this is by astud. desse in aau/credit.

2. • Definition & types of acid and base
• Sources of acid
• Why regulation is important?
• Defences against change in {H+}
• Acid base disorders
• Compensation
• Diagnosis
• Treatment

3. • Definition of an acid and a base
• Types of acids and bases
 based on different criteria
• Is the precise regulation of free(unbound) hydrogen
ion concentration in the body fluids

4. • Carbonic acid formation
• Inorganic acids produced during breakdown of nutrients
 sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid…
• Organic acids resulting from intermediary
metabolism
 lactic acid,fatty acids…

5. • Changes in excitability of nerve and muscle cells
 acidosis - depression of the central nervous system
(CNS)
 alkalosis- overexcitability of the nervous system
• Exerts a marked influence on enzyme activity
• Influence K+ levels in the body
• Even to death

6. (1) chemical buffer systems,
(2) respiratory mechanism of pH control,and
(3) renal mechanism of pH control

7. • Is a mixture in a solution of two chemical
compounds that minimize pH changes when either
an acid or a base is added to or removed from the
solution
• by converting strong acids and bases into weak
acids and weak bases with in fractions of a second
• It is the first line of defense

9. Types of buffer
• Protein buffer system
 is the most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid(Hb)
and blood plasma(albumin)
Approximately 60 to 70 percent of the total chemical
buffering of the body fluids is inside the cells, and most
of this results from the intracellular proteins
COOH as an acid and NH2 as a base

10. 
1a.
b.
 Hb in RBC

11. • Phosphate buffer system
 Uses dihydrogen phosphate and monohydrogen
phosphate
 It plays a major role in buffering renal tubular fluid
and intracellular fluids

12. As an
acid
As a
base

13. • Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System
is based on the bicarbonate ion(HCO3) and carbonic
acid(H2CO3)
Can not protect against pH changes due to respiratory
problems in which there is an excess or shortage of CO2

14. As a base
As an
acid

15. • As a second line of defense
• Through its ability to alter pulmonary ventilation and
consequently to alter excretion of H+-generating CO2
• Doubling the ventilation increases pH by about 0.23 units,
from 7.4 to 7.63
• Reducing ventilation to one-quarter of normal lowers the
pH by 0.4 units, from 7.4 to 7.0.
• one to two times as much acid or base can normally be
buffered by this mechanism as by the chemical buffers

16.  Changes in either pulmonary ventilation or the rate of CO2
formation by the tissues can change the extracellular fluid
Pco2

17.  Not only does the alveolar ventilation rate influence H+
concentration by changing the Pco2 of the body fluids, but
the H+ concentration affects the rate of alveolar ventilation

19. is third line of defense
Uses
(1) H+ excretion,
(2) Reabsorption of filtered HCO3–
(3) ammonia (NH3) secretion
(4) filtered phosphate
Ammonia and phosphate mechanism produce new
bicarbonate

24. • Either simple or combined

27. • Respiratory compensation
 Is only for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
 For metabolic acidosis - hyperventilation
 For metabolic alkalosis – hypoventilation
• Renal compensation
 For both metabolic and respiratory
 For acidosis – absorb bicarbonate
 For alkalosis - excrete bicarbonate

28. • For acidosis
sodium bicarbonate
sodium lactate
sodium gluconate
• For alkalosis
ammonium chloride
lysine monohydrochloride

29. • Guyton,12e
• Principles of ANATOMY &PHYSIOLOGY,13e
• Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology,23e
• Fundamentals of Human Physiology,4e
• Kaplan