Bcon revised

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ ARC1523 ]
EXPERIENCING, DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

TUTOR : AR ALICE LIM LI YUEN
GROUP MEMBERS
BRYAN LUM ZI YANG 314959
HONG SANG WON 314661
JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI 315820
KEN WONG CHUN THIM 315534
KAN JIA-WEI ADRIAN 319384
KELVIN YONG CHEN YIN 316050
CHUA JIU XIN 314025

PAGE TOPIC
1 COVER AND LOGO
2 GROUP MEMBER DETAILS
3 CONTENT PAGE
4 - 5 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
6 - 12 SITE AND SAFETY
13 - 16 EXTERNAL WORK
17 - 24 FOUNDATION
25 - 34 SUPERSTRUCTURE
35 - 37 DOORS AND WINDOWS
38 - 42 ROOF
43 - 44 SUMMARY
45 - 46 REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION TO SITE
1.0
PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM

INTRODUCTION TO SITE - TEMASYA GLENMARIE - TEMASYA SINAR 2 1.0
5BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
Temasya Glenmarie is a quiet, serene and low-density neighbourhood. It is located in
the proximity of 37 km west of Kuala Lumpur and strategically located near Petaling
Jaya, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang.
There are 4 golf courses nearby, which are the Glenmarie Golf & Country Club,
Saujana Golf & Country Club, Kelab Golf Negara Subang and Kelab Golf Sultan Abdul
Aziz Shah. As for shopping malls, among the slew of malls near this housing area are
Empire Shopping Gallery and Subang Parade shopping centres, all within 5 minutes
drive away.
Temasya Sinar 2 is phase 5A of the Temasya Glenmarie development and consists of
90 units of Double Storey Superlink homes. There are four types of variations ranging
from types A to C, with minor differences in their own category. The design of the
house is of Modern Contemporary with its strong linear elements and simplicity in
form and design.
The house comes with a minimum of ﬁve bedrooms and six bathrooms. The smallest
version comes with 3,629 sq feet.

SITE AND SAFETY
2.0

2.0
7
SITE AND SAFETY
DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ( DOSH )
“ The Department of Occupational Safety and Health ( DOSH ) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down the
legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at the place of work but also the public as well.
This guideline applies to all place of work in building operation and work of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered
by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 ( Act 1954 ), the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 ( Act 139 ), and all the
regulations made there under. It is designed to serve as a handy reference and to be read together with the above mentioned
legislations and other industry codes of practice.”
( Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites, 1st Revision )
“ 11.1 The worksite should be fully barricaded by protective
hoarding so that the general public would be protected from work
in progress. The hoarding should be able to protect not only public
from danger within the site but also act as barrier or security to
prevent people from trespassing into the site/“
“20.4.1 Formwork and reshores shall be certiﬁed structurally safe by
a Professional Engineer and shall be properly braced or tied
together so as to maintain position and shape. (Reg. 28(1), Building
Operations And Works Of Engineering Construction ( Safety )
Regulations, 1986)”
“20.1.7 All scaffolds require bracing to help prevent from collapsing.
All scaffolds, including independent scaffolds, should be secured
tied, or otherwise supported”
CONCRETE FORMWORK HOARDING SCAFFOLD
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]

2.0
8
SITE AND SAFETY
SIGNBOARDS
PROJECT SIGNBOARD ELECTRIC FENCE WARNING SAFETY REMINDER
REMINDER OF PENALTY IF SAFETY
EQUIPMENT IS NOT WORN
REMINDER FOR WORKERS TO USE
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
LARGE SIGNBOARD TO REMIND
WORKERS TO PLACE SAFETY FIRST

2.0
9
SITE AND SAFETY
CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE
The construction site ofﬁce is where all the project documents are stored. For example, samples of materials used, timeline of
project and etc. Visitors have to report to the construction site ofﬁce to receive permission to enter the site.

2.1PLANTS AND MACHINERY
EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
BACKHOE-LOADER - Used for digging small trenches, general grading work, lifting loads and carrying materials
around the site.
EXCAVATOR - Used for digging bigger trenches, general grading work, leading into haul units, lifting and
demolition.

2.1
11
PLANTS AND MACHINERY
LIFTING AND VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CONCRETE MIXER
TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK
MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES
Used for lifting materials and moving them to other places.
Compared to the tower crane this is more convenient as it requires
no dismantling and reassembling
CONCRETE MIXING
TRANSPORT TRUCKS
Used for transporting and mixing
concrete to the construction site.
The liquid state is maintained by
the turning drum while
transportation. Depending on
the rotation of the drum, the
concrete is pushed deeper into
the drum or discharged out
CONCRETE MIXING
TRANSPORT TRUCKS
A small scale concrete mixer.
Since it is mixed on site instead
of transported, workers have
more time to use the concrete
before it hardens

2.1
12
PLANTS AND MACHINERY
WHEEL WASHING SYSTEM OTHER MACHINES AND PLANTS
When a vehicle leaves the construction site, the wheels will be
washed at the entrance with a water hose ( arrow ) to prevent
the dirt from damaging and spreading dirt to the road.
In other cases, some sites may use different and sometimes
more efﬁcient solutions such as implementing an automated
roller system or drive-through system that increases
performance.
BAR BENDING
MACHINE
BAR CUTTING
MACHINE
DUMP TRUCK/
TIPPER TRUCK
ROLLOUT
DUMPSTER

EXTERNAL WORK
3.0
PREPARED BY CHUA JIU XIN

3.0
14
EXTERNAL WORK
EARTHWORK
Earthwork is deﬁned as the excavation and piling of of earth, in connection with an engineering operation. It involves moving apart
parts of the earth to another location to create a desired shape.
MACHINERY
Much of the excavation is done with operated machines to reduce and ease the load of work, cost and time. Among the
equipments used include;
EQUIPMENT FUNCTION
WHEEL LOADER
SCOOP UP LOOSE MATERIALS FROM THE GROUND FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER WITHOUT PUSHING THE MATERIALS
ACROSS THE GROUND
BACK-HOES DIG UP HARD MATERIALS AND TRENCHES
SCRAPERS USED TO MOVE EARTH OVER A SHORT DISTANCE, ESSENTIALLY SMOOTHENING THE INTENDED SURFACE
EXCAVATORS DIGGING, DEMOLITION, FORESTRY WORK, GRADING, LANDSCAPING, HEAVY LIFTING AND BRUSH CUTTING
MOTOR GRADER TO GRADE THROUGH THE ROUGH GRADING CAUSE BY HEAVY VEHICLES ( CREATES A FLAT AND SMOOTH SURFACE )
ROLLERS USED TO COMPACT THE SOIL AFTER GRADING

3.1
15
SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK
CUT AND FILL THE MASS DIAGRAM
Cut and Fill is the process of constructing
railways, roads or canals, whereby the
amount of material from cuts roughly
matches the amount of ﬁll needed to make
nearby embankments, hence minimising
the amount of construction labor.
Various sections of a roadway design will
require bringing in earth. Other sections will
require earth to be removed.
The mass diagram is one method of analysing
earthmoving operations. This diagram can tell the
engineer where to use certain types of equipment, the
quantities of materials needed, and the average haul
The mass diagram has many limitations that preclude
its use in all earthmoving operations. At best, it is
merely a
guide indicating the general manner in which the
operations should be controlled.

3.1
16
SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK
SOIL TESTING
INTRODUCTION
The investigation of the geology and previous uses of any site, together with the determination of its engineering, environmental and
contamination characteristics is fundamental to both safe and economic development.
SOIL INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
1. BOREHOLES 2. IN-SITU TESTING
boreholes
Rotary Boring is boring hole using drilling ﬂuid (water or mud) pumped down a rod ﬁtted at the bottom some sort of cutting bit.
in-situ testing
In-situ testing techniques, Standard Penetration Testing, Permeability Testing and Borehole Vane Testing are carried out in the boreholes in
order to provide information for geotechnical design. Disturbed and undisturbed samples are retrieved from the boreholes for inspection and
logging by engineers and subsequent testing in our laboratories.
Standard Penetration test (SPT)
Hammer weight = 65kg
- Drop height = 760mm
- Total penetration is 450mm and the
number of blows for the last 300mm is
the SPT’ N’ value.
Care
- depth of test vs casing L
*site supervision

FOUNDATION
4.0
PREPARED BY JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI

4.1
18
FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
In Malaysia, terrace or link houses usually utilises one of 3 types of foundations.
1. PAD FOOTING
Pad footing is usually implemented when the ground has a good bearing capacity. A ground with good
bearing capacity means a ground that is hard. Usually, ground found at a hill cut are hard grounds.
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
SHALOW FOUNDATIONS ARE USUALLY
BUILT NEAR THE GROUND SURFACE.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE USED
WHEN THE SURFACE SOILS ARE STRONG
ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE BUILDING
LOAD.

4.1
19
2. RAFT FOOTING
Raft footing is a foundation that literally ﬂoats on the soil. Raft footing are used when the ground is hard and soft intermittently. Raft
footing can also be used for buildings of more then two storeys. It is also to eliminate uneven settlement.

4.1
20
3. PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation is used when the ground is soft or is a ﬁlled ground. Piling
is a form of deep foundation. It is usually used when the ground is soft or
is on ﬁlled ground. Piling is generally used to transfer load from the
unsuitable ground at the surface deep into the ground. Based on the
information gathered, Temasya Sinar 2 in Seksyen U1 Temasya Glenmarie
Project by I&P uses precast concrete pile. Precast concrete pile is one of
the most widely used piling systems in the world. It can be constructed in
two days, that is either built in a factory or on site. However, patterns in
Malaysia suggest that site construction is not widely used here.
DEEP FOUNDATION ARE USED TO
TRANSFER THE WEIGHT OF LOAD DEEP
UNDERNEATH GROUND SURFACE
BECAUE OF UNSUITABLE AND UNSTABLE
SOIL CONDITION IN THAT AREA
DEEP FOUNDATION
REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE

4.1
21
PILECAP CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
Block setting out are done by
licensed surveyors before any form
of piling works are carried out. The
surveyor determines the pile point
numbering on site.
After piling work, a pit is
excavated to install the pile
cap. Before installing the pile
cap, the cut-off level of piles
will be based on the top of
the pile cap. Timber is then
used as formwork on the
concrete of the pile cap. The
concrete for pile caps is of
grade 30.
Injection piling machine is used to drive
in the piles. Injection method is suitable
for this particular construction as the
surroundings are sensitive. Injection
method also cuts down on noise
pollution and vibrations. Due to having
existing buildings near the site, this
method works the best.

4.1
22
REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE CONSTRUCTION

23
4.1FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PILE CAP DETAILS
PILE TYPE 1 PILE TYPE 4PILE TYPE 2 PILE TYPE 3
PLAN PLAN PLAN PLAN
SECTION A-A SECTION D-DSECTION C-CSECTION B-B
AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 1
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
36
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
4
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
22
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
24

24
4.1FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PILE TYPE 5 PILE TYPE 7PILE TYPE 6
PLAN PLAN PLAN
SECTION E-E SECTION F-F SECTION G-G
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
3
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
1
FROM BLOCK B1-C1
2

SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.0
PREPARED BY BRYAN LUM ZI YANG [ 5.1 & 5.2 ] AND KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN [ 5.3 & 5.4 ]

5.1
26
BEAM AND COLUMN
BEAM AND COLUMN
BEAM
Beams and columns are structural elements that make up a building’s structure.
Beams are an element of a building that is used to withstand load. It does so by allowing the structure to
maintain it’s shape and not bend. It is commonly reinforced with rebar.
rebar
Reinforced steel that helps strengthen the concrete beams, columns and slabs. The rebar is placed inside the concrete as it is being cast.

5.1
27
BEAM AND COLUMN
CONCRETE BEAMS
For our particular site, the beams are mostly made of concrete. There are two distinct type
of concrete beams, Pre cast and In-Situ. Pre cast being beams that are pre casted off site
and brought on site to be assembled on to the structure and In-Situ being casted on site
using form work which was what was mostly used in our site.
PROCESS
1) After the rebar is set, timber formwork is constructed on top of it and scaffolding is set
up to help support the formwork and concrete.
2) After the formwork has been constructed, concrete is poured in.
3) After 14 days of setting, the formwork is removed to reveal the beam.
THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO THE FRAMEWORK WITH THE
SCAFFOLDING HELPING SUPPORT IT. THE REBAR CAN BE CLEARLY
SEEN IN THE CENTRE OF THE FORMWORK.
FORMWORK SET AND
SCAFFOLDING USED TO
HOLD UP THE FORMWORK
AND CONCRETE SO THAT IT
MAINTAINS ITS SHAPE
BEAMS ALREADY IN PLACE.

5.1
28
BEAM AND COLUMN
PROCESS ( GROUND )
Process is similar to most beams, however before being able to set
the rebar, the ground is excavated to allow the rebar and beam to
go in place.
SKETCH OF GROUND BEAM GROUND BEAMS ARE MADE THE SAME WAY. SKETCH OF GROUND BEAM BEFORE CONCRETE
IS POURED WITH THE REBAR IN THE CENTRE

5.1
29
BEAM AND COLUMN
COLUMNS
Columns are and element of a building that is used to distribute load to the foundation.
Much like beams it is usually reinforced with rebar.
CONCRETE COLUMNS
Like beams, columns can come pre-fabricated or in-situ. For our site, the columns were
mainly casted in-situ.
PROCESS
1) After the rebar is set, timber formwork is constructed around it.
2) After the formwork has been constructed, concrete is poured down the formwork.
3) After 14 days, the formwork is removed to reveal the column.

5.2
30
SLAB
SLAB
Slabs are an element of a building that is used to construct ceilings or ﬂoors. However, smaller slabs can be used for facading
exteriors.
CONCRETE SLAB
For our site, there were mostly concrete slabs used. There are two types of concrete slab,
Pre-fabricated, created off site and In-Situ, made on site. For our site, the slabs were casted
on site.
TYPES OF SLAB
1) LARGE SLABS meant for ﬂoors and ceilings
2) SMALLER SLABS meant for facade use.
PROCESS
1) Rebar is set, and formwork is constructed to hold the concrete.
2) Scaffolding is inserted to support the framework.
3) Concrete is poured and after 14 days of setting,scaffolding and formwork is removed.
SPACER BLOCK
However, before the concrete is poured spacer blocks are placed in between the rebar
and the ground to prevent corrosion.
These blocks are just piece of cut concrete into a cuboid shape.
The spacer blocks help elevate the rebar from touching the ground.
The weight of the concrete, without the spacer blocks, push the weigh on the rebar,
contorting it to the point where the rebar touches the ground which puts the rebar at risk
of corrosion.

5.3
31
WALL
WALL
DEFINITION OF A WALL
A wall, to put it in it’s simplest form, is basically row after row of bricks or other suitable
materials stacked high up to a certain point. Walls are really important in a building, as it
not only bears the load of the home, but also gives designers a chance to use walls to
separate spaces or to beautify homes. Walls come in many types, materials, reinforcement
and designs. Below, we will be focusing on the type of walls used by our site.
TYPE OF WALL ( ON SITE )
From the image above that was taken at the site, it is quite clear that the majority of the
walls that make up the building on our site is made of concrete bricks. However, if seen
from the image on the right, a wall made of traditional clay bricks is also present. The
difference between the two is that, clay brick walls are meant to be load bearing or major
stress points whilst cement brick walls have less importance when it comes to weight
distribution. This is crucial as clay bricks contain properties that make it naturally stronger,
and are thus the choice of preference to bear the enormous weight of the building.
Without the wall, the building will simply collapse.
WALL PROPERTIES
Equally important to deciding the materials and load bearing walls are the styles and
methods in which the bricks are laid to form the wall. The many ways of brick layering,
example of names such as Running, American, Stack and English, will have very different
results on how the walls perform and react to certain circumstances. For our site, Flenish
and Running forms of brick layering are most commonly used, with both proving to be
great choices in dealing with not only leads, but also the climate and conditions on a hot
and humid country such as Malaysia.

5.3
32
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The process of making a wall begins with the intention of either making ( in the case of our site ) a normal wall or a special load
bearing wall. Calculations are made, then layering styles are chosen that best fit the criteria. After that, the layering process begins.
Cement thickness and concrete fills and all minute details are calculated out and determined and executed. This is to ensure no
excess or unaccounted for measurements to the buildings , or extra lengths are not added without notice. Reinforcement ( if
needed ) such as steel bars and stirrups will be added in at this point, generally in between bricks in cement fills. Finally when the
bricks are layered to completion, the wall is ready for the next step of the construction process.
WALL

5.4
33
STAIRS
STAIRS
DEFINITION OF STAIRS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Stairs, as one would know by now, function solely to prove access to another area of a
building or home, most likely to an upper or lower ﬂoor. In some cases, the stairs is used
as a focal point in architecture to show magniﬁcence. This is seen mostly in classic
mansions dating back to hundreds of years. For our site however, stairs is like how it is for
most of the world, just a accessibility port and nothing much else.
Much like the slabs and beams of the building, the stairs from the building of our site use
the same materials and construction process as its counterparts. As usual, timber formwork
is placed after rebar reinforcement is placed, forming essentially a mold. Concrete is then
poured in, and the concrete is left for weeks on end to dry and harden. In the end, a new,
strongly reinforced staircase appears from the timber formwork.
STAIRS PROPERTIES
It is worth noting, the extensive and meticulous thoughts and works that go towards making a staircase. After being designed and placed by the architect, the engineer then has to ensure
easy-to-not-notice-by-the-public things such as ensure the gradient is correct, that the steps and dimensions are all in accordance to regulations and proportions, and also that the stairs is
able to support itself let alone with usage.

5.4
34
STAIRS

DOORS AND WINDOWS
6.0
PREPARED BY KELVIN YONG CHEN YIN

6.0
36
DOORS
Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces which provides
access from outside to inside or vice versa. There are a variety of types and styles of
doors that are followed by different functions. For the installation, there will be criteria
that needs to be considered, such as size, strength, durability, appearance, weather
proofing, material, finishing and head of opening.
1) Rough: The opening of the wall to fitting the
doorframe.
2) Head: The uppermost member of doorframe.
3) Jambs: Preventing the ingress of moisture from outer
leaf to inner leaf
4) Stop: Projecting part of doorframe against which a
door closes.
5) Casing: The trim that finishes the joint between the
doorframe ad its rough opening.
6) Threshold: The sill of the doorway to prevent weather
issues at an exterior door
7) Door Hardware: Adequate lock for security, which
includes the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets
and closers.
1. Before hand, the contractor needs to measure the distance between one door to another door. Stand the aluminium door frame
and use timber to support the doorway before the wall was built.
2. The next step is installing the wall by stacking bricks and there will door cramps between one level of bricks stacking that used to tie
the internal and external wall to door leaf. On the top of the doorframe are lintels to support the weight of the bricks. The lintel that
was used is of concrete material.
3. Next is the installation of the door leaf to the door frame. The opening of the door frame was ensured to be enough for the jamb to
slip over. The standard size of the door openings are 24-36”. For sliding doors, bottom tracks are installed.
4. The jamb is nailed to the doorframe. Next, the headers of the doorframe are done. For sliding doors, levelising is done and
installation is done using punch holes and brush gaskets. The hinge is installed to the jamb. Hinges normally come in steel, brass
nylon and aluminium.
5. Lastly, the lockset and other hardwares are installed on the door.
DEFINITION OF DOOR
DOOR CONSTRUCTION METHOD ( ON SITE )
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF DOOR

6.0WINDOWS
DEFINITION OF WINDOW
Windows are the other openings in a building after the door. Windows need to be
aesthetically acceptable by the design and environment. Installation of windows need
to follow the minimum requirement to ensure function. Windows are designed with
such requirement to resist wind loading, providing the natural lighting, ventilation,
type and size of glazing and the vision contact from inside to outside.
TYPES OF WINDOW FOUND ( ON SITE )
FIXED JALOUSIE PIVOTING
SLIDING
WINDOW CONSTRUCTION METHOD ( ON SITE )
1. Bricks are stacked to form a half wall, which is then placed on by a frame.Lintel was used to hold the pressure of the bricks and to
prevent it from collapsing. The lintel used is of concrete material. Timber is used in the middle to support the entire frame and to
ensure that it is stable.
2. The aluminium sub-frame is installed by using anchor bolt heads and joints which are installed to the external wall. A layer of
ﬂashing tape or sealant is applied to make sure it attaches to the wall and also to prevent water or any external harm to enter when
raining. The aluminium is wrapped by the vinyl.
3. Checks of the sub frame are done before combining the sub frame to the window frame. Plastering is done next.
4. The window is then installed to the sub frame.
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF WINDOW
1) Head: The uppermost member of door frame.
2) Jamb: Either two side members of door frame.
3) Exterior Casing: Not always used.
4) Rough Opening: Spaced required at the top,sides,
and bottom for levelling window unit.
5) Casing Trim: Finishing trim work around window
opening.
6) Sash: Movable framework which planes of glass are
set.
7) Glazing: Sheet of glass set in the sashes of window
and offer little resistance to heat ﬂow.
8) Sills: Collects the rainwater which has run down the

ROOF
7.0
PREPARED BY HONG SANG WON

7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ROOF
DEFINITION OF ROOF
To define a roof it is said to be a covering the top of a house or a building of its exterior
surface. It is constructed in a variety of forms and shapes such as vaulted, domed, pitched
or flat. The images below are some of the roof types commonly used for commercial or
residential buildings.
FUNCTION OF ROOF
The most basic function of a roof is the human protection. The protection against from the
physical attributes such as rain, snow, sunlight, wind, animals, and extreme temperatures
and of course the climate changes by providing a shelter of a house or a building.
Furthermore, without a roof most of the things inside the structure like furniture,
appliances, carpets, artwork and clothing would definitely be vulnerable and would be all
ruined due to these unpleasant physical attributes mentioned above.
TYPE OF ROOF ( ON SITE )
Gable Roof: It is a roof that has two sides sloping upwards where each other
meets at the top or the ridge of the roof. It is quite versatile and it is possible to
combine more than one gable in the roof itself and this is what it is called the
cross gable roof. Other than that, as more gables added to the roof the more
expensive it becomes to build the roof.
TERMINOLOGY OF ROOF ( ON SITE )
Gable: It is a form of triangular shaped wall which it is formed by having a gable or sloping roof
on top of the building.
Ridge: It is a straight horizontal part on the roof where each end of two sloping roof area meet
together to form a roof.
Rafter: A rafter is an inclined beam sloping from the ridge of the roof which it supports and to
cover the roof of the building.
Eave: The edge of the roof is call the Eave and it is projected more on the side of the building.
Verge: it is an edge where the gable of the roof is projected beyond the building.

TRUSS
DEFINITION OF TRUSS
Trusses can be in timber or a steel structure to form a one or series of triangle in a single
plane as a method to carry and support the heavy load of the roof. It is very useful and
widely used in constructing the bridge and the roof. There are three very well-known types
of trusses which are Howe Truss named after the American Engineer William Howe, Pratt
Truss named after the American Engineer Thomas Pratt and Warren Truss named after the
British Engineer James Warren.
FUNCTION OF TRUSS
The function of the truss is mainly to carry and support the weight of the roof deck and for
the finishing material to cover the roof of the building. The weight of the roof depends on
the type of materials used to cover the roof of the building such as using clay or a roof tiles
will give heavier weight than using asphalt shingles or rolled roofing which it weights
lesser than the material mentioned earlier. The chord on the truss supports the roof while
the webs on the truss brace and stabilise the chords to help distribute the load across the
entire truss to the bearing walls on either side.
TYPE OF TRUSS ( ON SITE )
Howe Truss (Gable): Howe truss is a truss that has a upper and lower horizontal
members between the vertical and diagonal members. The webs between the
chords will take a tension and the diagonal members will be under
compression.
TERMINOLOGY OF TRUSS ( ON SITE )
Web: It is a aluminium structure where it joins from the bottom chord to the top chord as a
support of the truss.
Roofing: A roof where it covers the truss sitting on top of the top chord.
Top Chord: A steel made inclined chord which it forms a shape of a specific truss.
Bottom Chord: A steel made horizontal chord which it supports and connects the top chord
and to carry the webs between the chords.

7.1
41
ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
TRUSS COMPRESSION AND TENSION
From the drawing above shows the compression and tension of the roof truss by the
weight of the loads. The strength of the roof truss is from the shape of the triangle that
comprises the truss itself. As shown in the drawing, the top chords are in its state of
compression as it pushes out from the heel and down at the peak. In the other hand, the
bottom chords are in its state of tension to support the outward thrust. The sub triangles
that were formed by the webs provide the ﬁrmness and strength of the overall structure.
C SHAPED GALVANISED STEEL
This is the sectional cut of the C-Shaped
Galvanised Steel which is used as material
for manufacturing the steel roof trusses.
MANUFACTURING STEEL ROOF TRUSS
STEP ONE
STEP TWO
STEP THREE
STEP FOUR
The galvanised steels are made in C-Shape
and they are cut into its speciﬁc lengths and
sizes. After that, they are stacked together
ready to be assembled.
The individual parts of the trusses are now
ready to be assembled and it is place in the jig.
The individual parts and the webs of the
trusses are screwed together by the
manufacturer.
The roof trusses that are ready to be delivered
are loaded on the truck directly from the
assembly station and are now ready to be used
to build the roof.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ( ON SITE )
- To build the roof on a building, first thing to
do is to make a roof beam above the below
level (1st
floor) from our site building.
- The beam is made out of reinforced concrete
and the workers make the beams by doing a
formwork using a wooden timber plate to
form a shape of the beam as shown in the
picture above.
- After that the slab is built to support the roof
and to form a ceiling inside the building.
- After constructing all the reinforced concrete
beams and slabs, it is time to install the roof
trusses to form a triangular shape of a roof
and to support and carry the heavy load of
the material used on the roof.
- The trusses used in this construction site are
the gable Howe truss structure made out of a
steel/metal.
- There are few layers to consider for insulation
to make a fully completed roof. The image
below shows the layers of the roof.
-‐ Last but not least, after installing all the
trusses and the layers the last thing to do is to
install the tiles.
- The tiles in this construction site are used
Monier clay roof tiles.
- Monier clay roof tiles are widely used in
Malaysia for finishing the roof usually on the
residential houses.

SUMMARY
8.0

8.0
44
SUMMARY
With the completion of this project, we were able to analyse many elements of the
construction industry. We have deepened our knowledge of construction methods,
processes involved for each element, detail, construction terminologies,
application of materials, safety and hazards and machineries used.
We like to extend our gratitude to developers I&P for allowing us to visit the site.
The construction site staff were patients and kind in guiding us along the way of
ﬁnishing our report. The staff explained various elements of the construction site
and were able to answer all of our questions.
We were able to learn thing that can’t be learnt from being conﬁned in the walls of
the classroom. There are things that can only be learnt from experience. This
project ha given us the knowledge we need for our future designs. We can apple
and demonstrate the knowledge we have attained in our design studio projects as
well.
SUMMARY

REFERENCES
9.0
PREPARED BY ALL MEMBERS

9.0
46
REFERENCES
Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Example: Pile cap design. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/02/example-pile-cap-design.html
Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Pile Caps. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/02/pile-caps.html
Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Pile Foundations - Uses. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/12/pile-foundations-uses.html
Abuildersengineer.com,. (2015). Pile Groups. | Builder's Engineer. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/02/pile-groups.html
Air Compressor. (2015). Retrieved from http://hupshenghware.com/images/Swan%20SVP-202E.png
Backhoe Loader Attachments. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.spartanequipment.com/product_images/uploaded_images/Loader_Backhoe_Attachments.jpg
Backhoe loader diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://i1250.photobucket.com/albums/hh529/buctuong_lua16/BACKHOELOADERH930CH940C_2.jpg
Concrete Mixing Transport Truck Diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.engineeringintro.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Parts-Of-Transit-Mixer.jpg
Earthquake Proof,. (2015). Raft Foundation. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://earthquakeproof.weebly.com/raft-foundation.html
Environment.uwe.ac.uk,. (2015). Foundations. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.htm
Excavator diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://i1250.photobucket.com/albums/hh529/buctuong_lua16/WHEELEDEXCAVATORR210W-9S_1.jpg
Greeno, R., & Chudley, R. (2015). Building Construction Handbook (7th ed., p. 229). Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
http://www.toitoi.com.my/wp-content/gallery/basic-line-restroom/Picture-004.jpg. (2015). Retrieved from http://Basic Line Cabin
Hydraulic Static Pile Driver. (2015). Retrieved from http://pilingequipment.en.ecplaza.net/3.jpg
Madabouthomes.my,. (2015). MAD ABOUT HOMES. Retrieved 24 May 2015, from http://www.madabouthomes.my/properties.php?pid=63
MobyDick Quick 667. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.frutiger.pl/db/oferta/e3812e53aa781f649e34a0f8ed339c85.jpg
My PE site work Industrial Training,. (2009). Pile Cap. Retrieved 27 May 2015, from https://pe2sitework.wordpress.com/pile-cap/
Operation of concrete mixing truck. (2015). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_of_a_truck_mixer.gif
Pile cap. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.bhsplasticply.com.my/lz_images/pilecap/136.JPG
Ride-on Power Trowel. (2015). Retrieved from http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00QvbTYfjqOocH/Ride-Power-Trowel-RP836-836B-.jpg
Roller Mobydick Duo. (2015). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frutiger_MD_Duo.jpg/800px-Frutiger_MD_Duo.jpg?1432658613579
Telescopic Boom Mobile Crane diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.harrisoncrane.com/images/parts_hydro.gif
Tower Crane. (2015). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Tower_crane.jpg
Tower Crane Diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://img193.imageshack.us/img193/2326/anatomypecco14007kt.jpg
Volumetric Concrete Mixer diagram. (2015). Retrieved from http://helixindustrial.com/images/truck.jpg
Walk-behind Power Trowel. (2015). Retrieved from https://i0.wp.com/image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00VCFELIjMbfgq/Power-Trowel-CPT-436-CPT-446-.jpg
Wikipedia,. (2015). Grading (engineering). Retrieved 23 May 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_%28engineering%29

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