Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or some other vegetable oil with alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl, or propyl ester.

1. Submitted by: VARNIT CHAUAHN
17/IBT/042

2.  A biofuel is a type of fuel whose
energy is derived from biological
carbon fixation.
 In other words, Fuel which is produced
from renewable biological resources
such as plant biomass and treated
municipal and industrial waste .
 Some commercially used biofuels:
Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas

3.  Chemically, biodiesel molecules are
mono-alkyl esters produced from
triglyceride esters by
transesterification.
 Alternative fuel for diesel engines.
 Made from vegetable oil and animal
fats.
 Lower emissions.
 Biodegradable.

4.  The major steps required to synthesize
biodiesel are as follows:
 Feedstock pretreatment
 Common feedstock used are vegetable oil,
yellow grease and tallow.
 Degumming is done to remove phospholipids
and other plant matters.
 Water is removed to prevent triglyceride
production during base-catalyzed
transesterification.
 Free fatty acids are removed by
transesterification or neutralization.
 Reactions
 Transesterification.
 Base catalyzed transesterification.
 Product purification

5.  Transesterification is a chemical reaction where triglyceride is reacted with alcohol to
produce alkyl esters.
 This reaction proceed exceedingly slow so heat as well catalysts are used.
 Common catalysts used are :
 Sodium hydroxide
 Potassium hydroxide
 Sodium methoxide
 The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is a reversible reaction so
excess alcohol must be added to ensure complete conversion.

7.  Catalyst-free method for transesterification.
 Uses supercritical methanol at high
temperatures and pressures in a continuous
process.
 In the supercritical state, the oil and methanol
are in a single phase, and reaction occurs
spontaneously and rapidly.
 The process can tolerate water in the
feedstock, free fatty acids are converted to
methyl esters instead of soap.
 High temperatures and pressures are
required, but energy costs of production are
similar or less than catalytic production
routes.

8.  Ultra- and High Shear in-line or batch reactors
allow production of biodiesel continuously,
semi- continuously, and in batch-mode.
 The reaction takes place in the high-energetic
shear zone of the Ultra- and High Shear mixer
by reducing the droplet size of the immiscible
liquids such as oil or fats and methanol.

9.  Using an ultrasonic reactor for
biodiesel production drastically
reduces the reaction time,
reaction temperatures, and energy
input.
 The ultrasonic waves cause the
reaction mixture to produce and
collapse bubbles constantly.

10.  Researchers have found that very good yields could be obtained from crude and used
oils using lipases.
 The use of lipases makes the reaction less sensitive to high free fatty-acid content.
 Methyl acetate is used instead of methanol as methanol inactivate lipase after one
batch

12. Advantages
 High availability.
 High combustion .
 High biodegradability .
 High energy safety.
 Simple production .
 Low sulphur content .
 Low green house gas emission .
Disadvantages
 High viscosity.
 High pour point.
 High Nox emission .
 Low volatility.
 Low energy content.
 Cold ignition problem .

13.  3 degrees .
 Five boro biofuels .
 A2BE carbon capture LLC
 AE biofuels inc formerly marwich II LTD.
 AHL –TECH
 Abundant biofuels
 Acron technology corporation
 Africa biomass company
 Agni UK inc
 Agrifuel company
 Agribiofuels LLC

14. Recent Research and Developments in Biodiesel Production from Renew-able
Bioresources
Mohamed Chaker Ncibi* and Mika Sillanpää
Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of
Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
Received: November 29, 2013 Revised: December 23, 2013 Accepted: December 24,
2013
Abstract: Research and development (R&D) in the field of biofuels in general and biodiesel
in particular are not new en-deavours. However, they gained momentum in the last couple
of decades due to the increasing economic concerns and environmental awareness about
the use of petroleum-derived fossil fuels. In this review article, recent patents and research
and studies dealing with the production of biodiesel from bioresources will be investigated
and discussed. The main objec-tive is to present the latest research undertakings, findings
and innovations in the scientific and industrial communities on biodiesel production for
various bioresources and wastes.