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2. TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPIC PAGE
01 INTRODUCTION (LOON JING WEI / 0322074)
02 SITE AND SAFETY (MUHD MIRZA QAYYUM / 0324031)
03 PRELIMINARIES WORK (CHUNG HOW CYONG / 0324152)
04 FOUNDATION (YONG AI YI / 0321977)
05 SUPERSTRUCTURE
5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN (CHONG HAO FOONG / 0322343)
5.2 SLAB (CHONG HAO FOONG / 0322343)
5.3 WALL (QUAH KENG YEW / 0322893)
5.4 STAIRCASE (QUAH KENG YEW / 0322893)
06 DOORS AND WINDOWS (CHONG YI HUI / 0324404)
07 ROOF (NGU XIAN LE / 0323898)
08 SUMMARY (LOON JING WEI / 0322074)

3.
THIS IS A GROUP PROJECT WHERE OUR TASK IS TO DECIDE AN
ONGOING CONSTRUCTION SITE WHICH INCLUDES WHAT WE HAD
LEARNED IN THE SYLLABUS. WE HAD SELECTED A SITE, WHICH IS
LOCATED IN BANDAR SUNGAI LONG, CHERAS UNDER PROJECT NAME AS
D'ALTOS.
DEVELOPER: WIRA CHERAS DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD
TOTAL LAND DEVELOPMENT: 31.5 ACRES
TENURE: FREEHOLD
TYPE: 3 / 4 STOREY SEMI-­‐D HOME WITH LIFT FACILITIES
NUMBER OF UNITS (PHASE 1): 37 UNITS
LAND AREA FROM 42'X80 TO 42'X90'
BUILD UP SIZE: 5,573 SQ FT TO 10,339 SQ FT
WE WERE REQUIRED IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TYPE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
AND ITS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS, DETAILS AND MATERIALS. IN
ADDITION, WE WERE TO STUDY AND RECORD CONSTRUCTION OF
DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE. OUR GROUP
CONSISTS OF 8 MEMBERS WHERE EACH OF THEM ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND ITS ELEMENTS.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
D'ALTOS SEMI-­‐D IN CHERAS IS HERE TO CELEBRATE EACH STAGE OF LIFE. THEY HAVE
CREATED A SELF-­‐FULFILLED COMMUNITY WHERE BOTH THE YOUNGER AND OLDER
GENERATIONS WILL EACH FIND THEIR NICHE.
IT IS TRULY A DIFFERENT WORLD HERE -­‐ A PLACE THAT TRANSFORMS NATURE INTO
SANCTUARY, BLUEPRINTS INTO HOMES.
SITE MAP
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE

4. TYPE RB-­‐A
3-­‐STOREY SEMI VILLA
TYPE RB-­‐B
4-­‐STOREY SEMI VILLA
FLOOR PLAN FLOOR PLAN

5. TYPE RB-­‐C
3 -­‐ STOREY SEMI-­‐VILLA
TYPE RB-­‐D
4 -­‐ STOREY SEMI-­‐VILLA
FLOOR PLAN FLOOR PLAN

6. TYPE RB-­‐E
4 STOREY SEMI-­‐VILLA
FLOOR PLAN
AREAL VIEW

7. 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
2.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
• SAFETY GLASSES SHOULD BE WORN AT ALL TIMES DURING
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS TO PREVENT FOREIGN OBJECTS
FROM GETTING INTO THE EYE.
• THE SELECTION OF SAFETY GLASSES ARE BASED ON THE
ANTICIPATED HAZARD
• FACE-­‐SHIELDS PROTECTS THE FACE TO PREVENT ANY SPARKS
DURING THE HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT WHEN CUTTING
OBJECTS
• DUST MASK PROTECTS OUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FROM BEING
INTERRUPTED BY DUSTS DURING WORKING HOURS AT THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE
FIG 2.1A : CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY GOGGLES
FOOT PROTECTION
• WORKERS AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE SHOULD ALWAYS WEAR
BOOTS WITH SLIP RESISTANT SOLES
• SAFETY TOED FOOTWEAR ARE ALSO WORN TO PREVENT
CRUSHED TOES WHEN HANDLING HEAVY EQUIPMENT
HAND PROTECTION
• GLOVES SHOULD BE WORN AND SHOULD FIT SNUGLY AND
COMFORTABLE FOR THE WORKER
HEAD PROTECTION
• WORKERS SHOULD WEAR HARD HATS IN CASE HEAD INJURY
BECOMES A HIGH RISK. HELMETS ARE ALSO TO BE INSPECTED TO
IDENTIFY DEFECTS SHOULD THERE BE ANY HARNESSING
• MUST BE USED DURING OPERATIONS AT HIGH-­‐LEVELS. IT IS
BECAUSE THE HARNESS HAS A TIE-­‐OFF POINT TO PREVENT THE
USER FROM FALLING GREAT HEIGHTS
FIG 2.1B : BOOTS
HARNESS IS USED DURING
HIGH-­‐LEVEL OPERATIONS
FIG 2.1C : HELMET
2.2 SITE SAFETY OBJECTS
FIRST AIDS
IT IS IDEAL TO PREPARE A FIRST AID KIT IN THE EVENT A MINOR INJURY GOT INFLICTED
ON THE WORKERS
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A MUST HAVE TOOL AS A SAFETY PRECAUTION IN CASE A FIRE RELATED INCIDENT
OCCURRED
FIG 2.2A : A SIGN FOUND AT THE SIGHT THAT
EMPHASISES THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY
FOR EVERYONE WHO VISITS THE SITE
SIGN BOARDS
IT IS MAINLY USED TO NOTIFY AND WARN SURROUNDING VISITORS AND WORKERS
OF THE VARIOUS HAZARDS ON THE SITE. THERE IS ALSO A SIGN WHICH PROVIDES
THE DETAILS OF THE SAID PROJECT FOR LEGAL PURPOSES.
FIG 2.2B : A SIGN WHICH CONTAINS THE DETAILS OF
THE PROJECT

8.
2.5 MACHINERY 2.3 STRUCTURES DURING CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION MEETING PLACE
-­‐ THERE IS A TEMPORARY MEETING PLACE
THAT FUNCTIONS AS A DISCUSSION ROOM
BETWEEN THE COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF
CONSTRUCTION AND THE CONSTRUCTION
WORKERS IF ANY PROBLEMS ARE
ENCOUNTERED. THIS STRUCTURE LASTS
UNTIL THE COMPLETION OF A PARTICULAR
PROJECT.
2.4 WORK AREAS AT ELEVATED LEVELS
• SIGNS ARE POSTED TO SHOW THE LOAD CAPACITY OF THESE
ELEVATED SURFACES
• MATERIALS ARE PILED IN A WAY THAT PREVENTS IT FROM
COLLAPSING
SCAFFOLDING
-­‐ SCAFFOLDS ALLOWS THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS TO REACH THE HIGHER WORKING
AREAS PROPERLY AND IN A SAFE MANNER
-­‐ SCAFFOLDS ARE SET ON SOUND FOOTING
-­‐ THE DAMAGED PARTS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH OF THE SCAFFOLD ARE TAKEN OUT
OF SERVICE
-­‐ ALL SCAFFOLDS ARE FULLY PLANKED AND SHOULD BE STABLE
FIG 2.4A : SCAFFOLDING FROM A DISTANCE AND A CLOSE VIEW OF THE SCAFFOLDINGS
EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENTS UNDER THIS CATEGORY ARE USUALLY HEAVY-­‐DUTY MACHINES THAT ARE
SPECIFICALLY USED IN DIGGING EXCAVATIONS AND ALSO IN TRENCHING OPERATIONS.
EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS NORMALLY COMPRISES OF 5 EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS WHICH ARE
IMPLEMENT, TRACTION,STRUCTURE, POWER TRAIN, CONTROL AND INFORMATION. SOME
OF THESE EQUIPMENTS UTILISE HYDRAULIC DRIVES AS THEIR PRIMARY SOURCE OF
MOVEMENT.
EXCAVATOR
• USED FOR
EXCAVATION
BULLDOZER
• PUSH LARGE QUANTITIES OF SOIL, SAND OR
OTHER SIMILAR MATERIALS DURING
CONSTRUCTION OR CONVERSION WORK.
FORKLIFT
• A FORKLIFT IS AN INDUSTRIAL TRUCK WHICH
FUNCTION IS TO LIFT AND MOVE MATERIALS TO
SHORT DISTANCES.
BACKHOE LOADER
• USED FOR SMALL
DEMOLITIONS, LIGHT
TRANSPORTATION OF
BUILDING MATERIALS,
EXCAVATION AS WELL
AS PAVING ROADS.

9.
2.5 MACHINERY
MOBILE CRANE (CRAWLER CRANE)
• THEIR MAIN ADVANTAGE OVER OTHER TYPES OF
CRANES IS THAT THEY CAN MOVE AROUND AND
PERFORM EACH LIFT WITH LITTLE SET UP.
HYDRAULIC PILE DRIVER
• A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED TO DRIVE PILES
INTO THE SOIL TO PROVIDE FOUNDATION
SUPPORT FOR THE BUILDING
CONCRETE MIXING TRANSPORT
• FUNCTIONS TO HOMOGENEOUSLY COMBINE
CEMENT, AGGREGATES SUCH AS SAND AND
ALSO WATER TO FORM CONCRETE.

13. 4.0 FOUNDATION
4.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION ON SITE
CONSTRUCTION FOUNDATION IS THE ELEMENT OF AN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE
WHICH CONNECTS IT TO THE GROUND, AND TRANSFERS LOADS FROM THE STRUCTURE
TO THE GROUND WITHOUT ANY UNACCEPTABLE MOVEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION
PERIOD AND ENTIRE LIFE OF BUILDING ITSELF.
FOUNDATIONS ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED EITHER SHALLOW OR DEEP. THE
FOUNDATION TYPE THAT THE SITE IS USING IS DEEP FOUNDATION WHICH IS PILING.
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF PILING WHICH IS END BEARING AND FRICTION PILES. ON THE SITE,
THEY USE FRICTIONAL PILES FOR THE STRUCTURE BECAUSE IT PROVIDES A STABLE
FOUNDATION FOR THE BUILDING. OTHER THAN THAT, THE REASONS OF USING
FRICTIONAL PILES FOR THE STRUCTURE IS DUE TO THE SOFT SOIL CONDITION AND THE
HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING.
4.2 DETERMINING THE FOUNDATION TYPE BASED ON :
1. SOIL CONDITION
ON THE SITE, THE LAND IS NOT FLAT BUT WITH A STEEP SLOPE. SO THEY DECIDED TO
CUT AND FILL THE LAND TO PROVIDE A FLAT SURFACE FOR EACH BUILDING. DUE TO THIS
CHANGES, THE SOIL CONDITION WILL CONSOLIDATE OVERTIME CAUSING THE
STRUCTURE ABOVE CANNOT BE PROPERLY SUPPORTED. SO, THE PROBABILITY OF USING
PILING FOUNDATION IS HIGHER BECAUSE IT HAS A STRONGER SUPPORT TO STRUCTURE
COMPARE TO SHALLOW FOUNDATION.
GROUND SLOPE

14.
2. TIME FACTOR
TIME TAKEN FOR PILING FOUNDATION IS LONGER THAN SHALLOW FOUNDATION. FROM
THE SITE, TIME TAKEN FOR FINISHING PILE FOUNDATION IS 3 MONTHS.
4.2 DETERMINING THE FOUNDATION TYPE BASED ON :
3. STRUCTURAL LOADING
THE LOAD OF A STRUCTURE WILL AFFECT THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION. FOR THIS SITE,
MOST OF THE BUILDINGS WERE BUILT IN SEMI-­‐D 4-­‐STOREY AND SEMI-­‐D 3 STOREY
HOUSE. MOSTLY PILING FOUNDATION WAS USED FOR BUILDING THAT MORE THAN 3
LEVELS DUE TO ITS HEAVY LOAD OF THE BUILDING.
4.3 DRIVEN PILES
A RELATIVELY LONG COLUMN PILE THAT INSTALLED INTO THE GROUND BY IMPACT
HAMMERING INTO THE EARTH, WHICH CAN PROVIDE RESIST FORCE. ON THE SITE, THE
PILES ARE HAMMERED BY PILE DRIVER AS THE PICTURE SHOWN BELOW. DURING
INSTALLATION, THE PILES CAN BE PHYSICALLY PRIOR BECAUSE IT HAS STANDARD SHAPE
AND SIZE. BEFORE INSTALLATION OF PILES, ENGINEER AND SURVEYOR HAVE TO DONE
SEVERAL INSPECTION IN ORDER TO AVOID PROBLEMS ARISE IN THE FUTURE.

15.
4.4 TYPE OF PILES AND PILE CAP ON SITE
ON THE SITE, “2 PILE CAP” WAS USED WITH THE COMBINATION OF 2 PILES UNDER THE
PILE CAP. BUT SOME OF THE AREA USED “1 PILE CAPS”. IF THE PILES WERE FAILED TO
WITHSTAND A SPECIFIC LOAD, THEY WILL ADD ANOTHER PILE SO THE PILE CAP HOLE ARE
DIFFERENT.
REINFORCE CONCRETE PILES (SQUARE SHAPE)
LENGTH: 17M
SIZE: 300MMX300MM
PILE
PILE CAP
4.5 INSTALLATION OF PILES
STEP 1
INVESTIGATION WORKS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE THE SOIL CONDITION,
DEPTH OF THE GROUND, BEARING CAPACITY OF WORKS, SOIL TYPE AND ANY EXISTING
WORKING THAT MAY CLASH WITH PILE LOCATIONS. THE ENGINEER DETERMINES THE PILE
POINT NUMBERING ON SITE. USUALLY EACH BOTTOM CORNER OF THE STRUCTURE WILL
HAVE PILES UNDER IT TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE EVENLY.
STEP 2
TOPSOIL WAS REMOVED DUE TO THE ORGANIC MATTER WHICH MAKES IT UNSUITABLE
TO BE LOAD BEARING SOIL. THE SOIL WAS MARKED AND CONCRETE PILES ARE DRIVEN BY
DIESEL PILE DRIVER ACCORDING TO THE GROUND PLAN.
FIG 4.5A : EXCAVATOR
REMOVE TOP SOIL
FIG 4.5B : DIESEL PILE
DRIVE
STEP 3
THE PILES WERE MARKED BEFORE THE PILES ARE DRIVEN
INTO THE GROUND WITH A DEPTH OF 12M. (IF THERE
ARE UNEVEN HEIGHT OF THE PILES, IT WILL CUT INTO
SAME LEVEL)
STEP 4
THE SURROUNDING SOIL OF THE PILE CLUSTER IS
EXCAVATED BY APPROXIMATELY 350MM DEPTH FOR PILE
CAP INSTALLATION.

16.
4.5 INSTALLATION OF PILES
STEP 5
THE MARKINGS ON THE PILE WAS MARKED FOR THE INSTALLATION OF PILE CAP. THIS IS
TO ENSURE THE DEPTH OF THE PILE CAP ARE CORRECTLY INSTALLED.
STEP 6
THEN, REBAR WAS INSTALLED THE
SHAPE OF THE REBAR WAS SUSTAINED
BY USING METAL WIRE. IT WAS
INSTALLED FOR CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT PURPOSE.
STEP 7
ONCE THE REBAR IS SET, INSTALLATION
OF TIMBER FRAMEWORK AROUND THE
REBAR HAS TO BE DONE. THIS IS TO
AVOID SAGGING AND FRACTURE WHILE
SETTING THE MIXTURE OF THE PILE
CAP. THE FRAMEWORK WAS INSTALLED
TO SUPPORT THE MIXTURE.
STEP 8
AFTER THE FRAMEWORK HAS INSTALLED, CONCRETE MIXTURE WILL POUR INTO THE
FRAMEWORK. STIRRING OF MIXTURE HAS TO BE DONE TO REMOVE AIR POCKETS BEFORE
THE MIXTURE WAS COMPLETELY HARDEN THIS IS TO AVOID THE AIR POCKETS WEAKEN
THE CONCRETE.
FRAMEWORK THEN REMOVED AFTER THE CONCRETE WAS SET
FIG 4.5C : STIRRING
STEP 9
TO ENSURE THE PILES CAN SUPPORT THE SPECIFIC LOAD,
THE ENGINEER WILL CONDUCT A LOAD TEST. BLOCKS
CONCRETE IS STACKED UP ABOVE THE PILES. A GAUGES
READING IS USED TO TAKE THE READING. (IF THE PILE FAIL
TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED LOAD ADDITIONAL PILES WILL
BE DRIVEN BESIDES IT TO CARRY THE WEIGHT).
STEP 10
10. TRENCHES ARE DUG AND LEAN CONCRETE IS POURED
TO FORM A LAYER ON THE GROUND. REINFORCED STEEL
BARS ARE PLACED IN IT
FIG 4.5D : STEP 9
STEP 11
11. CONCRETE IS POURED TO FORM THE GROUND BEAMS
AND CONCRETE STABS AND STEEL MESH ARE PLACED IN
BETWEEN THE SLABS. ONCE THE FOUNDATION IS DONE,
COLUMNS AND WALLS CAN BE CREATED.

17. 5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
SUPERSTRUCTURE IS THE BUILDING PARTS LOCATED ABOVE THE GROUND LEVEL. IT IS
THE PART WHERE THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING START TO RISE UP WHETHER IT SERVES
AS STRUCTURE, ENCLOSURE, OPENINGS AND FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE.
5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS
BEAM
A BEAM IS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT THAT IS
CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING LOAD PRIMARILY
BY RESISTING BENDING. BEAMS ARE TYPICALLY
MADE OF STEEL, REINFORCED CONCRETE,
WOOD, COMPOSITES, OR CASED FLUIDS.
FUNCTION
-­‐ CARRY VERTICAL GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
GENERALLY
-­‐ DISTRIBUTE THE FORCES ALONG THE SLAB,
WHICH ARE THEN DISPERSED INTO THE
COLUMNS.
FIG 5.1A : ON SITE BEAM
FIG 5.1B : CROSS SECTION OF COLUMN
AND BEAM
COLUMN
THESE ARE THE VERTICAL LOAD BEARING MEMBERS
OF THE STRUCTURAL FRAME WHICH TRANSMITS THE
BEAM LOADS DOWN TO THE FOUNDATIONS. THEY ARE
USUALLY CONSTRUCTED IN STOREY HEIGHTS AND
THEREFORE THE REINFORCEMENT MUST BE LAPPED
TO PROVIDE STRUCTURAL CONTINUITY.
FUNCTION
-­‐ VERTICAL SUPPORT
-­‐ TAKING THE LOAD OF BEAM SLAB
-­‐ TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH
INDEPENDENTLY
-­‐ CONSTRUCTED WITH THE HELP OF STEEL BARS
AND CEMENT CONCRETE
FIG 5.1C : ON SITE COLUMN

18. 5.1.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS REINFORCEMENT
TO FORM COLUMN OR BEAM, FIRST YOU MUST INSTALL THE METAL ROD FIRST. THEN
YOU BUILD THE FORMWORK AND CONTINUE WITH THE CEMENT POURING.
THE CONCRETE USED IS MADE FROM CEMENT, WATER AND AGGREGATE. CONCRETE HAS
HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AS THE AGGREGATE EFFICIENTLY CARRIES THE
COMPRESSION LOAD. HOWEVER, IT IS WEAK INTENSION AS THE CEMENT HOLDING THE
AGGREGATE CAN CRACK ALLOWING THE STRUCTURE TO FAIL.
THIS IS WHERE REINFORCEMENT COMES IN. IT WAS EXPLAINED THAT CONCRETE HAS
LOW TENSILE STRENGTH, THUS IT NEEDS TO BE REINFORCED WITH STEEL IN ORDER TO
RESISTS ITS TENSILE STRESSES.
A REBAR (SHORT FOR REINFORCING BAR) , ALSO KNOWN AS REINFORCING STEEL, IS
A COMMON STEEL BAR AND IS COMMONLY USED AS A TENSIONING DEVICE IN
REINFORCED CONCRETE AND REINFORCED MASONRY STRUCTURES HOLDING THE
CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION. IT IS USUALLY IN THE FORM OF CARBON STEEL BARS
OR WIRES.
COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
WORKER ON SITE PUTTING
BINDERS ON THE MAIN BARS
BEAM REINFORCEMENT

19. 5.1.2 BEAMS AND COLUMNS FORMWORK
FORMWORK IS TO EITHER TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT MOULDS INTO WHICH CONCRETE
OR SIMILAR MATERIALS ARE POURED. IN THE CONTEXT OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION,
THE FALSEWORK SUPPORTS THE SHUTTERING MOULDS.
STEPS TO LAY FORMWORK:
-­‐ SET A STRING LINE 1 INCH IN FROM THE OUTSIDE EDGE OF CONCRETE ON FORM
LINE.
-­‐ DIG OUT FORM TRENCH IF NECESSARY
-­‐ START AT ONE CORNER AND LAY FORMWORK INTO THE HOLE, LAY IN ALL THE
REGULAR FORMS
-­‐ BEGIN TO STAND AND CONNECT THE FORMWORK
-­‐ SET ALL REGULAR FORMS. STAKE THEM VERTICALLY WITH REBAR STAKES AND BRACE
THEM EVERY 6 FEET USING A 2 BY 4 KICKER BOARD
-­‐ FIT ALL SPECIAL FORMS
ON SITE COLUMN
FORMWORK USED TO CONSTRUCT THE
BEAM BEING SUPPORTED BY
SCAFFOLDING
SETTING OF TIMBER CAST FOR COLUMNS
*USING PLYWOOD CAST INSTEAD OF METAL
CAST FOR FORMWORK RESULTS IN MORE
WASTE AS IT CAN ONLY BE-­‐USE THREE TIMES
AT MOST. HOWEVER IT ALLOWS FOR
CUSTOMISATION OF FORMWORK COMPARED
TO METAL CASTS THAT ARE ONLY SUITABLE
FOR STANDARDISED FORMWORK DUE TO THE
HIGH COST PRODUCTION.
STEPS TO REMOVE FORMWORK:
-­‐ ALLOW THE CONCRETE TO DRY BEFORE REMOVING THE FORMS.
-­‐ REMOVE FORMS STARTING AT THE TOP OF SLOPING SLABS.
-­‐ REMOVE THE STAKES FROM THE GROUND THAT SUPPORT THE FORMS WITH A STAKE
PULLER TO AVOID DAMAGING THE STAKES OR THE FORMS.
-­‐ PULL THE FORMS AWAY FROM THE SIDES OF THE CONCRETE SLAB
-­‐ REMOVE FORMS ON ALTERNATING SIDES OF THE SLAB TO MAINTAIN THE STRUCTURAL
BALANCE.
THE COLUMNS’ TIMBER CASTS WERE STRUCK AFTER A
WEEK. HOWEVER FOR BEAMS, ONLY THE SIDES OF THE
TIMBER CASTS WERE STRUCK WITHIN A WEEK WHILE THE
SOFFITS AND PROPS WOULD BE STRUCK IN ABOUT A
MONTH AFTER CONCRETE CASTING.
SETTING OF TIMBER CAST
FOR GROUND BEAM
SETTING OF TIMBER CAST
FOR CEILING BEAM
FORMWORK WILL BE PUT AND POINTED STAKE SET IN THE
GROUND. STRENGTH OF FORMWORK IS IMPORTANT TO
ENSURE THAT IT DOES NOT EXPAND WHEN POURING
CONCRETE INTO IT

20. 5.1.3 BEAMS AND COLUMNS CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
DETAILS ON BEAM STRUCTURE
PRIMARY BEAM
-­‐STRETCHES OVER FROM COLUMN TO COLUMN
-­‐TRANSFER THE WHOLE UPPER LOAD TO COLUMN THAT CONSISTS INSIDE THE BUILDING
STRUCTURE
SECONDARY BEAM
-­‐STRETCHES OVER THE MAIN BEAM
-­‐TRANSMITTED TO THE LOAD OF THE MAIN BEAM
-­‐REDUCE A LENGTH THAT SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE OR CATCH HE LOAD OF STRUCTURE
EDGE BEAM
-­‐FUNCTION AS BUILDING BEAM TO STRETCHES BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL COLUMNS
*DESPITE STEEL BEING GENERALLY STRONGER
THAN CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL STEEL IS RARELY
EMPLOYED LOCALLY AS REINFORCED CONCRETE
IS MORE ECONOMICAL CONSIDERING THE
RELATIVELY HIGH COST OF STEEL. THE
COMPOSITION OF STEEL REBAR IN BEAMS AND
COLUMN ARE ABOUT 1% AND 6% RESPECTIVELY
WITH COLUMNS BEARING BOTH TENSION AND
AXIAL FORCES.
IN ORDER FOR STRUCTURAL CONTINUITY, THE REINFORCEMENT OF
COLUMNS MUST BE LAPPED AS SUCH:
WHEN A CONTINUOUS BEAM SPANS OVER COLUMNS, TENSION IS AT THE TOP
OF THE BEAM, SO REBAR IS NEEDED AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM OVER COLUMN
SUPPORTS.

21. 5.2 SLAB
CONCRETE SLAB IS ONE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF A BUILDING. IT IS USUALLY USED TO
CONSTRUCT FLOORS AND CEILINGS, AND ALSO FOR EXTERIOR PAVING.
5.2.1 SLAB DETAILS
SLAB IS RELATIVELY THIN STRUCTURAL MEMBER COMPARED TO BEAM. IT SPANS
HORIZONTALLY BETWEEN SUPPORTS AND RELY ENTIRELY ON THE EXISTING GROUND
FOR SUPPORT. BEFORE THE GROUND FLOOR CAN BE CONSTRUCTED, THE GROUND
MUST BE PREPARED TO ENSURE THE SLAB HAS CONSISTENT SUPPORT.
FUNCTION:
-­‐RECEIVE LOAD FROM THE BUILDING
-­‐REDUCE THE PRESSURE ON THE COLUMN AND STUMP
-­‐ACT AS THE MAIN BASE OF CONSTRUCTION
-­‐EASE THE JOB ON FLOOR FINISHES
DAMP-­‐PROOF MEMBRANE
-­‐THICK POLYTHENE SHEET LAY UNDER THE FLOOR SLAB
-­‐TO ACT AS BARRIER IN RESISTING MOISTURE THROUGH THE STRUCTURE BY CAPILLARY
ACTION
BINDING LAYER
-­‐TO EVEN OFF THE SURFACE OF HARDCORE
-­‐PREVENT THE DAMP-­‐PROOF MEMBRANE FROM BEING PUNCTURED BY THE HARDCORE
HARDCORE
-­‐TO FILL IN ANY SMALL POCKETS THAT FORMED DURING OVER SITE EXCAVATION
-­‐TO PROVIDE A FIRM
-­‐TO HELP SPREAD ANY POINT LOADS OVER THE GREATER AREA
-­‐PREVENT ANY UNACCEPTABLE SETTLEMENT BENEATH THE SOLID FLOOR
LAYER OF COMPONENT AROUND SLAB

22. 5.2.2 SLAB CONSTRCUTION PROCESS
SMOOTHING SURFACE
AND REMOVE FORMWORK
SCRAPED
AWAY
UNSTABLE
TOPSOIL
ASSEMBLE AND
ERECT
FORMWORK
PREPARE AND PLACE
CRUSHED STONE
LAYER AND
WELDWIRE FABRIC
REINFORCEMENT
POUR/VIBRATE
CONCRETE
5.2.2 SLAB CONSTRCUTION DETAILS
AVERAGE 19MM-­‐ DIAMETER CRUSH
STONE (GRAVEL) ARE USED. THE
THICKNESS OF GRAVEL AT LEAST NEED
100MM DEEP. GRAVEL ACT AS A
DRAINAGE LAYER.
THE PURPOSE OF IRON GRID IS TO
PREVENT CRACKING OF THE CONCRETE.
EXAMPLE: CONCRETE SHRINKAGE,
TEMPERATURE STRESS, CONCENTRATED
LOAD. THE DIMENSION OF EACH
SQUARE IS 15X15CM AND THE
DIAMETER OF THE STRIPS IS 3.43MM
FOR THE GROUND SLAB, VAPOUR
RETARDER (PLASTIC MEMBRANE) IS
ADDED TO PREVENT THE
MOISTURE FROM THE GROUND.
FOR SOME CASE THEY USE FINE
CRUSH STONE OR SAND TO
REPLACE THE MEMBRANE.
PIPING SYSTEM MUST BE
INSTALLED BEFORE THE LAYING
DOWN OF SLAB TO ALLOCATE
SPACE FOR WATER SUPPLY AND
EXCREMENT DISPOSAL.

26.
6.2.3 WINDOW OPERATION ON SITE
SLIDING WINDOW
• USED IN TOILET
• CONVINIENT FOT USER TO OPEN AND CLOSE WNDOW
• USAGE OF DOUBLE GLAZED GLASS
• CONSIST OF TWO SLIDING PANELS
CASEMENT WINDOW
• USED IN LIVING ROOM, BEDROOM AND ETC. EXCEPT TOILET
• CONVINIENT FOT USER TO OPEN AND CLOSE WNDOW
• USAGE OF TINTED GLASS
• ALLOWS NATURAL LIGHT IN AND ALSO GIVES PRIVACY
• CONSIST OF MULTIPLE OPERATING SASHES THAT ARE SIDE HINGED
WHICH SWINGS OUTWARDS
FIXED WINDOW
• USED IN LIVING ROOM AND BATHROOM
• LOWER WINDOW FOR LIVING ROOM
• HIGHER WINDOW FOR BATHROOM
• ZERO VENTILATION
• USAGE OF TINTED GLASS AND DOUBLE GLAZED GLASS
6.2.4 WINDOW INSTALLATION
STEP 1
POSITIONING OF SUB-­‐FRAME USING
ALUMINIUM SHIN OR RIDE UP BLOCKS.
STEP 2
CHECK PLUMP BOB FOR
SUB-­‐FRAME ALIGNMENT.
STEP 3
TEMPORARY STIFFEN FRAME
NEAR BOLTING POINTS USING
TEMPORARY STIFFENER.
STEP 4
FIX SUB-­‐FRAME TO WALL
STEP 5
SEAL ANCHOR HEADS AND JOINTS
WITH WALL WITH PROTECTIVE
TAPE.
(BLACK COLOUR=PROTECTIVE TAPE)
STEP 6
PREPARE TO INSTALL MAIN
FRAME USING MALLET.

27. 7.0 ROOF
7.1 TYPE OF ROOF ON SITE
BUTTERFLY FLAT ROOF
• IT IS FOR LARGE/COMPLICATED SHAPED BUILDING
• LOW PITCHED ROOF (14 DEGREES OR LESS)
• SUITABLE FOR SPANS UP TO 4000MM
• SPACING OF ROOF JOINTS IS CONTROLLED BY THE WIDTH OF DECKING MATERIAL/
CEILING BOARD
• TO FALL IN ONE DIRECTION TOWARDS A GUTTER/ OUTLET BY FIXING FITTINGS TO THE
TOP OF THE JOINTS
ASPHALT FLAT ROOF
• CONSISTS OF AN AGGREGATE WITH A BITUMINOUS BINDER, WHICH IS CAST INTO
BLOCKS READY FOR REHEATING ON SITE
• LAYING TO SLOPING SURFACE 15 DEGREE PITCH
• SLOPING SURFACE REQUIRES 3 COATS, BUILD UP TO A 20MM TOTAL THICKNESS
• CAN BE LAID TO FALLS SO THE RUN-­‐OFF OF WATER IS RAPID AND EFFICIENT

28.
7.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEP 1
THE ROOF TRUSSES, WHICH ARE MADE FROM METAL ARE FABRICATED IN A FACTORY
AND IT IS THEN DELIVERED TO SITE FOR FIXING. THIS METHOD IS MUCH SIMPLER
COMPARED TO THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF ROOFING, WHICH WAS DONE ENTIRELY
ON SITE.
STEP 2
THE NEXT STEP IS THE INSTALLATION OF THE ROOF FRAME, WHICH FUNCTIONS TO
PROVIDE STRUCTURE THAT SPANS THE WALLS OF THE BUILDING AND SUPPORTS THE
ROOF COVERING. THE SLOPE ALLOWS RAINWATER TO RUN OFF AND DRAINED AWAY
FROM THE DWELLING.
STEP 3
THE INSTALLATION OF THE ACOUSTIC INSULATION PANEL ON TOP OF THE ROOF FRAME.
ITS PURPOSE IS TO PREVENT HEAT TO FLUX THROUGH THE ROOF, AND IT IS SET BELOW
THE WATER PROOF MEMBRANE.
STEP 4
FINALLY COMES THE PROCESS OF FLASHING, WHICH IS BASICALLY THE INSTALLATION OF
THE ASPHALT SHINGLES ON TOP OF THE INSULATION PANEL. IT CAN BE LAID TO FALLS
SO THAT THE RUN-­‐OFF FOR WATER IS SMOOTH AND EFFICIENT.

29. 8.0 SUMMARY
8.1 REFERENCES
ARMA -­‐ Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Associaeon. (n.d.). Retrieved
Audrey Team's -­‐ KL & Selangor Properees For Sales. (n.d.). Retrieved
Audrey Team's -­‐ KL & Selangor Properees For Sales. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from hlp://www.audreyklselangorproperty.com/d-­‐altos-­‐ semi-­‐d-­‐cheras-­‐sungai-­‐long
Be con -­‐ slideshare.net. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from hlp://www.slideshare.net/kychong1105/be-­‐con
Ching , frank (2009) Building Structure Illustrated : palerns , system and design . Hoboken, NJ : john Wiley.
Ching, F. D. K. (2014). Building Construceon Illustrated (5). Somerset, US: Wiley.
Construceon Equipments. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from hlp://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/construceon-­‐ equipments
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2014). Building Construceon Handbook (10). Abingdon, Oxon, GB: Routledge.
Deplazes , andrea (2008) Construceng Architecture : materials , processes , Structure – a handbook . basel : birkhauser
Ford , Edward R (1996) The Details of modern architecture . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press
Foster , J.S. and greeno roger (2007) Mitchell ` Building Series , Part 2 : structure and fabric (7th edieon ) . Horlow : prenece hall
Guidance Flat Roof Types. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from
How to install internal & external sliding doors -­‐ Homebase. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from hlp://www.homebase.co.uk/en/staec/how-­‐to-­‐install-­‐sliding-­‐doors
hlp://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof_types.php
hlp://www.site-­‐safety.com/
October 19, 2016, from hlp://www.audreyklselangorproperty.com/d-­‐altos-­‐semi-­‐d-­‐cheras-­‐sungai-­‐long
Personal Proteceve Equipment. (n.d.). UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from hlps://www.osha.gov/Publicaeons/osha3151.html
Sew, I. S., & Meng, I. C. (n.d.). PILED FOUNDATION PILED FOUNDATION DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION. Retrieved October 18, 2016, from hlp://www.gnpgeo.com.my/download/publicaeon/L2009_03.pdf
Welcome to Site Safety®, LLC. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from
Window & Door Installaeon Instruceons | Pella.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from hlp://www.pella.com/support-­‐center/installaeon-­‐instruceons/default.aspx

30. 7.0 ROOF
ROOF IS DESIGN FOR KEEP OUT RAIN AND ALSO PREVENT WARMTH .
7.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ROOF IS BEING INSTALLED AFTER THE WHOLE STRUCTURE IS BEING BUILT . TO BUILT A
ROOF , THEY START BY MAKING TRUSSES . THEN THEY USES BRACE TO HOLD THE
TRUSSES TO MAKE THEM STABLE AND MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF LATERAL LOADS .AFTER
THAT INSULATION IS FIXED BETWEEN THE TRUSSES THEN COVER BY WATERPROOF
MEMBRANE . LASTLY INSTALL THE METAL DECK.
7.2 DRAINAGE
IN THE SITE WE VISIT , THE HOUSE HAVE 2 ROOFS . SMALLER ROOF WILL LEAD THE
WATER DIRECTLY TO THE GROUND INFRONT OF THE HOUSE , AND THE LARGER ROOF
WILL GUIDE THE WATER INTO THE AREA IN 2ND FLOOR WHICH HAVE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

31. 7.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS
STEP 4
THE ROOF IS COVERED BY METAL DECK , PIECE BY PIECE
STEP 3
INSULATION IS FIXED BETWEEN THE TRUSSES , AND ITS COVERED BY WATERPROOF
MEMBRANE .
STEP 2
BRACE IT WITH STEEL BARS , THIS MAKES THE TRUSSES MORE STABLE AND CAN
WITHSTAND MORE IMPACT .
STEP 1
STEP TO CONSTRUCT THE ROOF IS TO TRUSSES