other two do. In our Lab #4
experiment we observed the time it took for the vacuoles to consumes just the India Ink and in the
Lab #5 experiment we added drugs to see how it would affect the rate at which the Tetrahymena
consumed the India ink. In these labs, we used Tetrahymena because

Explain How Plants Are Affected By Gravity
Like animals, plants are affected by gravity. Yet, they manage to grow upward and to great heights.
How do they do this? While there are many forces acting on plants from the outside, there are also
forces at work within plants themselves. These forces enable plants to stay up straight, take in water,
extend their roots, and find light. Plants hold themselves up in two main ways, through turgor
pressure and by using special woody tissues.
Turgor pressure is the pressure of the fluid inside a plant cell. The pressure makes a soft stem more
rigid, allowing it to stand straight. When turgor pressure is too low, a plant wilts or droops. When it
is too high, leaves can become too heavy for stems to hold.
Turgor pressure can increase or decrease with the water content of the soil. It can also be affected by
the salinity, or salt content, of the water. When a plant tries to take in water that is too salty, water
leaves the plant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Larger plants have special cells that form supportive tissues. These cells have extra thick and
strengthened cell walls. To strengthen their cell walls, they produce a special carbohydrate called
lignin. Lignin is the main substance that makes wood. For this reason, woody plants are said to be
lignified.
When a seed germinates in the soil, the embryo quickly emerges above ground. This means that it
exerts a force that is strong enough to push the soil away. You can test the strength of this force with
an experiment. Test seeds in soil that is packed loosely and packed tightly. What do you hypothesize
will happen? It will certainly be more difficult for a seed to germinate in compacted soil, because it
will require more force for the seed to emerge. Soil compaction collapses the little pockets into
which water collects in the soil. This also makes it difficult for plants to thrive because water is less

Smoking And Smoking
Smoking has a negative effect on the health of smokers because people are more susceptible to lung
cancer and it shortens lives of individuals. Cigarettes are the main contributor of decline in lung
function (Thomson et al., 2004, 822). They are made out of toxins and oxidative chemicals (Leopold
et al., 2009, 1). The alternative to cigarettes are e–cigarettes, which gained popularity due to
producing same satisfaction as cigarettes, but not containing tobacco which provides lung cancer
(Fine, 2014, 2). Nicotine, however; is an addictive substance and is in both e–cigarettes (Fine, 2014,
1) and cigarettes. It is an alkaloid which has nitrogen and is made from plants. E–cigarettes have
heavy metal like tin and nickel which hurts the lungs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 30 minutes, the food vacuoles of the cell get discharged via the cytoproct toward the
extracellular space (Bozzone,1999,136).
Drugs have a poor effect on Tetrahymena cells. Previous research has used dibucaine, a type of drug
that illustrates the fact that drugs remove cilia from the cells (Thompson, 1974, 255). This gives a
sense that drugs remove the cilia on the Tetrahymena cell. When the Tetrahymena cell is exposed to
a lot nicotine, Tetrahymena tends to stop feeding. This was proven in prior studies which suggested
that phagocytosis is disturbed when cells are exposed to nicotine (Pomorski, 2004, 1994). More
nicotine in cells is proportionally related to more cilia loss. This was found to be true when
researchers studied the effect of nicotine in mice. They realized that mice exposed to smoke for 1.5
months had similar amounts of cilia for a mouse that was not exposed to nicotine, while a mouse
exposed to nicotine for 12 months had almost a complete loss of cilia (Simet et al., 2010, 637). Cilia
length decreases as more nicotine gets into the cell over time as seen in smokers which affects
functions of the cell (Leopold et al., 2009,5). Different organisms exposed to nicotine produce
similar effects to that of Tetrahymena. The unicellular eukaryote Amoeba proteus went through
changes when exposed to nicotine like contractions, protrusions and blebbing and then the

Explain The Diagram Of A Typical Animal Cell
Cells and Stem Cells
1. The Diagram of a typical Animal cell (not drawn)
2. In your own words, describe and explain what each part of the cell does
Vacuole: Vacuoles are used as storage inside the cell, they are found in both the animal cell and the
plant cell, but are larger in plant cells because they have to store lots of water for the actual plant to
survive and thrive. Vacuoles store food, water and nutrients to help keep the cell alive. The vacuole
can also store the waste that the cell produces so it doesn't contaminate the rest of the cell. This
waste usually contains extra water and maybe even poisons that can harm or even kill the cell.
Eventually, the waste would be sent out from the cell. Vacuoles are usually made from ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nucleus's position of the cell is not always in the centre, it can be near the cells membrane for
instance.
Nucleolus:
3. Draw two different specialised animal cells. Explain their function and how they have adapted to
that particular function? Draw a table to compare and contrast the structure and function of the two
cells.
The Sperm Cell and the Nerve Cell
Similarities . The Sperm Cell contains a Nucleus and so does the Nerve Cell. The Nucleus helps
control the movement and the cells reproduction.
.
.
.
.
Differences . Nerve Cells are covered by lots of many small membranes, these membranes small
axons. Axons are responsible for carrying information to other Nerve cells, whereas the Sperm Cell
contains no axons, so it can't communicate with other sperms.
. The Sperm Cell has a flagellum, which is a tail. This flagellum helps the Sperm propel itself and to
make it swim as fast as it can until it can get to the females egg. On the other hand, the Nerve Cell
doesn't have a tail, so therefor it cannot move. The Nerve Cell can only send impulses to other

Nerve Cells.
.
.
.

Cell Membrane And Ticket Booth
Cell Wall and the Fence
The job of the cell wall is to hold the organelles in the cell and keep it protected. The fence around
the amusement park serves a similar purpose. Its job is to keep people out of the park that do not
have access. It also holds in all the rides and food stands and people in.
Cell Membrane and Ticket Booth
The job of the Cell Membrane is a passageway that lets certain small molecules, water, and carbon
dioxide out. It only allows certain molecules to pass through and a ticket booth has the same
purpose. It allows people in and out once they have paid. Like the cell membrane, it only allows
certain things in and out. The ticket booth is also picky and only lets paying coustmers past .
Vacuole and Storage warehouse

Semipermeability Of The Cell Membranes

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