presentations of Basics of Tourism

1. What is Tourism?
 Neil Leiper (1979), It becomes evident that the terms ‘Tourists’ Tourism
did not exists before sixteenth century
 “Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their
normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their
stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs”
 Hunziker & Krapf of Berne university in 1942
 “The Sum of the Phenomenon & relationship from the travel and stay of non
residents in so for as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not
connected with any earning activity”
 Tourism defined as “The activities of persons traveling to and staying in
place outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business and other purpose” (UNWTO)

2. Tourism contd…..
 Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:
1. The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experience and
satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen
and the activities enjoyed.
2. The business providing tourist goods and services: Business people see
tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services
that the tourist markets demand.
3. The government of the host community or area: politicians view tourism as a
wealth factor in terms of foreign exchange/ multiplier effect etc in the economy of
their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income their citizens can earn
from this business. The government can lay an important role in tourism policy,
development, promotion and implementation.
4. The host community: Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and
employment factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the
interaction between large numbers of international visitors and residents. This
effect may be beneficial or harmful, or both.

3. Contd...
 Tourism can be divided by four category:
1. International tourism
1. Inbound tourism: Visits to a country by nonresidents
2. Outbound tourism: Visits by residents of a country to another
country
2. Internal tourism : Visits by resident and non residents of the
country of reference
3. Domestic tourism : Visits by residents of a country to their
own country
4. National tourism : Internal tourism plus outbound tourism

4. Traveler Terminology for
Tourism
 All travelers are subdivided into two further categories:
 Same-day Visitors: Visitors who do not spend for
the night in a collective or private accommodation
in the country visited. E.g. A cruise ship passengers
spending four hours in a port or days-trippers
visiting attraction.

5. Traveler Terminology for Tourism
 Tourist:
Visitors who travel to and stay in places outside their
usual environment for more than twenty-four (24)
hours and not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the
place visited”.

6.  Excursionist: Who visits the place and come back within
24 hrs at their origin of the destination.
 Traveller- relevant to any movement of a person
irrespective of the distance travelled I,e ranging from a
small distance of only few kilometres for seeking of the
employment etc.
 Visitor: visiting any country/ destination , performing the
exercise of an activity paid from within the place visited
greater than 12 months
 Transit visitor: a traveller and a visitor who goes past a
country or a place without having a stop or breaking off his
journey on the ways other than for layover and for
consideration/transportation links.

7. History and Development of Tourism
Early /Empire Era/Period
 Early travelers migrated for food and hunting.
 Religious resolve,
 Greeks hosted international visitors during the firsts Olympics games
held in 776 BC.
 Romantic motive – discovery of Mauritius and Hills,
 early Chinese traveled for trade and military control,
 Effect of the cheaper transport,
 Technology underpinnings of the tourism, (1840-1880 steamships,
Thomas cook (1808-92),
 Robert Smart of Bristol of England declared himself as the maiden
steamships agent in the early nineteenth century
 Transportation advances, stage coach travel, water travel (Duke of the
Bridgelators.
 Rail Travel-1825 in England, automobile & Motorcoach travel,
 Air travel- 16 yrs’kitty travel, North Carolons 1903,

8. The History of Tourism contd…
 Oceanians –
40 feet in length small ‘Dugou’ Canons were used to voyage from
Southern Asia, South ward.
Early time attractions-
The ‘great pyramid’ of Egypt
The Hanging garden of Babylon’ walls of Babylon’
The statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece,

9. The History of Tourism, continued
 The Middle Ages (5th to 14th centuries) and the
Renaissance Era (14th to 16th centuries)
 Transportation and safety declined
 Less acceptance of currencies and less knowledge of common
languages
 Some travel by crusaders (medieval Military expeditions) to Holy
Land
 Marco Polo’s historic travels in the late 13th century
 Increased interest in travel for commerce and pleasure

10. The History of Tourism, continued
 The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785 A.D.)
 Trend of luxurious travel started by wealthy English
 Developed as a status symbol and spread throughout
Europe
 Goal was to experience the “civilized world” and study
the arts and sciences
 These travels often lasted for several years
 Growth in travel for business reasons

11. The History of Tourism, continued
 The Mobility Era (1800-1944)
 Growing economic prosperity
 Increase in systems, modes, and speeds of travel (roads,
railroads, steamships)
 Thomas Cook developed tour packages for mass travel
 Invention of automobile and airplane expanded freedom
to travel

12. The History of Tourism, continued
 The Modern Era (1945 to present)
 Paid vacations introduced in the early 1900’s made leisure travel
possible for working and middle classes
 Millions of people were introduced to international travel during
World War II
 Postwar prosperity made mass ownerships of automobiles possible
 Advent of jet travel shortened travel time
 Time, money, safety and interest in travel led to unparalleled
growth of tourism
 Development of mass tourism.
 Sustainable tourism
 Mobile technology online marketing etc

13. Approaches Tourism
 Product Approach
 Institutional Approach
 Managerial Approach
 Geographical Approach-Physical, human and Regional
Geography etc
 Sociological approach-Host & Guest
 Historical approach –
 Interdisciplinary approach –anthropology, History, Sociology
and geography etc
 The systematic approach

14. Bringing Tourism into Focus
 Typical reasons for travel
 Vacation and leisure trips
 Visits to friends and relatives
 Business and professional trips
 Host community affected by tourism activities.
 Can study tourism from a variety of perspectives
 Wide variety of questions relating to tourism need to be answered.
 Technology having unprecedented affect on tourism industry.

15. Cohen’s (1974) Tourist Typology
 1. Organised Mass Tourist: highly dependent on an environmental bubble
created and supplied, maintained by the international tourists industry
characterised by all inclusive, fully packaged holidays, familiarity dominates,
Novelty-non existence or highly controlled.
 2. Individual mass Tourists: they will use the institutional facilities of the
tourism system (Schedule flights, centralised bookings, transfers etc) to
arrange as much as possible before leaving home perhaps visiting the same
sights as mass tourists but going under their own stream.
 3. Explorer: “off the beaten track” following a destination i.e. given by the
travel article rather than simply choosing from a brochure- will move into
the bubble of comfort and familiarity if it is going too tough.
 4. Drifter: seeks novelty/innovation at all costs even discomfort and danger.
They will avoid to all contact with the tourists and
novelty/newness/freshness will be their total goal.

16. Smith’s (1977)
 1. Explorers: easily and fully accommodating to and accepting the life
style of and norms of their hosts.
 2. Elite Tourists: Few in no rarely seen with individual who have been
almost everywhere but with pre-arranged services facilities and adapting
fully but temporary to local norms.
 3. Off Beat Tourists: Uncommon but seen and seeking either to get away
from the tourist crowds or heighted excitement of this vacation by doing
something beyond the norm.
 4. Unusual Tourists: Occasional in number travelling in an organised tour
and buying an optional one day package tour to visit some native Indians
generally interested in the primitive culture but with his safe but lunch and
adapting somewhat to local norms.
 5.Inciepent Mass Tourist: Seeking western amenities and comforts.
 6. Mass Tourists: Middle class income and values and preferring in the
groups.
 7.Charter tourists: who have minimal involvement with the people and
culture of the visited country and demand western amenities.

17. Amex Tourist Typology (1989)
 1. Adventurer: affluent and educated like to try new experiences and meet
new people.
 2. Worrier: Lacking in self confidence in their own abilities to travel
successfully.
 3. Dreamers: Have high aspirations abut travel and exotic destination
which are not usually borne out in the actual travel experiences.
 4. Economisers: They think that travel is not perceived as something that
adds particular value to this lives, they engage in it because it is a normal
way of taking routine /relaxation
 5.Indulgers:Wealthy travellers, who will pay for extra comfort and better
service.

18. Travel Motivation/Motivators
 Travel for Business
 Pleasure
 The romance of pleasure travel
 The need for change
 Travel for health
 Travel for seeking knowledge
 Vagabondage- bondage to travel-way of life.
 Pleasure of pre and post travel.
 Travel & Second/Holidays
 Travel as a means of sharpen perspective
 Social perspective, money snobberry,education snobbery, family snobbery
 Cultural norm-peace prsperity high standard of living.

19. Typology of Tourists
Ryan (1991) developed various types of motivation based on
psychological makeup of the traveller, which is effectively
termed the determinants of travel demand such as escape,
relaxation, social interaction, strengthen of family bonds,
self/wish, fulfilment, prestige, shopping etc.
Determinant of Travel/Travel Motivation
Push factors-
•Curiosity or interest
•Self-indulgence/
extravagance
•Self actualisation and
Reflex actions/habits.
Pull factors-
Observed Destination,
Strengthen Mental
Souvenirs,
Lively Responses to Post
Modernisation
Travel
Motivation

20. Travel Motivation contd.......
 Need, Want, Desire
 Gray’s Interpretation
 1.Wanderlust- the trait in human nature which causes some individuals to want
to leave things with which they are familiar and to go and see at first hand
different existing cultural and places, or the relies of past culture in places famous
for their historical associations ruins and monuments.
 2.Sunlust: by large focussing on the attractiveness & pull of the sun, sand and
sea, in contract generate a speed type of travel which depends upon the existence
elsewhere of different or better amenities for a specific purpose than are available
locally.

21. Lundberg’s (1972)
 1. Educational & cultural Motives
 2.Relaxation & pleasure
 3. Ethnic- People come from/Region/Area
 4 Others: Weather, sports, economy adventure, sociological motive,
history, conformity etc.

22. Maslow’s theory of motivation
 1. Physiological hunger, thrust, rest, activity
 2.Safety-release from fear security
 3. Belonging & Love- affection, giving & receiving love.
 4.Esteem-self esteem, prestige, status, strength, achievement, mastery
competence.
 5.Self actualisation: personal realisation,
 6.Acquisition of knowledge- to learn and understand,
 7.Aesthetics- appreciation of beauty.

23. Plog’s 1972 classification of tourists and travel
motivation
 He classified the tourists into
 1.Psychocenterics- self centred, preoccupied with one self, ones affairs
 2. Near Psycho Centrics:
 3. Mid Centric:
 4. Near Allocentric:
 5. Allo centric- Allo meaning “varied in forms is sociable, informal and self confident.

24.  Allo-Centerics motivation
 Education and cultural motives
 Study of the gastronomy
 Satisfaction and sense of freedom
 Seasonal homes/vacation etc
 Gambling
 Development of new knowledge
 Development of new friendships
 Political campaign

25. Contdd..
 Near allo-centrics Motivation
 1. Religious pilgrimage and inspiration
 2. participation in sports events/ activities
 3.Theatre tours special events
 4. a chance of try to new life style
 Mid Centric Motivators
 Relaxation and pleasure
 Satisfying personal existence
 Health
 Appreciation of beauty
 Shopping
 Joy of transpiration

26. Contd...
 Near Psycho Centric Motivators
 ego enhancement
 Travel for acceptance to be comfortable socially
 Travel as a cultural norm
 Visit to places seen or read about in the news.
 Visits to amusement parks

27. Classification and Forms of tourism
A. On the basis of Origin and Destination
 i) Outbound Tourism/International Import
 ii) Inbound/international export
 iii) Domestic Tourism
B. Purpose of Visits
 Leisure holidays and recreational tourism
 Business Tourism
 ‘adventure tourism
 Wildlife/wilderness tourism
 Voluntary tourism
 Ecotourism
 Heritage tourism
 Nature based tourism
 Rural tourism
 Urban tourism ,
 Health and medical tourism

28. Contd...
C. On the basis of the Tourists Types
1. Explorer
2. Mass tourists
3. Niche Tourism
D. On the basis of Region
Europe
Asia and pacific
America
Africa
Middle east
etc

29. Elements and Components
 1. Hotel and accommodation
 2. Transportation
 3. Entertainment
 4. Information service like Travels agencies/Tour Operators
 5.Attractions
 6.Stakeholders
 7. Government Bodies
6 A’s
1.Accommodations
2.Amenities
3.Attractions
4.Activities
5.Awareness
6.Accessibility

30. Characteristics of the Tourism Industry
 Intangibility
 Inseparability
 Perishabilty
 Heterogeneity
 Ownerships
 Seasonality
 Variabilty

31. Tourism industry
 Travel and tourism is the largest service industry in India. This industry
provides heritage, cultural, medical, business and sports tourism. It is
expected that the tourism sector’s contribution to the country’s gross
domestic product (GDP) will grow at the rate of 7.8 per cent yearly in
the period 2013-14–2023.
 The Indian tourism sector has been flourishing in recent years due to
the improved connectivity to and from the country. Also, better lodging
facilities at the tourist destinations has been a factor which has
contributed to increased Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA).

32. Market Size
 The tourism and hospitality sector is among the top 10 sectors in India to
attract the highest foreign direct investment (FDI). In the period April
2000 – August 2014, this sector attracted around US$ 7,441 million of
FDI, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion
(DIPP).
 A high and positive growth of 12.5 per cent was registered in foreign
tourist visits (FTVs) to north-eastern states of India during 2012 from
2011, which further rose by more than 100 per cent to register a growth of
27.9 per cent during 2013 from 2012.
 Among these north-eastern states, Manipur recorded the highest FTVs
followed by Arunachal Pradesh and then Tripura.

33.  FTAs in India witnessed a growth of 12.9 per cent in the period July 2013
– July 2014, according to data received from Ministry of Tourism,
Government of India. The FTAs during the period January–July 2014
stood at 4.11 million as compared to 3.87 million during the
corresponding period of 2013, registering a growth of 4.4 per cent. USA
contributed the highest number to foreign arrivals in India followed by
Bangladesh and the UK.
 Foreign exchange earnings (FEE) during January–July 2014 stood at US$
11.055 billion as compared to US$ 10.85 billion during the same period
last year. FEE during July, 2014 stood at Rs 10,336 crore (US$ 1.68
billion) compared to Rs 8,620 crore (US$ 1.41 billion) in July, 2013.

34. Investments
 Some of the recent investments in this sector are as follows:
 Make MyTrip Ltd plans to set up a US$ 15 million innovation fund to
support early-stage travel companies, with a special focus on mobile and
IP-based companies. This is an inorganic growth strategy by which they
are pursuing M&A opportunities in the travel technology space.
 Peppermint Hospitality has aggregated close to 2,200 operational hotel
rooms across the country with the acquisition of Bengaluru-based
Boutique Hotel Management & Marketing Services Ltd, which has 60
hotels in its portfolio. Peppermint Hospitality has five operational hotels
and is present in overseas markets of Florence, Italy and the UK that are
operated through the management contract route.

35.  IFC has invested US$ 21 million in SAMHI Hotels through compulsorily
convertible debentures. This is IFC's first investment in the hotel sector
in India. SAMHI has seven operational hotels in Greater Noida,
Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Pune.
 Bengaluru-based Embassy Group plans to invest Rs 1,500 crore (US$
245.13 million) for the expansion of its hospitality business in India.
The Embassy Group is also in the process of buying out the property on
which the Four Seasons hotel is located, entailing an investment of Rs
600 crore (US$ 98.06 million).
 Indian Hotels Co Ltd (IHCL) plans to add 30 hotels with 3,700 rooms
and invest Rs 440 crore (US$ 71.91 million) for the next three years.

36. Government Initiatives
Some of the recent government initiatives in the sector are as follow:
 The Government of India has launched the ‘Incredible India’ mobile
application. The app will help tourists to seek information, besides
enabling qualityand reliable services from service providers recognised by
the Government of India. This app demonstrates the Ministry of Tourism’s
commitment to the use of technology for service delivery.
 The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has launched the new
tourism brand for the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and
Nagar Haveli, as well as released the Vision 2020 publication for Dadra
and Nagar Haveli. This step by the government has been taken with a view
to help in overall economic development of these union territories.

37. Contdd...
 The West Bengal government has decided to set up an eco-tourism board to
project the state as a major tourist destination. Work for developing a mega
tourism project has already started in Jalpaiguri district and plans to
develop similar projects in Sylee and Kunjanagar is under discussion.
 The Tourism Ministry of India along with the state government of
Maharashtra plan to create a cultural hub on the lines of Times Square,
New York. The vision behind such a cultural hub is to provide popular
entertainment as well as access to heritage and culture for the benefit of
international tourists, domestic tourists and the people of Mumbai.

38. Road Ahead
 The medical tourism market in India is projected to hit US$ 3.9
billion mark this year having grown at a compounded annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 27 per cent over the last three years,
according to a joint report by FICCI and KPMG. Also, inflow of
medical tourists is expected to cross 320 million by 2015
compared with 85 million in 2012.
 The tourism industry is also looking forward to the E-visa
scheme which is expected to double the tourist inflow to India.
Enforcing the electronic travel authorisation (ETA) before the
next tourism season, which starts in November, will result in a
clear jump of at least 15 per cent, and this is only the start, as
per Mr Madhavan Menon, Managing Director, Thomas Cook
India.

39. Paid holiday concept
 During the 20 th century ,during interwar years.
 Few factories owners used to give to their employees in the western
countries.
 It has origin from the industrialisation in the west.
 Origin in the UK/English origin.
 By the year 1939 in UK some 11 millions people covered by the holidays
by paid act 1938.
 It leads to great mobility, and broaden the horizons of the peoples. And
also leads to the mass tourism.
 ILO convention also insisted to promote the paid holidays and 14
European countries had come up with this concept.
 Many countries are giving three weeks by legally but many beyond the
three also i.e four weeks.
 Worldwide 900 millions wage earner are entitled to get the paid
holiday and out of it 20-25 % from Asia or pacific Asia etc.

40. Leiper Model

42. Theories and Models

43. Contd...

44.  Dr Ramjit
 Central University of Kashmir
 ramjitmonu@yahoo.co.in
Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd
edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper
Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved