A branch of Linguistics

1. PRAGMATICS

2. PRAGMATICS
• Pragmatics is the study of the meaning in
context and it deals with implied meaning as
opposed to the mere lexical meaning
expressed.
• How utterances are used.
• Its about interpreting what speakers mean.
• In other words, pragmatics how people make
sense of each other linguistically.

5. Studies on the pragmatic competence of L2
learners have revealed that grammatical
enhancement does not guarantee a desirable
level of pragmatic enhancement and even
advanced level learners are incapable of
understanding or conveying the intended
intensions and politeness values.

8. The speech acts theory
was introduced by
philosopher J.L. Austin
and further developed by
American philosopher J.R.
Searle.

11. Austin distinguished three components of
speech acts;
1.) The Locutionary Act:
Speaker’s utterance:
• The performance of an utterance
• Semantic and syntactic aspects
Example: “Close the window”.

12. 2.) Illocutionary Act:
Speaker’s intention:
• Real intended meaning
Example: Close the window (The person who is
uttering this is feeling cold.)
3.) Perlucutionary Act:
Hearer’s reaction:
• It’s actual effect
Example: The action of closing the
window.

13. IMPLICATURE
• The concept of conversational implicature
was introduced by British philosopher Paul
Grice (1975) to show how meaning
expressed by the speaker (speaker meaning),
not directly encoded in the words, can be
inferred (recognized) by the hearer.
For example, if speaker A says, ‘Has John
arrived?’, and speaker B responds, ‘There is a
blue car in the driveway,’ one can infer, under
the appropriate circumstances and based on
shared assumptions between the speakers,
that John has arrived.
• The concept of conversational implicature
is one of the most prominent ideas in
pragmatics.

14. • The cooperative principle describes how people achieve
effective conversational communication in common social
situations.
• The cooperative principle is divided into Grice's four maxims
of conversation, called the Gricean maxims.
1.)Maxims of Quantity :
• Make your contribution as informative as is required.
• Do not make your contribution more informative than is
required.
2.)Maxims of Quality:
• Try to make your contribution one that is true.
• Do not say what you believe to be false.
Cooperative
Principles

15. 3.)Maxims of Relation:
• Be relevant.
4.)Maxims of Manner:
• Be perspicuous
• Avoid obscurity of expression .
• Avoid ambiguity.
• Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
• Be orderly.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJEaMtNN_dM

16. POLITENESS THEORY
• The fundamental principle of politeness theory is that
politeness in any culture can be expounded with
respect to a limited number of universal
phenomena, namely the construct of face and
certain social variables.
• The term face means, the public self-image that
every member wants for himself.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-B-kJi0Rek