Antiseptic Consciousness

Antiseptic Consciousness
Antiseptic consciousness improves public health in America by raising awareness about disease prevention, and health education strategies for
promoting healthy lifestyles. In the student's opinion the purpose is to educate and change how the American public perceives information
pertaining to communicable diseases. Without a doubt there is a need to educate the public about how diseases can affect social and economic
conditions. For example people can do simple things to keep germs from entering their body while in public places like keeping their hands away
from their face to be sure they don't rub their eyes, lips, or nose. A person can also be responsible to help stop the spread of germs by covering their
mouth and nose with a tissue when
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Antiseptic Diffusion
Antiseptics play an important role in preventing microbial growth and killing microorganisms. They are used in many fields such as healthcare fields
and hospitals as agents to prevent infections. To observe the effectiveness of disinfectants and antiseptics on certain organisms you would use the
Kirby–Bauer. The Kirby–Bauer is used as disk diffusion method as seen in Figures 1 and 2. This experiment used filter discs that were immersed in
the antiseptics and were placed on the Tryptic soy agar plate containing the organism to test the antibiotic susceptibility. This test is used to discover
what antiseptics should be used to treat infections. The zone of inhibition is when bacteria who are vulnerable to the specific antiseptic form a clear ...
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This experiment enabled the class to test whether if antiseptics are effective in reducing the number if bacteria that are on your fingers. In this
experiment, some people generated a lab where they soaked, washed, or scrubbed their thumb. As seen in Figure 2, people who did not wash their
thumbs in the beginning of the experiment had a high number of bacterial colonies grown on the agar plate. In the after column, this showed that
there was a little to none number of bacterial colonies that after the thumb was soaked with the antiseptic. In the figure, again the people who did not
wash their thumb had a high number of bacterial colonies grown on the plate. As seen in Figure 2, people who washed and scrubbed their thumbs
with the antiseptics had little to none bacterial colonies grown on the agar plate. In Figure 3, my partner and I designed an experiment to evaluate the
effectiveness of antiseptics. We did not wash the thumb before placing in the plate and we saw 23 bacterial colonies grown on the plate. Then we
soaked the thumb with 70% Ethanol and saw that there were no bacterial colonies, proving that antiseptics played a major role inhibiting growth of
bacteria or killing

Essay On Surgical Site Infections
SURGICAL SITE INFECTION PREVENTION GUIDELINE
Surgical site infections (SSIs) impose a significant economic and clinical burden. SSI is a common but severe operative complication that happens to
about 2–5% of patients undergoing surgery (Anderson et al., 2014). The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), through the help of
various organizations, has issued special guidelines to prevent SSIs. In this paper the author aims to (a) discuss SSI, a health care problem in pediatric
perioperative patients, and evaluate the current policy on its prevention; (b) use the population, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICO) format to
answer a clinical question related to SSI; (c) evaluate the author's chosen practice guideline with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intervention will not include pediatric patients who will have an emergency surgery (i.e. Level 1 Trauma, potential for loss of limb/senses
/function), these cases will not allow enough time to screen and treat nasal carriers before surgery.
Intervention
SHEA released an updated guideline on SSI prevention that includes several recommendations not found on CHOG's policy. The first recommended
intervention is to screen and identify all surgical patients who are S. aureus nasal carriers. According to Barnard (2002), studies have shown that most
SSIs are caused by the patient's endogenous infection (own bacterial flora) of which, 20% is caused by S. aureus strain. According to Van Rijen, Bode,
Baak, Kluytmans, and Vos (2012), about 20–50% of the population are S. aureus nasal carriers. Moreover, Van Rijen et al. (2012) adds that S. aureus
nasal carriage is now considered a predisposing factor for future infections in different patient populations (i.e. dialysis patients, patients with
intravascular devices, surgical patients, and patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit [ICU]).
The second recommended intervention is to decolonize patients who are confirmed S. aureus nasal carriers by treating them with intranasal mupirocin,
an antimicrobial drug, and bathing with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) soap, an

Antiseptic Lab
The Relation of
Antiseptics and
Bacteria Growth
Purpose: To explore the effectiveness of different levels of concentration of antiseptic and antibacterial products' prevention of bacterial growth.
Question: Amongst common household products, which antiseptic and level of concentration is more effective at inhibiting the growth ofbacteria?
Introduction:
Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances used on living tissue to reduce the possibility of infection, putrefaction or sepsis. The word "anti" is for
against and the word "septic" is for infection. Antibacterial products are antiseptics that are proven to act against bacteria. Bacteria need a food supply,
moisture, a certain temperature, a certain level of acidity and in most cases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12.Clean up materials.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Observations:
Antibacterial and Antiseptic Products' prevention of Bacteria Growth
Antibacterial/Antiseptic productConcentrationMeasurement of zone of inhibition (mm) Mean length of inhibition zone(length excluding disk) Mean
area in (mm2 )Description of bacteria growth
Mouthwash1x6.37591.9–medium ring of inhibition, almost fully undisturbed by bacteria 1/10x2.528.46–small ring of inhibition, some bacteria
growing over 1/20x1.7518.89–very slight ring of inhibition 0x00–entire section covered in bacteria
Mr. Clean1x12.5240.41–relatively large ring of inhibition around disk, undisturbed by bacteria growth 1/10x684.78–medium ring of inhibition, almost
fully undisturbed ring (by bacteria) 1/20x3.37540.73– small ring of inhibition 0x00–entire section covered in bacteria
Dish Detergent1x15.375330.40
–large ring of inhibition around disk, bacteria growth is circular around ring, not growing over 1/10x8.5165.05–medium ring of inhibition, some
sections slightly grown over with bacteria, not perfect circle 1/20x1.62517.38–very slight ring of inhibition 0x00–entire section covered in bacteria
Bleach1x0.757.51–small ring of inhibition around disk where there is no bacteria growth 1/100.76.19–slight zone of inhibition where there is less

bacteria but not a large zone of complete prevention 1/20x00–no change in

Symptoms And Treatment Of Medical Honey
Observations: I have a friend at work whose daughter has a wound on her hip that won't heal. She has had this open wound for almost a year and the
doctors are not sure why it won't close up. As a part of trying to keep the wound clear of infection she said they have been using medical honey. I had
never heard of using honey as a an antibiotic treatment and this got me interested in the subject.
Question: Is honey an effective treatment in fighting the growth of bacteria in open wounds?
Research Hypothesis: Medical honey is an effective agent in fighting bacterial growth in wounds.
Null Hypothesis: Medical honey is not an effective agent in fighting bacterial growth in wounds.
Proposed experimental methods: This experiment will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is not a significant difference in bacterial counts between the two wounds then I will reject the hypothesis in favor of the null hypothesis.
Results: The effectiveness of honey has been documented since ancient times well before the discovery of microbes and bacteria. The ancient
Egyptians and Greeks used honey for treatment of wounds, and unprocessed honey is still used today across the world for wound treatment (Simon et
al, 2009). There have been many modern studies to study both the antibacterial effects of honey and its effect on wound healing.
While natural unprocessed honey is known to have certain antibacterial properties, the studies that I reviewed for this this paper all reviewed the
effectiveness of medical honey. Medical honey is a standardized and sterilized form of honey produced especially for medical uses. Two different
brands of honey that were tested separately in the studies I reviewed are Revamil and Medihoney. Both of these honeys are produced in a controlled
environment, sterilized, mixed, and tested to ensure a consistent quality and results between each batch (Kwakman et al, 2008).
One concern of using honey as a treatment in wound treatment is the natural presence of botulism spores in unprocessed honey (Simon et al, 2009).
Honey cannot be filtered so the honey is irradiated to kill the botulism spores. The irradiation

Joseph Lister
This paper will explain the death and birth of Joseph Lister, the major contributions he made, his educational background, and the inspiration for his
work. In addition, this paper will include the knowledge that the world possessed about the topic Joseph researched at the time, another scientist who
worked at the time of Lister, the awards Joseph Lister earned, and how the knowledge of the topic Joseph discovered has changed since he worked on it.
To begin, Joseph Lister was born in 1827 in Essex, England (Science Museum Joseph Lister), and he passed away in the year 1912 in Walmer, England
(Bio). Throughout his childhood and teen years Lister studied mathematics and natural science at Grove House School. While enrolled at the school ...
In the late 18th century some doctors noticed that being dirty and lacking sanitation increased the rate of infection. It would take 50 years for true
progress to start being made in the antisepsis technology as a result of Louis Pasteur's development of the germ theory. Following this Lister
invented a carbolic acid spray, which would be sprayed on wounds and pumped into the air surrounding an operation. Following this many layers of
bandages were put on the wounds. Carbolic Acid and simply washing one's hands was the extent of antiseptics and sterilization at the time of Joseph
Lister ("Antiseptics"). Next, antiseptics and sterilization have improved greatly since the times of Joseph Lister. Antibiotics have been developed that
can combat infection from within the body, and surgeries and operation have also become safer due to enhanced hygiene. A much larger arsenal of
antiseptics have additionally been developed such as hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, iodine, and formaldehyde. Using heat to disinfect materials has
also become extremely popular and can be used to sterilize a wide variety of materials

Preoperative Phase The First Interaction I Had With My...
In the preoperative phase the first interaction I had with my assigned patient was at the holding area where the assigned nurse asked Mr. A.G. for
family members present at the hospital, the need for last minute calls, and if there was any questions about the surgery and post surgery procedures.
At this time MR. A.G. particurlarly felt a little nervous, and anxious about the operating room but he understood that this was a needed surgery; when
asked about family member, he replied that only his brother will be staying at the hospital with him; explaining that his wife was at work and, his
kids were at school. Mr. A.G appear a somewhat serious and a little pale.
There was limited use of the electronic health record, the assigned nurse mainly use the chart to verify consent forms and physician's orders prior to
surgery.
The assigned nurse explained to the patient about pain management/ pain scale after surgery and how he will be waking up in the Intensive Care Unit
where he was going to have chest tubes to remove the extra fluid from the chest cavity; he confirmed understanding and was ready to move on with the
procedure. The role of the preoperative nurse is to ensure patients safety , provide information and emotional support to patients and family member
awaiting surgery; they are also responsible for ensuring that all the preoperative information data is obtained and that it is in the patient's chart.
In the Intraoperative phase Mr. A.G. was

How Did Joseph Lister Antiseptics Influence That Concept
Have you ever experienced putting any sort of treatment on a scrape, cut, or wound? Well Joseph Lister's concept of antiseptics helped influence that
concept. Antiseptics helps with the limitation of the spread of bacteria and germs. This concept came from the idea that bacteria and germs were
responsible for the infections people developed after surgery. This bacteria could normally come from the air, but also came from uncleaned equipment,
unwashed hands, and dirty surgical aprons or clothing. For this conflict Lister developed antiseptics which were medicines that slowed or stopped the
growth of bacteria. One of his contributions was an antiseptic chemical called, carbolic acid. This cleaned wounds after surgeries, it was also sprayed in

The Carleton Prize For Biotechnology Nomination
The Carleton Prize for Biotechnology Nomination
Alexander Fleming, a name often connected to the evolution of medicine. Perhaps one of the most impactful and influential scientific researchers of
the 20th century thus making him the most deserving to receive The Carleton Prize for Biotechnology. Providing enormous advances in the
understanding of human biology through his findings of Lysozyme and Benzyl penicillin (The Nobel Foundation, 1945). Lysozyme has acted as a
stepping stool for scientists in further understanding the human immune system and Benzyl penicillin later transformed into one of the most vastly used
antibiotics in human history. He and his co–scientists (Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain) were recognized by receiving the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
What Fleming was particularly interested in was the concept that even though people do obtain bacterial infections at times, majority of the time the
human body prevents bacterial infections from affecting the body. During this researching period, Fleming graduated St. Mary's Medical School once
again with a Bachelor of Bacteriology at the same time receiving the gold medal for the top student (Maurois, 1956). In 1914 Fleming concluded his
research under Almroth Wright's guidance and unknowingly continued his journey on to becoming the man with the answer to the biggest human
health issue at the time (Maurois, 1956)
In a time when antibiotics were not up to par with bacterial infections, someone, somewhere, needed to find the answer to getting rid of the bacterial
infections that were killing people all over the world. Bacterial Meningitis was causing children to die or obtain a permanent disease, strep throat,
pneumonia, laryngitis, ear infections were travelling to the brain (2006). That was just the start of the infections that were causing serious illness' or
death of people everywhere. Bacteria reproduces at hyper speed and no proper treatments were discovered. So, who would this miracle person be? In
1914, during World War I, Alexander Fleming joined the army and became a Captain in the Royal Army Medicals Corps where he worked as a

Surgical Site Antiseptics
Although many steps are necessary to prevent Surgical Site Infections, one important step is the use of perioperative antiseptics, which will be
considered in detail below. According to the 2016 Surgical Site Infections guidelines from the World Health Organization, "SSI is the most common
healthcare associated infection among surgical patients with 77% of patient deaths reported to be related to infection".
What are antiseptics?
An antiseptic is a substance that is applied to the exterior of the body to kill or stop the growth and development of microorganisms. These substances
are effective against either one or a combination of bacteria fungi and viruses.
While antibiotics and antiviral drugs are necessary to work inside the body, antiseptics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The antiseptic must be completely dried by evaporation (for a minimum of three minutes) and towels must be placed under the patient to capture any
excess fluid during the preparation and removed prior to the start of the procedure. In situations that are life–threatening and waiting a minimum of
three minutes for the chlorhexidine to dry is impossible, an alcohol–free solution such as povidine iodine must be used. Leaving the skin antiseptic on
after the surgery can reduce the risk of a surgical site infection by preventing what is called "rebound bacterial growth".
What is decolonization and how it is achieved? Decolonization is the process of breaking up or getting rid of bacteria that has been formed. It is an
evidence–based intervention that can be used prevent hospital acquired infections. For example, when Staphylococcus aureus colonizes, mupirocin
nasal ointment significantly reduces colonization of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria when used correctly. It is known to be a safe, effective and
economical method of

Surgical Wound Care Case Study
Problem 1
Wound Care
Justification
Dougherty and Lister (2011) stated that it is important to keep post–surgical wound free from infection because the healing of the wound depends on
the amount of care being provided. There are potential complications associated with infected post–surgical wound, which includes wound dehiscence,
surgical–site infection, and hematomas. These complications often occur within hours after surgery, so therefore, high priority should be place on
wound care for a patient who has had a resection of recto–sigmoid tumor and is left with a laparotomy wound.
Problem 2
Stoma Care
Justification
When a patient undergo a ostomy operation, it is important for the skin around the operation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Empting and rinsing the pouch regularly with the appropriate solution eliminates germs, smells, and refreshes the pouch for patient comfort (Sanabria
et al., 2014).
Evaluation
There will be absent of impaired skin, rashes and skin irritations around the stoma and specific issue that may possibly contribute to skin breakdown
will be recognizable.
Nursing diagnosis –3
Disturbed Body Image related to stoma, knowledge deficit, and ineffective coping evidenced by wife requesting information about surgical procedure
and her anxieties about hospital regular trips.
Goal
The goal is for patient and family to accept body changes, have a good knowledge and cope with the diagnosis.
Nursing Interventions
Give education about stoma care to patient and family regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis and maintain privacy when teaching and
providing stoma care.
Encourage patient to talk about his feelings, and possible anxieties in regards to his altered body image.

Encourage patient and family member to observe, and participate in stoma

The And Its Effect On The Human Body
Introduction:
Bacteria, which is the plural form of bacterium, is a large group of unicellular organisms. They are prokaryotes, which means that they do not have a
nucleus and other various organelles. They are the smallest living cells, and these cells are both beneficial and detrimental to the human body.
However, antiseptics are applied to the epidermis (usually hands) of organisms to decrease the chance of receiving an illness. Antiseptics, such as
rubbing alcohol or hand sanitizers destroy bacteria by changing the pH level of the environment that the bacteria remain in. The change of the pH
level makes it difficult for the bacteria to survive in the environment it invades. In this lab, we are trying to figure out the effectiveness of these
particular antiseptics: Bath and Body Works "Ocean" (A), Germ X (B), Bath and Body Works "I Love Geeks" (C) and noantiseptic (D). The
effectiveness of this sanitizers is based on whether they can inhibit bacteria or not.
Problem/Purpose:
To determine the effectiveness of antiseptics on inability bacteria growth.
Hypothesis:
If the hand sanitizers have active ingredients that kill bacteria, then the Bath and Body Works hand sanitizer, "Ocean" with 68%Ethanol, will be the
most effective antiseptic.
Materials:
Bath and Body Works "Ocean"– Hand sanitizer with 68% Ethanol
Germ X – Hand sanitizer with 63% Ethyl Alcohol (expired)
Bath and Body Works "I Love Geeks"– Hand sanitizer with 68% Alcohol
Petri Dish
Paper Disks

How Did Urbanization Change Throughout The 19th Century
The disease environment of a particular area can be shaped by a number of things, some of which are economic, social, and political shifts in the area.
During the 19th century as urbanization and industrialization grew economic, social, and political changes occurred. While these major shifts changed
the dynamics of cities they also changed the dynamics of disease.
Industrialization and urbanization created a social shift that caused a new working class to emerge which brought on new health problems, behaviors,
and interactions. Many new occupations that were brought about came with health hazards that affected the workers and the poor. Working conditions
were very unsafe and with different occupations came different ailments. For instance, chimney sweeps often got scrotal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these changes in hospitals over time were caused by new processes emerging. When hospitals first became institutions during the 1770's
they were seen in a negative way and they were seen that way for a while. For example, John Howard did an inspection of Europe's hospitals around
1780 and described hospitals as "hotbeds of infection" and said that surgery was "known to be safer at home" most likely because hospital gangrene
was a concern and led to little to no operations being performed in hospitals. In addition, the term "hospitalism" which was coined by Simpson, a
professor of surgery, and was later defined by Erichsen, a surgeon, as "a general morbid condition of the building, or of its atmosphere, productive of
disease" led to hospitals being seen negatively. Simpson and Erichsen believed in the destruction of contaminated hospitals. Likewise, Florence
Nightingale, a miasmatist, "many hospitals were a gateway to death" because of the terrible smells that they often had. Moreover, hospitals were seen
as disorderly and the nurses had no formal training so the sick were often weary of going to the

EBT Task 2
A1. Procedure
The preoperative procedure of using with chlorhexidine–alcohol (CHG) before surgery has been proven to be more effective to reduce the number of
surgical site infections (SSI) than the use of povidone iodine. By reducing the number of infections post surgery, it can lower patient morbidity and can
reduce hospital stay time and eliminate further unnecessary costs.
A2a. Basis for Practice (who determined )
The basis for changing the method of using chlorhexidine–alcohol bath before all surgeries and not just the open heart patients.
In HCA facility, the infectious disease nurse (ID), wound care nurse and the operating room (OR) manager have collaborated to find an effort to
reduce the rate of surgical site ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Infect Control Hosp Epidemol. 2012, 33(6): 608–617
4. Magalini, S., et al (2013) Observational Study on Pre–Operative Surgical Field Disinfection: Povidone– Iodine and Chlorhexidine– Alcohol.
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. (17): 3367–3375
5. Poulin,P., et al.(2014) Preoperative Skin Antiseptics for preventing surgical site infections: What to do? ORNA Journal Sept 2014:14
–29
A4. Clinical Implications on patients
If all patients were bathed/showered preoperatively with an antiseptic, it would reduce the risk of SSIs. This would benefit the patient with shorter time
spent on a critical care unit, would reduce the mortality rate and can reduce the readmission rate . Bathing/showering would mean an extra step for the
patient and the nurse with added cost for the antiseptic chlorhexidine wash but it serves as added protection in the prevention of post surgical infection.
Before bathing/showering with soap and water prior to a procedure/surgery was accepted. It has been proven that antiseptic showering decreases skin
microorganism count. Chlorhexidine gluconate products necessitate the need for several applications for the maximum antimicrobial benefit. Thus,
each patient receives two preoperative antiseptic showers.
Patient will be instructed to shower/bathe at home and educated not to use any perfume and/or lotion after.
.
A5. Changes on practice setting

By

Essay
On July 23, 2014, I went to work like a normal summer day walked into work the scent of industrial cleaner hitting my nose and burning what little
nose hairs I had. It was like every other day loading the drivers for the followed by the smell of a fresh pot of coffee on the burner. As Harold, my
coworker and I got up to start our day. As we finished our 3 pallets I ran out of lids and Harold took that as an excuse to go out back and have a
smoke break while I cut open the new box of lids. As I rounded the last corner of the box with the brand new uline razor blade I pulled up and too
fast towards myself cutting my left wrist open, Everyone has scars with each one of telling a story, whether the scars be mental or physical. These
events no... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The loss of the use of my left hand prevented me from doing the simplest things you think wouldn't be a challenge, typing on a computer, tieing your
shoes, zippers, and simple stuff like that became a challenge.
Instead a month after the accident I had emergency surgery on my wrist trying any attempt to reattach my nerve. Before the surgery, the Specialist
told it me it was very unlikely that I would fully recover from this surgery, that the use of my left hand could be forever handicapped. After waking up
from the surgery I can remember my wrist throbbing looking down at the remnants of the lines drawn on my wrist and hand like a blueprint. The
weeks to come after my surgery the "not knowing" was the thing that kept my mind going a million miles an hour. The road to recovery for a surgery
like this isn't a very easy one or one that will likely help recovery. For recovery the recovery I attended a hand specialist where I was bombarded with
many tasks such as running my hands though rice, flexing my thumb back and forth, and ultrasound. These things helped but with the loss of my
nerve zipping up my pants let alone getting back on the field to play baseball seemed so far off that I figured I should just give up and live with it.
The once little 3–inch scar on my wrist had turned into a 9–inch incision across my hand that seemed to put almost my entire life on hold. After
deciding that I wasn't going to affect my life I started to

Interventions and Care for Patients
Evidence Based Practice Paper
Evidence–based practice uses current research and clinical judgment to provide interventions and care for patients (Kelly, 2012). It is important for
nurses and all healthcare team members to be up to date on current practices so patients can receive evidence–based interventions that improve clinical
outcomes. According to Kelly (2012), almost half of patients that receive care, receive interventions that are not based on evidence which can
ultimately compromise the safety of patients and their health outcomes. Peripheral intravenous therapy (PIV) is a common practice in the acute care
setting and evidence–based practices have been established to drive appropriate care for this intervention.
Almost all patients that are admitted into the acute care setting require peripheral intravenous therapy. PIV therapy is an important factor in the care of
patients in the hospital and it is most often used to maintain or correct fluid and electrolyte balances, administer medications, and replace blood or
blood products (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2013). PIV therapy is an invasive therapy that requires catheter insertion into the vascular system and
access is gained through the patient's skin. Because this is an invasive procedure, patients are at a risk of developing catheter related infections.
Catheter related infections are preventable and as nurses it is our responsibility to maintain the PIV site and use the appropriate protocols and
interventions to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Antiseptics
Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances applied to skin, mucous membranes or wounds for their bactericidal or bacteriastatic anti–infective effects
(McDonnell and Russell, 1999). Chlorhexidine digluconate has been used for more than 50 years and considered as gold standard of antiseptic
treatment since this agent is one of the most extensively used and tested (Giannelli et al., 2008). Despite the advantages of chlorhexidine, has
disadvantages such as stains on teeth and tongue, desquamation lesions of a mucosa membrane of an oral cavity, breaks irritation, taste changes, tooth
staining, moreover will induce a dose dependent reduction in cellular proliferation and that concentrations of chlorhexidine that have little effect on
cellular proliferation can significantly reduce both collagen... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Detoxified conjugates polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG–H) and polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG–P) are created
by incorporating different anions into its structure and display the property of high solubility in water. In comparison to PHMG–hydrochloride,
PHMG–phosphate has a stronger bacteriastatic action with the respect to some strains and has a high threshold of skin irritating, neurotoxic and
chronic affects. PHMG–phosphate is odorless, colorless and non–corrosive (Kuznetsov, 2004). PHMG–H was widely tested in "vivo" and in "vitro"
(Rosin et al., 2001, Rosin et al., 2002, Welk et al., 2005, Muller and Kramer, 2008). The clinical studies have shown, that PHMG–H mouthwash
consistently inhibits plaque regrowth and reduces oral bacterial counts, indicating that PHMG–H could be an alternative active substance of dentifrices.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG–P) is created by incorporating anion into its structure and display the property of high solubility in

Chg Oral Hygiene
In a stratified RCT, Tantipong, Morkchareonpong, Jaiyindee, & Thamlikitkul (2008) conducted a study to compare the use of CHG and normal
saline for oral care. Patients in the CHG group received care using 15 ml of 2% CHG, the use of tooth brushing, and suctioning up to four times
per day (Tantipong et al., 2008). The normal saline group used the same procedure as the CHG group, but with the difference of using normal saline
instead of CHG. The results of this study were that 4.9% or 5 out of 102 patients in the CHG group developed VAP and 11.4% or 12 out of 105
patients in the normal saline group developed VAP (Tantipong et al., 2008). The study concluded that using 2% CHG solution fororal hygiene was
proven to be effective in preventing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sodium bicarbonate is essentially baking soda, and it has the capability to help remove mucus and release any kind of debris that aggregates in the
oral cavity (Berry, 2013). Sodium bicarbonate also has the ability to prevent the buildup of bacteria in the oral cavity and it increases the pH or the
oral cavity (Berry, 2013). The Listerine group received 20 ml of themouthwash two times a day while using sterile water every two hours for the
duration of the time (Berry, 2013). The sterile water group received oral rinses with 20 ml of sterile water every two hours, and the other group
received sodium bicarbonate oral rinse mixed with sterile water every two hours. In this study, all groups had tooth brushing performed three times a
day (Berry, 2013). The study concluded that out of the 127 participants in the Listerine group, about 4.7% developed VAP, 4.5% in the sodium
bicarbonate group developed VAP, and 4.3% in the sterile water group (Berry, 2013). The study resulted in no difference between the use of Listerine
and sodium bicarbonate related to the development of VAP (Berry, 2013). Berry (2013) concludes that Sodium bicarbonate and Listerine use is no
more effective in the prevention of VAP than the control group using sterile

Thymolthyme Research Paper
The Ancient Egyptians used thymol and carvacrol as protective drug agents to protect preserve of the mummies(15). Thymol are known to destroyed
microorganisms due to presence of these compounds(16). In Ancient Greece thymolthyme was employed as improving flavor additive(17).
ThymolThyme is also used as antiseptic agent in mouth washes, and sore throats (17). North American wild flowers are natural sources of thymol and
it is key ingredient of thyme(18, 19). The Native Americans have recognizedknown the thymol as a potenteffective antimicrobial agent for
treatmenthealing of skin infections (19). Drugs made from thymol was used to treat infections of the mouth and throat and prevent of gingivitis (18).
for for the first time, thymol was synthesized by the Swedish chemist(20). Researchers have determined the crystal structure and atomic structure of
thymol(21).
Thymol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1) is a natural monoterpene and carvacrol isomer that extracted from thymolthyme and the other kinds of plants(22). Thymol for creating spicy flavor
applied in food industry and in crystalline form used as antimicrobial agent(23). It is used in dental preparation as reducing bacteria that cause poorly
breath(24). Besides thymolhas other property such asanti–cancer and anti–inflammatory(25). Appropriate antimicrobial activity was observed against
Gram positive bacteria while decreased inhibitory activity was detected in Gram–negative bacteria, particularly on

Povidone Iodine And Antiseptics
The importance of choosing the right antiseptic for an invasive procedure should not be underestimated. In fact, there is a strong correlation between
the choice of antiseptic and the risk of infection (Al Maqbali, 2013; Kunkle, Marchan, Safadi, Whitman, & Chmait, 2011; Levin et al., 2011; Macias et
al., 2013; Sviggum et al., 2012). Infection is something that healthcare providers, especially nurses, can play a huge role in preventing. Therefore, it is
important that nurses have knowledge of the different antiseptics and which one would better serve his or her patient. There are two antiseptics in
particular, that have stood the test of time, chlorhexidine and povidone iodine. Both of these antiseptics have their pros and cons. In clinical... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been several reports filed against povidone iodine of cases where the patient suffered serious complications such as chemical burns and
irritant–contact dermatitis (Al Maqbali, 2013, p. 5). "While patients typically heal without significant scarring, burns subject the patient to unnecessary
pain, prolongs hospitalization and increases the risk for infection" (Rees, Sherrod, & Young, 2011, p. 414). In comparison, chlorhexidine gluconate
has had some reports mild to severe anaphylaxis (Al Maqbali, 2013, p. 5). "Although anaphylactic reactions are potentially life threatening, the
probability of dying is very low, especially for those cases that involve ED or hospital attention" ("Death from anaphylaxis," 2013, p.

Stethoscope Disinfection Paper
Stethoscope is one of the most commonly used medical devices on a clinical setting, the environment of which is often represented a potential vector
for hospital acquired infections. Scholars highlights that the sterilization of invasive equipments and the disinfection of any kind of devices before the
interventions are generally ignored (Kilic et al., 2011). Among those devices, stethoscope is the widely–used equipment with the most possibility of
contamination of transmitted organism. Researchers emphasize that the increasing proliferation of infection required diligent hygiene of both hands and
instruments between patients to reduce hospital acquired infections (Shaw and Cooper, 2014). Therefore, a survey is being conducted with a brief
nurse–directed questionnaire to review perceived reasons for stethoscope antisepsis non–compliance and stethoscope antisepsis compliance. The
purpose of this project is to improve compliance with stethoscope care before and after patient contact on the Acute Medical and Progressive Care Unit
(D6/5) at University Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin. The following ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
at the Medical Leadership and Management Medical Student Group, did a study to assess stethoscope cleaning practices at 4 sites across the UK. In
this method, questionnaires were distributed to health care providers surveying attitudes toward the importance of cleaning stethoscopes, cleaning
behaviors, and solutions to increase stethoscope cleaning. From the survey, 11% of respondents have never cleaned their stethoscopes, with only
76.9% believed that cleaning stethoscopes could reduce the risk of healthcare–associated infections. 61.3% of the respondents noted that they used
their stethoscopes in isolation rooms and 23% of those people did not clean their stethoscopes prior to and after used. They argue that one of the main
reasons stethoscope cleaning practices were inadequate because antiseptic wipes are not available throughout the

To prevent exposure to dangerous viruses and bacteria many...
To prevent exposure to dangerous viruses and bacteria many people use sanitizers such as Purex or Lysol. While hand sanitizers do get rid of some
types of dangerous bacteria many types of viruses are untouched by such sanitisers. Hand sanitizer works by using a chemical to disinfect the surface it
is applied to. ''Alcohol–based hand sanitizers are clearly a very useful and important method to prevent most bacterial and viral infections, with rare
exceptions, Alcohol–based hand sanitizers are clearly a very useful and important method to prevent most bacterial and viral infections, with rare
exceptions," says Aaron E. Glatt, MD, executive vice president of Mercy Medical Center, Rockville Centre, Long Island, N.Y. He is a spokesman for the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Isopropyl Alcohol can kill 99.99% of all non–spore forming bacteria types in under 30 seconds. In a large clinical study in 2004 a test showed that
placing hand sanitizer dispensers in an office resulted in a 21% reduction in absences. In schools the test showed 51% less of absences, and 43% in
college dormitories. The standard for hand sanitisers used in clinics and hospitals is a alcohol concentration of at least 70% but in U.S. stores hand
sanitisers that have as low as 40% concentrations are available. In the food industry workers are not allowed to use only alcohol antiseptics. Certain
spore forming bacteria, especially the endospores of gram–positive bacteria are usually resistant to hand sanitizers as well as soap and water but are
visible in spore formation. Gram positive bacteria is impenetrable to sanitizers because of its thick and well built plasma membrane which is thicker
than most viruses and fungus cell's membranes. This attribute gives great difficulty to alcohol antiseptics and is hard to destroy the proteins inside
the cell because of the thick wall. Most alcohol based sanitizers are effective against most viruses and funguses better than simply hand washing
with soap. Never the less it is good to wash your hands frequently and not rely solely on alcohol based hand sanitiser. By washing your hands with
soap and warm water you are able to get rid of most of the bigger more visible funguses and

The Threat of Catheter-Related Infections
Clinical problem: Catheter–related infections pose a detrimental threat to adult patients in intensive care units with a central line. Effects of an infection
include: an increase in the patients' length of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality rates, and hospital readmission rates.
Objective: To determine if the evidence based practice interventions studied and published can help to decrease the rate of infection occurring in central
lines.
Data sources: The search engine that was used to find three randomized controlled trial articles and support my PICOT question was PubMed. Key
terms that were used to search for them included intensive care unit infections, chlorhexidine dressings, antiseptic solutions, and prevention methods for
catheter–related infections. A clinical guideline for the prevention of intravascular catheter–related infection was retrieved from the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
Results: The clinical guideline from the AHRQ encouraged interventions like the chlorhexidine impregnated sponge, antiseptic solution, and other
precautious measures in order to reduce catheter–related infections. The research completed by Atahan and colleagues (2012), Timsit and colleagues
(2012), and Timsit and colleagues (2009) concluded that the use of 2% chlorhexidine gel tegaderm dressing, chlorhexidine impregnated sponge, and the
antiseptic solution has significantly helped to reduce infection rates in catheters.
Conclusion: After synthesizing the

Introduction . In High Acute Settings, Such As Intensive
Introduction
In high acute settings, such as intensive care units essential nursing care such as oral care is very vital to prevent life–threatening complications such
as nosocomial – acquired, Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia (VAP), and also most patients in intensive care are on oralintubation, and medications such
as anticholinergics, antihypertensives, which may lead to xerostomia (dry mouth). One of the challenging nosocomial infections is VAP, and a leading
cause of mortality in hospital patients in high acuity settings (Jones, 2007). The development of VAP is occurred due to mechanical ventilation, longer
ICU stays and longer intubation periods, increasing the mortality of ICU patients to as high as 70 per cent (Jones, 2007). Good ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Which may further lead to prioritising oral care as a less priority for nurses than other aspects of care (H. Jones et al., 2004). In turn, even the tapes that
are used in the fixation of the tube quickly become heavily contaminated with the bacterium in the existence of salivary secretions and the hitches
associated with cleaning the mouth (Abidia, 2007). So, they have greater susceptibility to nosocomial–acquired infections such as ventilator–Associated
Pneumonia (VAP) (Zurmehly, 2013). Patients who are intubated are also forced to keep their mouths open which leads to xerostomia, caused due to
dryness of oral mucosa (Miranda, de Paula, de Castro Piau, Costa, & Bezerra, 2016). Furthermore, patients who may have some medical conditions
have oral manifestations such as diabetes, Crohn's disease, Leukaemia (H. Jones et al., 2004). In order to prevent these life–threatening complications,
it is important to prioritise oral care as an essential nursing priority in high acuity settings by doing appropriate and more frequent oral assessments
followed by mouth care with an evidence–based approach.
Oral Assessment
To initiate interventions, patients oral care requirements are to be identified. To process and evaluate, assessment needs to be performed. Evidence
suggested oral assessment should be performed using a checklist within the 24 hours

Effect of Antiseptic Handwashing vs Alcohol Hand Sanitizer
Effect of Antiseptic Handwashing vs Alcohol Sanitizer on Health Care– Associated Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Introduction
This article seeks to determine if alcohol hand sanitizers are as effective as
antiseptic handwashing at reducing or eliminating health care associated infections in a
neonatal intensive care unit. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
GA, recommends use of waterless alcohol hand products in lieu of traditional
handwashing for patient care, but there is little data demonstrating the impact of this
recommendation on health–associated infections.
Protection of Human Participants
76.8% (119/155) of eligible nurses agreed to participate in the study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Measurements of nurses skin condition and microbial density on hands compared using t test data obtained via crossover studies. Hand hygiene
practices were reported on nurse diary cards and quality scores from direct observation were compared between products (ALC – hand sanitizer
containing 61% ethanol and emollients or CHG – antiseptic detergent containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate) with 10,000 patient days of follow up
and overall infection rate of 14 per 1,000 patient days. * The study had more than 90% power to detect a risk ratio between the two treatment
groups of 1.6. For bloodstream infections with 5500 catheter days of follow up and a rate of 17.5 per 1000 catheter days, we had 90% power to detect
a risk ratio of 1.5. Additionally, with 1500 infants, the study had 90% power to detect an odds ratio of 1.4.
Findings/Interpretation

Numerous studies have confirmed the efficacy of alcohol based products, reported
microbicidal effects of hand sanitizer containing 61% ethanol and emollients (ALC) as
good or superior to those of other antiseptics. Several studies have shown better removal
of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin resistant enterococci from
the hands of health care workers by ALC when compared with antiseptic detergent
containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG). A recent study by Pittet,, J.M., showed
over a three year period that when the use of alcohol rubs increased from 3.5 to 16.4

Surgical Treatment Of Surgical Site Infection
Surgical site infections are estimated to occur in 3% of surgical patients and cost the healthcare system billions of dollars every year. Surgical site
infection contributes to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing a surgical procedure. This paper will present preventative
evidence–based practice undertaken by healthcare personnel to prevent the occurrence of surgical site infection. These practices include but are not
limited to the appropriate administration of prophylactic antimicrobial agents and the benefits to patients, the preoperative hair removal methods by
shaving versus clipping and in many cases whether hair removal is necessary or is carried out as a ritual.
Surgical site infections (SSIs) within a 30 day period of an operative procedure can contribute to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality every year.
To prevent the occurrence of an SSI, healthcare professionals must include a scrupulous operative technique, administration of appropriate
antimicrobial prophylaxis and minimize the introduction of contamination by hospital personnel and operating room environment. The student wishes
to emphasize specifically the importance of skin preparation to prevent surgical site infection.
Patient safety is of the utmost importance to all health care professionals and nurses are at the frontline as the patients advocate especially when they
undergo surgery; be it minor or major It is the nurse's responsibility to stand

Reflective Assignment
Assignment Reflective Essay
The aim of this reflective essay is to evaluate my professional development whilst undertaking the role of the Developing Intra–Operative Practitioner
/ Advanced Scrub Practitioner (ASP). Using a reflective model I want to see how my new role affects me as an Operating Department Practitioner
(ODP) and any legal implications it has for me as an employee.
For this assignment I have decided to use the Gibbs (1988) date model of reflection and will base the assignment on prevention of Surgical Site
Infection (SSI) in relation to the operative procedure of a total hip replacement. The Perioperative Care Collaborative (PCC) defines the ASP role "as
the role undertaken by a registered perioperative practitioner ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fig. 1) Gibbs' Model of Reflection. (BCU, 2005)
My practical competencies have been obtained through working with a general and orthopaedic surgeon. Whilst working with my clinical supervisor,
(a consultant orthopaedic surgeon) we decided it would be beneficial to review orthopaedic wound infections. I chose to concentrate on wound
infections during a Total Hip Replacement (THR). Wound infections is a massive subject so I have selected specific areas to look at, which are: *
Skin Preparations.
* Draping.
Surgical site infections (SSI) occur in 2 – 5% of 'clean' non–abdominal surgical procedures (Rothrock, 2007). Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most
common cause for SSI in Orthopaedic surgery (NICE, 2008). Guidelines were produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
(NICE) to try and reduce this infection rate and include a preoperative phase, (including hair removal and antibiotic prophylaxis), an intra–operative
phase and postoperative phase.
The majority of SSIs become apparent within 30 days of an operative procedure and most often between the 5th and 10th postoperative days. However,
where a prosthetic implant is used, SSI affecting the deeper tissues may occur many years after the initial operation.
SSI are measured by definitions from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or the Surgical Site Infection Surveillance Service, other
valid measures based on clinical signs and

Preventing Surgical Site Infection ( Ssi ) Is Paramount...
Introduction
Preventing surgical site infection (SSI) is paramount for healthcare professionals. If there is an increasing rate of surgical infections in hospitals, the
medical cost to take care of the patient would increase beyond the average rate of care for that patient. Patients who have clean or contaminated surgery
are susceptible of contracting infection if the wound is not protected from harmful organisms that may be present on the skin during or after the
surgical procedure. As such, the quality of patient care for controlling after surgery infection is the concern of surgeons, practitioners, healthcare
planners, and the public. Preoperative and postoperative interventions are important considerations for healthcare ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Relevance of the Nursing Research Problem
Webster and Osborne (2015) conducted a research "Preoperative Bathing or Showering with Skin Antiseptics to Prevent Surgical Site Infection," in
2015 was to determine if patients bath or showered prior to surgery with an antiseptic the risk of postsurgical site infection would reduce. The nursing
problems are; the various researches supporting the use of antiseptic prior to surgery is still inconclusive in relation to the best antiseptic that will
reduce infection and; there is need for clarity if reducing skin microflora with the use of antiseptic will result in lower incidence of SSI.
The authors commented that complications after surgery increases hospitals cost and lengthens the patient's stay in the institution. Spiraling cost for
healthcare is not advantageous for the hospitals or the patients. Patients who stay in hospitals longer than expected because of infections are likely to
prefer law suits against the institution. Compounding the problem are cases that results in serious morbidity or mortality resulting from infected
surgical sites. In addition, the rate of readmission into hospitals and further surgery contributes to the concerns for reducing postoperative infections
(Webster & Osborne). The research is relevant and poses a nursing challenge that includes other healthcare professionals such as administrators,
surgeons, practitioners, patients, and the public.
The Study's

How Did Joseph Lister Use Antiseptic Surgery
By Joseph Lister using antiseptics in surgery, the cleanliness of modern surgery is very sanitary and does not cause infection to patients and many of
the infections led to amputations and death.
Joseph Lister was born in 1827 in Newham and he died in 1912. (Lister's carbolic spray, n.d. para. 1) Lister married his boss's daughter Agnes. Lister
and Agnes had no children. Agnes was always helpful in his experiments. (Lamont, 1992, para, 7) Lister was always interested in science, even as a
child. He used the failures of others to develop antiseptic surgery. (Dronsfield & Ellis, 2009, para. 20) He received a Bachelor's degree in Medicine and
Surgery. He went on to become a doctor and received many medals for his achievements. (Lamont, 1992, para. 4) Joseph's father designed a
microscope lens that did not distort colors and opened the way for microscopes to be used as a scientific tool. (Lamont, 1992, para. 3) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgeons did not wear gowns or gloves. They did not realize that it mattered because they believed it came from bad air, not bacteria. Also, they did
not cover their hair because they believed infection came from bad air rather than themselves. Surgeons did not wear masks to wear masks to cover
their mouths or noses. During procedures, doctors did not sterilize the instruments they were using. The instruments they used were not easily cleaned
or sterilized. (Lister's carbolic spray, n.d. para. 4) Water in hospitals was mostly polluted and caused illness to both the patients and the doctors. (Joseph
Lister and the story of antiseptic surgery, 2017, para.

Antiseptics and disinfectants
5) My hypothesis: "The higher the concentration of antiseptic, the more powerful it will be at inhibiting/ killing microorganisms which cause bacterial
growth." This theory supports my result because as you can see the zone of inhibition increases due to the increasing concentration of antiseptic. The
higher concentration of antiseptic means it has been less diluted, which means its more stronger than other more diluted concentrations, this high
concentration will determine how powerful the antiseptic will be at killing/inhibiting the growth of bacterium, this high concentration of antiseptic will
break down the bacterial cell wall, after this process has happened the antiseptic can stop the mutation of the bacteria and inhibit the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(www.5)
Antiseptics are chemical agents that slow or stop the growth of micro–organisms (germs) on external surfaces of the body, that is why they are suitable
to use on the skin as they are designed for that pacific reason to stop bacterial growth or any other microorganisms from spreading or causing infection
on the skin and external surfaces on the body. Antiseptics should be distinguished from antibiotics that destroy micro–organisms inside the body, and
from disinfectants, which destroy micro–organisms found on inanimate (non–living) objects. Antibiotics and disinfectant are designed for other reasons
as you can see and contain some different chemical agents that maybe harsh on the human skin so that is why disinfectants and antibiotics may not be
suitable on the skin. (http://dermnetnz.org/treatments/antiseptics.html)
Finish

Oregano Disinfectant Spray
Oregano Disinfectant Spray
A Research Proposal
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in
"Research I"
JOANNA ROSE M. BALDE
ISAIAH GRACE E. RARELA
10–Responsibility
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
All proposed researches require gathering information about a certain topic. In this chapter you will read about what our topic is all about and the
reasons why we had come up with this research proposal. 1.1 Background of the Study For centuries up until the present day, plants have given us so
many things to our society. They can be used as food to give energy or to give cure for some illnesses. It has so many uses which is important for our
daily living. The Origanum vulgare, also known for its common name Oregano (sometimes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We don't need to import from other countries because the oregano plant is very much accessible to us Filipinos. Those who will benefit from our
research can use the product in their own homes especially in areas wherein bacteria can accumulate. Another is that the next generation of students can
learn something from our research. They may get ideas from it and help them in their own study for the problems that we are experiencing right now
may not be the same in the future. 1.4 Scope and Limitations
The goal of our research study is to come up with an oregano disinfectant spray. The use of this disinfectant spray is to rural households which live
in Metro Manila. It will be done with a few experiments to test its effectiveness. The sources that we will be getting are from the Philippines. We will
use our own products to give it a more natural and organic spray. We will focus with the use of this sprayer to other citizens living near bodies of
water. This study will cover the viral bacteria, including germs affecting the community. We base our study with the help of other international
–related

topics, including the importance of the disinfectant spray. But this will only help us to know how to deal and experiment with our study. The limits
and the occurrence of this study will only be here in

Microorganisms Vs Antiseptic Research Paper
Microorganisms Vs Antiseptic
The effects of antiseptic on both gram positive and gram negative microorganisms have been researched and well documented in comparative studies.
Such antiseptics include
Soluprep, a hospital grade antiseptic composed of 2% Chlorhexidine and 70% Isopropyl alcohol; and Tea Tree Oil, a naturalantiseptic composed of
Melaleuca Oil. Both antiseptics have been thoroughly studied to determine their effects as antibacterials on their respective microorganisms. This
review will focus on three articles exploring the effects of the Chlorhexidine, Isopropyl Alcohol and Melaleuca Oil in regards to Escherichia coli
(E.coli), and Staphylococcus epidermidis, (S.epidermidis).
A study investigating the antimicrobial efficacy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research has implied that E.coli is a common form of bacteria, as E.coli is demonstrated in various studies as oppose to S.epidermidis. Hence, limited
research compares E.coli against S.epidermidis. For this reason, a study comparing E.coli against S.epidermidis would complement the existing data.
Bibliography
Abreu, C. S., LourenГ§o, F. R. & Pinto, T. J. A., 2011. The efficacy and stability of five sanitizing agents challenged with reference microorganisms
and clean area isolates. [Online]
Available at: http://www.bashaar.org.il/files/7121.pdf
[Accessed 20 Feb 2017].
Lambert, E. R. H. T. W. B. R. C. P. A., 2009. Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8
–cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine
digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 16 Oct.64(6).
Katherine A. Hammera, C. F. C. a. T. V. R., 2011. Effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Essential Oil and the Major Monoterpene Component
Terpinen–4–ol on the Development of Single– and Multistep Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, 14

Mouthwash Experiment Lab Report
Microbiology
Mouthwash Experiment
My purpose of the experiment is to test what mouthwash will kill the most oral bacteria or prevent the most oral bacteria. What I want to know from
this experiment is what kind of mouthwash will prevent the most bacteria and if its wort the money. I choose this topic to see what product will help
me maintain the good oral health.
For this experiment I ran two test on Listerine and crest mouthwash. The first test is to tell us if either brand of mouthwash will kill any oral bacteria.
Second test is to see if any mouthwash will prevent oral bacteria from growing. This approach will answer my question and will full fill my purpose
of this experiment. Experiments themselves are going to be on two types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If sterilization was not used in my experiment the results would be inaccurate. This would be caused by having additional bacteria on plates that was
not oral bacteria. The additional bacteria is from contamination of other types of bacteria on tools I used came in contact with. Using sterilization I
was able to kill other types of bacteria that was on the tools before I used them on my bacteria. Using clean tools you can have more precise results on
how well my mouthwashes worked.
Alcohol is a chemical that is used as an antiseptic and a disinfectant. Alcohol works by denaturing proteins, that start cell metabolism, by messing with
metabolism. Alcohol is used in one of my mouthwashes as an antiseptic. This was an important ingredient in my experiment because this was going to
tell me if alcohol mattered. Crest the mouthwash that had no alcohol in it did not show the same results as Listerine. Listerine showed excellent results
when it came to preventing oral bacteria and Crest wasn't able to prevent as much

How Alcohol Is An Important Aspect Necessary For Human...
Alcohol presents an important aspect necessary for human survival owing to its wide–ranging benefits in the clinical context. Ideally, alcohol acts as an
effective germ killer owing to its great potential of coagulating a germ's protein. Indeed, the use of alcohol is not new to the clinical setting as way
back in the 1800's, alcohol alongside specific herbs were in surgical operations used for the major purpose of reducing pain. As studies reveal, lately
there has been an increasing trend of using alcohol in surgical operations in theatre to prevent the possible occurrence of infections. As Lobley (72)
states, "this relates to the aseptic technique that comprises of practices that aim at ensuring patients do not acquire any infections when undergoing
surgical operations." Notably, clinical professionals use alcohol in various ways such as the sterilization of theatre linen and equipment, patient
preparation, and theatre preparation alongside surgical team preparation. As Josephson (18) suggest, "dedicated surgery nurses should make the use
of alcohol in line with the aseptic technique not only an everyday practice but rather a normal way of life implying that the process ought to become
second nature." The use of alcohol in theatre operations is sterilization, without alcohol, the essential need of sterilization would not result good safety
measures. "Not all types of alcohol are suitable for use in theatre operations" (Josephson 22) so it is good to have a good

Essay about Central Line Clinical Practice Guideline and...
Central Line Clinical Practice Guideline & Rational Central venous catheters (CVCs) are frequently used in intensive care units (ICUs) for a number of
reasons (measure central venous pressure, when peripheral veins are unable to be accessed, administration of medications/therapies and aspiration of
blood samples) (Conroy, 2006, p. 98). Patients in this environment already have an increased risk of infection because of their treatments. Patient
treatments commonly involve invasive devices or interventions (major surgery), antibiotic therapy (raises the risk of bacterial resistance) while steroid,
chemotherapy and radiation therapy all suppress the immune system (Hatler, Hebden, Kaler, & Zack, 2010). NSWHealth (2005) found that 20–40%...
This means aseptic technique and sterile gloves should be used for insertion and care of a CVC. Aseptic technique is critically important to protect
patients from CLABSIs; infections are caused by either intrinsic (e.g. patients own flora) or extrinsic (e.g. surrounding environment) pathogens.
Asepsis therefore removes patients skin flora and ensures flora picked up from either other patients or the surrounding environment is not introduced
into the patient (Mollee et al., 2011). Raad et al. (1994) found in a randomised trial that CLABSIs were 6.3 times higher in a control group then those
who had their CVC inserted under maximal barrier precautions (consisting of mask, cap, sterile gloves, gown, large drape). These findings were
replicated by AbiвЂђSaid et al. (1999) who also found that if strict aseptic techniques were adhered too during dressing changes, in addition to close
monitoring of patients there was a decrease in bloodstream infection rates. As described above CLABSIs are more common when aseptic techniques
at the time of insertion have not been observed. Contamination of catheters by skin flora at the time of insertion is one of the risks for developing a
subsequent CLABSI. Therefore CVCs need to be replaced within 48hrs if asepsis cannot be guaranteed for insertion (LeMaster et al., 2010). For
insertion and during care of a CVC

Antiseptic Lab Report
In this experiment each individual used the same hand washing method to measure the effectiveness of clean hands with antiseptic vs. dirty hands
with no antiseptic. Afterward, observing the reduction of the number and types of bacteria on his or her hands. The antiseptic used in this experiment
was one pump of Germ X with no paper towels after applying. After an incubation period of one night the plates were looked at and test results
/pictures were obtained. Growth was indicated by a + for growth, a ++ for tremendous growth and a – for no growth at all. Introduction: "The skin is
an ecosystem composed of 1.8 m2 of diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations and specialized niches that support a wide range of
microorganisms."

Sterilization and Disinfection in a Dental Office Essays
There are two important things to do in a dental office in order to prevent cross infection. These two forms are sterilization and disinfection. According
to the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration before either of these forms can be used you have to clean the instruments. This can be done either
by hand or by using an ultrasonic cleaner.
(http://www.maexamhelp.com/instru_sterilization.htm)
Even though both sterilization and disinfection are both important there is a big difference between the two. Sterilization is the process of killing all
microorganisms. Where disinfection is the process of destroying pathogenic organisms or rendering them inert. The centers for disease control says
there is one cardinal rule for infection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using they system OSHA requires a material safety data sheet on the chemical vapor solution. The reason behind this is because of the chemicals'
toxicity.
Essentials of dental assisting by Debbie S. Robinson – Doni L. Bird Fourth Edition Chapter 8 page 120. (this is for the bio) The third is dry heat. Dry
heat is one of the earliest forms for sterilizing. This form is as it sounds, dry heat utilizes hot air that is either free from water vapor, or has very
little of it, and where this moisture plays a minimal or no role in the process. The way dry heat sterilizes is by coagulating the proteins in any
organism, thus causing drying of cells. Dry heat can even burn them to ashes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_heat_sterilization The last form of
sterilization I am going to talk about is cold sterile. The reason for cold sterile is not all items can go into heat sterilization. Liquid sterilant, such as
2% to 3.4% glutataldehyde, must be used for this type of sterilization. In order for the cold sterile to work the items must be fully submerged for no
less than 10 hours, anything less than that would only be disinfection. This form of sterilization also requires a material safety data sheet due to it being
a chemical.
Essentials of dental assisting by Debbie S. Robinson – Doni L. Bird Fourth Edition Chapter 8 page 122 Disinfection is intended to kill
disease–producing microorganisms.

The Need For Intravascular Catheters Are Evidently Clear
The need for intravascular catheters are evidently clear in modern day medical practices especially in the intensive care setting (ICU). Despite the
necessity of such catheters, their use places patients at risk of developing complications such as infections, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis and a variety
of other metastatic infections. In the hospital setting an estimated 250,000 bloodstream infections (BSI) associated to CVC occur annually, thus the
need for proper aseptic skin care. The widely used antiseptic for cleansing CVC sites in the United States was iodine. However several studies have
shown that cleansing CVC sites with 2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate lowered BSI when compared to iodine. (O'Grady et. al., 2011)
Change Model ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Stevens, 2012)
Define the Scope of the EBP
According to the CDC an approximate 80,000 BSI cases occur in ICUs annually in the United States, with an estimated 250,000 cases in hospitals as a
whole. The mortality rate associated in this case is around 12–25% per infection, causing a cost of $25,000 per episode for the health care system. In
this writers facility aseptic techniques are emphasized, including the use of chlorhexidine instead of iodine. The impact of BSI via CVC are not only
patient centered but cost the healthcare system an approximate $34,508–$56,000 per case to treat each infection.
Stakeholders
Members that would be included on the team to prevent CVC associated BSI are the physician whose responsibility is to ensure proper procedures
and practices are carried out during insertion, such as aseptic techniques. After insertion of the CVC then it is the job of the radiologist to ensure proper
placement of the tube using X–Ray imaging. After insertion and confirmation of placement then the nurse takes over, performing duties such as
dressing changes and assessment of the site for complications. Also part of the team is the certified nursing assistant (CNA) who spends more time
with the patient than anyone else on the team who can report complications earlier to the nurse.
Determine Responsibility of Team Members These members are important to the team because they each at one time or another has an interaction with

The Common Complication Following Surgical Procedures
Infections are the most common complication following surgical procedures and are associated with significant morbidity, mortality and increased
cost in health care (Anderson, 2014). As a nurse working in a surgical capacity this is a concern for the patients. Working for a general surgeon,
surgical site infections are not commonly seen in the office, however, it remains one of the top concerns for the well–being of patients. Many evidence
based studies are aimed at nurses who provide care for patients in the pre, peri, and post– operative periods. Perioperative nurses prepare the skin for
surgery to remove soil and microorganisms at the point of incision (Cowperthwaite & Holm, 2015). Surgical site infections are easy to reduce given the
proper guidelines for prevention. This includes skin antisepsis, and surgical hand hygiene and technique.
A National Patient Safety Goal set up by the Joint Commission is to prevent surgical site infections (The Joint Commission, 2015). One of the ways
this is done is through reducing bacteria at the surgical site. Skin is not sterile, but reducing the number of bacteria on the skin may help reduce
surgical site infections. (Cowperthwaite & Holm, 2015) The circulating nurse, along with other key personnel, plays a key role in preventing surgical
site infections. Proper technique must be used to reach the highest level of protection, starting with skin preperation. Typically, in the operating room
setting, there are two skin

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