2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Mayukh Bhattacharjee , student of third year (CE) from SRM University , am highly
oblidged to get this opportunity to express my gratitude to those who helped me to
complete this training successfully.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr.B.B.Bera and Mr.Sushanta
Bhattacharya for their sheer guidance and motivation.
I am deeply greatful to those persons who have helped me in completing the training
program successfully at SILVEROAK ESTATE site of Simplex Infrastructures
Limited at Rajarhat.
Mr. B.D.Mundhra (Chairman and Managing director)
Mr S.K.Maity (Technical director)
Mr Gautam Kar (Joint general manager)
Mr B.B.Bera (Asst. general manager)
Mr Sushanta Bhattacharya (Senior project manager)
I would also like to thank all other site people who have helped me in completing
the training.
Mr .Debajyoti Das
Mr .Debanjan Basu
Mr K.K.Tripathi
Mr P.Maity
Mr.S.Ganguly
3. 3
CONTENTS
SL.NO SUBJECT
1. PREFACE
2. COMPANY PROFILE
3. ABOUT THE PROJECT
4. PROJECT SITE DETAILS
5. PILE FOUNDATION
6. BASEMENT AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
7. LEVELIING BY AUTO LEVEL
8. SURVEYING USING TOTAL STATION
9. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST AND PILE LOAD TEST
10. PYCNOMETER TEST
11. SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST
12. SAFETY TRAINING
13. STORE PLANNING
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
15. CONCLUSION
4. 4
PREFACE
Silveroak project gives great opportunity to make training to each and every trainee of
the site. It is located at Rajarahat of Kolkata Silveroak estate’s design principles has
created a fine balance between aesthetics and functionality. With its large array of
facilities and amenities to suit the requirements of every age group, it provides the
ideal milieu for a happy and content life.
In creating these projects simplex is working day and night to finish the work in time.
Many highly experienced civil engineers are working in these sites that have
knowledge to tackle different situations in the construction field.
Being a third year student of the civil engineering it is essential for me to get the
knowledge of how to handle different situations and know how work is done in a
construction site .It is required for me to get construction site experience for my future
and hence site training is essential. Hence I decided to undergo vocational training for
which I have applied to simplex infrastructures limited.
I underwent training from 8th
to 22nd
June, 2013 summer vacation. With the
knowledge of what I learned during this training period I have created this
report.Whatever information I could gather about the site from different departments
at the site and my observations in the site have been presented in this report in the
simplest form as possible.
5. 5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. COMPANY PROFILE
One of the pioneers and a total solution provider in construction and infrastructure
ambit.
Been in business since 1924 and present in almost all Indian states as well as
Middle East.
Employs 810 people and has capital equipments of Rs. 1296 crores as of FY10.
Simplex combines financial robustness with technological competence. The
company enjoys an uninterrupted profit track record since inception.
Recognised by world confederation of business as “Inspirational Company
with All its Rights & Privileges” in 2010.
Ranked 7th
among “India’s top 10 Infrastructures Companies “ by construction
week.
Awarded by International BID Quality Summit, New York the “International
Quality Summit Award in Gold Category “for achievement in quality and
excellence in 2009.
Titled as “overall best managed company “by Asia money in 2005.
The company reported a turnover of Rs 455 crores and profit after tax of Rs.
127 crores of FY 10.
The company enjoys a rich tradition of innovation it introduced in the then
pioneering cast -in – situ driven pile foundation in India way back in 1924.
The company was rated as best overall best managed company (small cap) by
Asia money in 2005.
Registered office of simplex house is in 27 Shakespeare sarani, Kolkata,
700017.
Silveroak estate is a joint venture of salarpuria group and simplex infrastructure
limited where NK realtors are the marketing division.
6. 6
1.2. ABOUT THE PROJECT
Name of the project: Silveroak estate.
Name of the client: Salarpuria simplex dwelling LLP.
Principal designers: Aedas.
Architect: Sanon Sen and associates pvt ltd.
Name of contractor: simplex infrastructures ltd.
Legal advisors: Victor Moses and company.
Structural components: S.P.A Consultants pvt ltd.
Site code no: C-2668.
7. 7
1.3. PROJECT SITE DETAILS
Name of the project Silveroak Estate
Address Kalipark,Salua,Rajarhat main road,
Kolkata -700136
No of towers 8
No of floors B+G+8
No of flats 454
2 BHK flat(large) 1272 sqft
2 BHK flat (small) 1660 sq ft
3 BHK flat 1660 sq ft
4BHK flat 2003 sq ft
Average no of piles per building 270-300(approx)
Super built percentage 22%
Open space 70%
Municipality Rajarhat Golapur municipality
Water supply Boring
Electricity WBSEB
Facilities, total area and completion time Club (30000 sq ft),cafeteria with all fresco
dining,mini theatre,banquet hall,jogging
track,community hall,gymnasium,games
,swimming pool, security system,water
plant,garden,24 hours power backup
system.
7 acre area
Tower 1,2,3,4 will be completed by 2014
and tower 5 will end in nearly June 2015.
8. 8
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1. PILE FOUNDATION
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a pile cap (a large
concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are larger
than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams to tie the
foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on grade beams, while heavier
elements bear directly on the pile cap
A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they
are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a
deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design
loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints .There are different terms used to describe
different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which
is analogous to a column) drilled shafts, and cassions. Piles are generally driven into the ground in
situ; other deep foundations are typically put in place using excavation and drilling. The naming
conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out
of timber, steel and re inforced concrete and prestressed concrete.
2.2. RIG SETUP:
At first drawing is taken and proper location as per drawing reference point is chosen . three stand of
rig is set up to from a tripod stand. After the tripod is adjusted by fixing one stand and the remaining
stands are unchanged for primary adjustment of centring.
2.3 CENTERING:
After primary setup of rig, with the help of plumbing bob proper centring is done by setting
plumbing bob at top of the rig.
2.4. DRILLING:
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross section in
solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the
work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the
cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips from what will become the hole being drilled.
9. 9
2.5. VAT:
Vat is the water resources that are built at site for construction purposes. A vat reservoir is
categorised into:
Boring vat
Wash vat
Muddy vat
10. 10
2.6. BENTONITE:
Bentonite is absorbent alluminium phylloscillate essentially impure clay consisting mostly
of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective
dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts
debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite
usually forms from weathering volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term
bentonite, as well as similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain
origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite.
2.7. FACTORS AFFECTING COLLAPSE OF SOIL:
While boring for cast in situ vertical bored piles, soil is dredged out and the vertical face of the soil
inside the borehole is exposed. The probability of collapse of the vertical face of soil inside the
borehole depends mainly on the following
Factors:
• Type of the soil – cohesiveness and angle of
shearing resistance / angle of friction.
• Weight / density of soil.
• Pore water pressure / water table.
• Vibration and earthquake effects.
• Height of unsupported vertical face of the soil.
• Liquid inside the borehole.
2.8. CONCENTRATION OF BENTONITE:
Bentonite is very unusual in the fact that once it becomes hydrated, the electrical and molecular
components of the clay rapidly change and produce an "electrical charge".
Bentonite is usually quarry mined from deposits that can range anywhere from 100 feet to several
thousand feet. This depends on the health and vitality of the land it is processed from and how far a
producer will go to find the right clay with the proper characteristics and consistency.
2.9. CONCRETE:
The concrete used is M25 design mix. The minimum cement content is 400 kg/cu.m with minimum
water cement ratio of 0.5.
11. 11
2.10. MACHINES USED FOR BORE PILING:
Winch machine
Transit mixture to carry concrete for casting
Rod cutting machine to prepare reinforcement.
Bar bending machine to bend as per requirement
Welding machine.
12. 12
2.11. REINFORCEMENT:
Reinforcement is a strengthening of a specific behaviour due to its association with a stimulus.
Reinforcement is an important part of operator instrumental conditioning. A reinforce is the stimulus
that strengthens the behaviour, in contrast to punishment that weakens the behaviour. The effect of
reinforcement may be measured as an increase in the frequency of its expression (e.g., pulling a lever
more frequently), duration (e.g., pulling a lever for longer periods of time), magnitude (e.g., pulling a
lever with greater force), or decrease in latency (e.g., pulling a lever more quickly following the
onset of an environmental event).
Although in many cases a reinforcing stimulus is a rewarding stimulus which is "valued" or "liked"
by the individual (e.g., money received from a slot machine, the taste of the treat,
the euphoria produced by an addictive drug), this is not a requirement. Indeed, reinforcement does
not even require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the
stimulus. Furthermore, stimuli that are "rewarding" or "liked" are not always reinforcing: if an
individual eats at McDonald's (response) and likes the taste of the food (stimulus), but believes it is
bad for their health, they may not eat it again and thus it was not reinforcing in that condition. Thus,
reinforcement can only be assumed if there is a causal link (positive or negative) between the
stimulus and the enhancement of behaviour.
13. 13
2.12. EQUIPMENTS OF BORE PILE:
Rig is a holding device, it can hold the pulley from a certain height with help of pulley pin.it
has 2 main parts, one is a main tripod and the other is the side tripod.
Pulley and pulley pin is a rotating device which can move the rope with load in both
direction and pulley pin can join the pulley with main tripod of the rig.
Bailer is a cylindrical device which excavates soil fallen from a height. it has value of load at
bottom which allows to enter the soil and make a hole .
Casing it’s a hollow cylindrical device which protects excavated portion to prevent from
collapsing of soil at time of piling.
Chisel is the main excavating device for cast in situ bore pile. It has a sharp cutter at bottom
of the surface with length of 2.5m and weight 1200N.
D.M.C Pipes It is Direct Mud Circulation pile where water jet is let through the piling chisel
which comes out from bottom with Mud. In DMC Pile Foundation the bentonite suspension
is pumped into the bottom of the hole through the drill rods and it overflows at the top of the
casing. The mud pump should have the capacity to maintain a velocity of 0.41 to 0.76metres
per second to float the cuttings.
Hopper and charging plate: hopper is a conical device which helps to easily enter concrete
to the trimie pipe .charging plate is one in which is placed below bottom of hopper to hold
concrete till hopper is filled. When plate is removed concrete in hopper is suddenly fallen in
to bottom of the pile.
Concrete is mixed by transit mixture at mixing plant or by machine. Materials consist of
sand, coarse aggregate, pure water and admixtures. Concreting is done by tremie pipe.
14. 14
2.13. CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete.
More specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. This test is
performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely
related to workability. It is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease
with which the concrete flows. It is used to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete is
mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes, but
concrete of the same consistency may vary in workability. It is also used to determine consistency
between individual batches.
SLURRY:
A portion of concrete containing bentonite comparatively low specific gravity concrete which is
unsound set up at top of pile called slurry. In this portion stiffener is not provided. And it is broken
for pile cap as it is not able to carry superstructure load.
Clear cover of main reinforcement shall be 50 mm; this shall be increased to 75 mm in case of
aggressive soils and ground water conditions.
PILE COVER AND PILE SHUTTERING:
After the slurry part at top of pile, 2 or more piles are connected by pile cover. At lower part 75mm
thick PCC is provided .shuttering is done by making brick wall where fly ash is used.
15. 15
BASEMENT AND SUPERSTRUCURE:
Basement is formed over the uppermost portion of superstructure with basement thickness of
115mm and reinforcement is also provided. Columns are re connected by tie beam provided.in the
site of salua raft is provided.
The structure above the ground is called superstructure and is formed by successive forming of
column, beam and slab.
In the site lapping lenth is 50D (D shorter dia of 2 connecting bar). For discontinuous the lapping
stagger is provided.
Considering long and short span slab layout is done at the top with main bar above the distribution
bar and at bottom it is vice versa.115mm of thickness concrete is provided in slab but in few cases
150mm is also used.
Formwork and shuttering, at proper clear distance is determined and formwork is prepared by
wood as per drawing. By conventional shuttering a large portion is covered. Wedges, clamps and
bolts are also used.
Curing of water is applied as per work which takes 7 to 21 days.
Confined zone and stirrup attachment: the space which is 800mm above or below the top or
bottom of column in a particular floor is called confined zone. Links are also provided between the
stirrups and the lower portion of column above any slab which helps later to conform proper
dimension of column is known as starter.
Brickwork forms the basis of superstructure and is constructed on alignments of columns where
salua flash bricks of modular type have been used. Slab casting: slab is a 2 dimensional element
used in all types of structure with thickness id decided by ly/lx ratio. If the ratio is greater than 2 it’s
a one way slab and if the value is less than 2 it’s a two way slab. Defects: entrapped air inside
concrete during pouring , honeycomb, segregation of concrete.
16. 16
LEVELLING BY AUTO LEVEL:
It is essential that the sight line through the telescope is exactly horizontal. If not errors will occur.
One solution to this problem is the automatic level.
The automatic level has a compensator mechanism that uses a combination of fixed prisms or mirrors
and a moving prism suspended on a pendulum to give a horizontal reference. When correctly set up
the compensator will ensure that the ray of light through the centre of the reticule is exactly
horizontal.
Design of the compensator mechanism varies with each manufacturer, so the diagram above is
intended to show the principle of the method, not a specific instrument.
Not shown in the diagram is a damping mechanism to stop the pendulum from continuing to swing
when the instrument moves. The quality of the damping mechanism is very important; too little
damping will give an unsteady image which may blur in windy conditions, but too much damping
may lead to errors if the pendulum does not respond to slight movements of the instrument.
The reticule is a glass plate with fine cross hairs engraved to provide the height reference. The eye
piece should be adjusted to bring the reticule into sharp focus. The internal focussing lens is then
controlled by the focussing screw on the side of the instrument to bring the staff image in to focus on
the reticule.
17. 17
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST AND PILE LOAD TEST:
Purpose:
This lab is performed to determine the specific gravity of soil by using a pycnometer. Specific
gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a stated temperature to the mass of the same
volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
Significance:
The specific gravity of a soil is used in the phase relationship of air, water, and solids in a given
volume of the soil.
Calculate the specific gravity of the soil solids using the following
Where:
W0 = weight of sample of oven-dry soil, g = WPS - WP
WA = weight of pycnometer filled with water
WB = weight of pycnometer filled with water and soil
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density (mass of the same
unit volume) of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a
volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance.
18. 18
PILE LOAD TEST:
Static Pile Load Testing is one of the most common methods for testing the actual in-situ capacity of
a pile. The test program involves the direct measurement of pile head displacement in response to a
physically applied load. The test pile is loaded using a calibrated hydraulic jack that applies the test
load to the pile by pushing against a beam placed directly over the test pile. The test beam is
restrained by an anchorage system consisting of reaction piles installed in the adjacent ground to
provide tension resistance (see diagram). Once in load test frame is in place and fully instrumented,
the hydraulic jack applies the test load in a series of increments according to the testing requirements
specified by the project’s engineer. Each load is held for a predetermined amount of time until either
twice the design load or pile failure is reached, whichever comes first. Pile movement is recorded
with each incremental load and the results are typically presented in a graphical format to the
structural engineer of record.
Piles can be tested for compression, tension, or lateral loads. By providing actual capacity and
deflection values, the test results can be used to confirm that the pile design load can be adequately
supported. Depending on the test pile’s performance, the results may also allow for project cost
savings by permitting an increase in the pile design load, a reduction in the overall pile length, and/or
a quantification of capacity in difficult or unknown soil conditions.
19. 19
TOTAL STATION:
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total station is an
electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope
distances from the instrument to a particular point
Coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using the total
station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points. Angles and
distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates of surveyed
points relative to the total station position are calculated using triangulation To determine an absolute
location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known point or
with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location.
Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal,
generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism
reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving
multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for
each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass corner cube prisms reflectors for the EDM
signal.
Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and
vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an external
data collector, such as a hand-held computer. When data is downloaded from a total station onto a
computer, application software can be used to compute results and generate map of the surveyed
area. The new generation of total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the
instrument right after measuring the points.
Store planning deals with ingoing and usage of all
goods used in constriction and studied in terms of indents which are of 3 types:
1) Local indent 2) cash indent 3) valuable indents (studied by oracle software)
20. 20
SAFETY TRAINING:
To remain safe and work properly in the site is the main motive for good on going work to be done.
Hence a lot of safety measures are taken while working in a site. The components of working safely
are:
Polypropylene rope/lifeline rope
Safety helmet with various designations ranging from yellow of labours to white for site
engineers.
Goggles while welding.
Safety gloves and safety boots
Safety nets.
21. 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The source of materials that helped to complete the project as some software’s used:
MS Word 2007
MS paint
Auto CAD 2007
Sites reffered:
http://www.google.com/
http://www.simplexinfrastructures.com/
http://www.nkreators.com/
http://www.wikipedia.com/
Reference books:
Concrete technology by MS Shetty
Tata mcgraw hill publications.
Pile cap pdf with pics – google search .htm
22. 22
CONCLUSION
This is one of the red lettered experiences and it forces me to believe the difference between
theoretical knowledge and realities in construction site. According to me training is the first step of
gaining the problem solving capability and I am sure that without this training I would have missed
out a lot pf interesting and instructive lessons.
A huge knowledge of pile foundation
Surveying knowledge.
Various machines used in construction.
Concept about safety rules.
Various types of quality test.
Lot of practical knowledge in terms of construction.
I trust with my strongest confidence that what I learned in my first training period will benefit me in
future as a civil engineering student as well as a professional.
In conclusion I would like to thank again Simplex Infrastructure Limited for giving me this
opportunity and I look forward to work with this company in near future.
