Pragmatic Equivalence In Translation

Pragmatic Equivalence In Translation
Translation is considered as more deeper than exchanging lexical and grammatical terms . A
translator 's main goal is to convey the message of the source text with the same meaning and
intention . He can achieve this goal when he applies pragmatic equivalence. Pragmatic equivalence
can be defined as : the ability of the translator to convey the source language to target language with
the same intention of the text producer and equivalent words and same affection to the reader .
Mainly , pragmatics has to do with the intention of speakers . It studies why sentences are used and
studies also the context of utterance and environment surrounding each sentence used in the
situation . Translator should give attention to different types of beyond meanings that arise from
what's literally said , this can go under term of " implicit meaning " which has relation with
pragmatics . Moreover , Speaker's intentions has to go with elements of structure and texture . In
addition . equivalence has an important role in translation process . And the translator will achieve
his goal of exchange using equivalence . Since, translation is considered as more deeper than
exchanging lexical and grammatical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This research paper will examine the linguistic theories of speech act and Gricean maxims and their
relations to pragmatic equivalence . It will provide linguist's opinions about types of speech act and
felicity conditions and the maxims and the implicature from different sources . This paper assists the
translator to understand the theories and will make him able to convey the implied meaning intended
by the speaker not the literal meaning of the words only
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Two Approaches Of Pragmatics
According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological
approach which is exploring the relation between linguistic meaning of utterances, the
decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer
interpret those utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by
philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social pragmatics approach which
focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other
contextual factors. Brown and Levinson (1978 – 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this
approach.
The main objective of pragmatics is to study on how non–native speakers comprehend and produce
speech acts in a target language. Speech act is not the whole of pragmatics, but is perhaps currently
the most important part of the subject. Many of the topics addressed in both narrow and broad views
derive from three major pragmatic theories: Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, ... Show
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In other words, indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy, hence people reduce the
unpleasant message contained in requests and other statement. In indirect speech acts the speaker
communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of depending on their mutually
shared background information either both linguistic and nonlinguistic together with the powers of
rationality and inference on the part of the hearer. To be more specific, to explain the indirect speech
acts can be say it is "a theory of speech acts certain general principles of cooperative conversation"
(Searle, 1979, p. 31–32). As Thomas (1995) people use indirect strategies whenever they want to
reach aims from their hearers, when speakers want to increase the force of the message
communicated, or when want to make their speech more

Examples Of Implicature As A Device For Politeness
6. Implicature as a Device for Politeness It is important to clarify if politeness itself constitutes an
implicature or not. This notion has been explained by Brown and Levinson (1987: 6, 95) who claims
that politeness arises from the speaker attributing "a polite intention" to the speaker in the form of a
particularized implicature. Leech (1983:80) proposes that politeness arises in the form of
implicatures from utterances that are consistent with the "Principle of Politeness". He maintains that
in order to be polite, the speaker places him/herself in a low value and in contrast he/she places the
hearer in a high value. The politeness maxims subsumed under this include: generosity/tact,
approbation/modesty, agreement, sympathy, and obligation (ibid: 132). Using such sentences as
Could I borrow this electric drill? Implies politeness. In addition, it follows or observes politeness
maxim. In this situation 'generosity' in English seems to involve, among other things, avoiding
imposition by asking directly what others wanmgfgv0076nt rather than making assumptions (Ibid:
133–134). Politeness is an implicature that the hearer has to recover in order to understand the
reasons why the speaker communicates messages in a manner that does not apparently meet the
standards associated with 'efficient' communication captured by the Cooperative Principle and its
four maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner (Cruz, 2004: 3–4). Kallia (2004: 161) says that
politeness implicature arises in the same way as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rational actions people take to preserve both kinds of face, for themselves and the people they
interact with, add up to politeness. Brown and Levinson (1987) also argue that in human
communication, either spoken or written, people tend to maintain one another's face

Examples Of Co-Operative Principle
2.2 Co–operative Principle In 1967, H. Paul Grice, in his William James Lectures at Harvard
University, theorized a set of rules that communicators should follow while communicating. Grice
labels these set of rules as Co–operative Principle. He formulates theory of co–operation in the
following way. For Grice, talk exchanges are continuous and the participants, to some extent, make
co–operative efforts so that the purpose of exchange is achieved. The purpose of exchange can be
formulated before it takes place or it may change during conversation. For conversation to be
successful participants are expected to follow the general principle of conversation i.e. co–operative
principle. Grice further categorizes co–operative principle into its maxims ... Show more content on
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His response gives right amount of information following maxim of quantity, the response for which
B has necessary evidence following maxim of quality, B's response directly correspond to A's
question following maxim of relation, and the response is also given in such a way that it is
understood effectively and efficiently following maxim of manner. 2.2.2 Observance and Violation
of the Co–operative Principle Generally interlocutors try to be co–operative while communicating.
The kind of expression expressed by speaker should be replied verbally or non–verbally. The neutral
verbal or non–verbal behaviour i.e. no reply is considered as non– co–operative behaviour. An offer
should be accepted or diplomatically rejected; a question should be answered. Grice calls violation
of these maxims of co–operative principles as 'flouting' of maxims. Observance and violation of
maxims of co–operative principles can be studied with following examples. In the above example
maxim of quantity has been observed because it follows all the sub–maxims of quantity. Speaker B's
reply to A's question is as informative as is required. It doesn't contribute more information than
necessary. The same question with a different reply is an example of violation of maxim of

Theories Of Pragmatics
Why are there so many theories in pragmatics concerning meaning in language? Why is the study of
language use crucial to understanding meaning in language? How does the development over time
of the main theories in pragmatics show a greater understanding of language use? Introduction First
of all, what do we understand with meaning? What is it? Meaning seems like a very straightforward
concept but it is very obscure indeed. As human beings we are designed to acquire meaning from the
world, it allows us make a conceptualization of the world. It is the most important feature of
language, as the main purpose of language is to communicate with each other, in other words, to
know what we "mean". This looks quite straightforward and obvious as I have mentioned before,
but what makes meaning so hard to understand is the little consciousness that we have of the
knowledge and principles that govern our communicative ability that make us humans. As Aristotle
said in Politics, "Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally ... Show
The term "context" is vast, but it can be defined as the elements that surround an utterance and
determine its meaning. The meaning of the utterances is inferred, that means that the meaning is
implicit and is interpreted subjectively which also affects to the number of interpretations that can
derive from one context. One same sentence can have two different meaning in a different context.
For instance, consider two people, Jane and Ron, who have just started dating. If Ron says to Jane at
the end of the night, "I like you a lot." Jane will most likely feel great about the situation. But
imagine that Jane and Ron have been dating for some weeks now, and Jane asks, "Do you love me?"
Now if Ron says, "I like you a lot," her reaction will most definitely be very different, as Ron's
statement would be taken as a negative

Essay On Iceberg Theory
One way of looking at Hemingway's (1932) "Iceberg Theory" is through Conversational Implicature
Theory. This approach is part of the pragmatics approach applying to literature.
The application of pragmatics in literary analysis dates back to the 1970s. Although previous
researchers like Morris (1938) had already proposed the connection between pragmatics and
rhetoric, it was not until 1971 that Ohmann first touched the field by defining literature as a type of
discourse. Later in 1976, Van Dijk first used the name "Literary Pragmatics". In Pratt's (1977)
Toward a Speech Acts Theory of Literary Discourse, the author claimed that language in literary
works is also analyzable by linguistics like other forms of language, and this theory was later ...
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By saying the hills look like white elephants, the girl tries to draw out another topic. "White
elephant" in English is something expensive but useless or troublesome. At this moment, readers
cannot know her intention, but considering their later conversations, the girl is implicating the baby:
By intentionally take the "elephant" as the animal, the man violates the Maxim of Relation. By
saying words contradictory to each other, he also violates the Maxim of Quality. He stops the girl
from talking about the baby, which receives a reply sounds irony to him. That is why his tone turns
harsh.
The man's provocative attitude forces the girl to change the topic. Before she tries a second time,
they talk about a kind of Spanish alcohol, during which we can see that the girl does not know
Spanish, and it can be further speculated that she relies on the man on this trip. Then their topic
changes to licorice. Readers can say it for sure that the girl is talking with implicature:
The man's answer violates the Maxim of Quality, since it is impossible that everything tastes like
licorice. The girl also violates the Maxim of Quality. She knows the man's words are not true, but
still echoes with him. She emphasizes that all the things people have waited so long for taste like
licorice, especially absinthe, but in fact absinthe tastes bitter with slightly

Make America Great Again Analysis
Make America Great Again is a campaign slogan used in American presidential campaigns by
Republican candidates. It was firstly introduces by Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United
States. During Reagan's presidential campaign, the state faced worsening economy at home market
and the changes were urgently needed. Thus, President Reagan used this slogan to promote
patriotism in the period of economical and political instability.
Donald Trump used this phrase for the first time in December 2011, when he gave the statement
claiming he does not want to run for the president in the future, explaining "I must leave all of my
options open because, above all else, we must make America great again" At that time, it was not
used as the slogan. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has the imperative form and it is used to make a command while evoking patriotism. At first, it
seems to be a straightforward direct speech act, but it has numerous implicatures hidden behind this
simple imperative sentence. The question is: How is this implicature reached? The answer to this
question is not the incongruity between the form and the function of the utterance (because there is a
direct relationship – imperative/command). The answer probably lies in the presence of "again". In
this example, again is used to make an assertion about a new eventuality (>the possibility to make it
great again). Again triggers an anaphoric presupposition and it requires that the salient eventuality
be past to the reference time. It means that this slogan refers to the time when America was great
(i.e. probably when the Republicans were running the government). Thus, the implicature is created
through the usage of again which evokes the additional meaning of the whole

Porcelain And Pink Character Analysis
In the extract of the play Porcelain and Pink by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters Lois and Julie's
individual personalities can be uncovered. One can do this through analysation of conversation
through turn–taking, cooperative principles, implicature and politeness strategies. We shall discuss
these four aspects in detail.
The individual personalities of the characters can be explored by investigating the turn–taking in this
dialogue. To begin with, we will look at Lois. From line one to three, this character shows that she is
to–the–point and very direct. One can see this through the conversation analysed during turn–taking,
Lois plainly states she has a date, and then tells Julie that is none of her business (lines 1 and 3). She
does ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We are first introduced to implicature in the first line of the extract from Lois, who is trying to
implicitly get Julie out of the bathroom. To argue this claim we will look at lines one to four where
Lois expresses that she has a date with Julie, but is implying that she would like Julie to hurry up
because of this reason. Julie, wanting to know more about this date and ignoring the fact that she
knows she needs to hurry up, explicitly asks about it. This exposes the girls' unlike makeup, Lois is
trying to suggest a reason to Julie to get out of the bathroom, which is a nicer way of getting the
message across instead of plainly asking her, which could be seen as rude. Julie, however, is not
moved by her inferred meaning, this shows her mischievous and meddlesome side. (Levey et al.
2015. P

Grice's Cooperative Principle And Kinds Of Pragmatics...
This chapter explains an overview of related theories, which are the pragmatics theory by George
Yule including the Grice's cooperative principle and kinds of maxim according to Grice.
2.1 Pragmatics
According to Yule (1996), pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a
speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). "Pragmatics focuses more on how we
achieve meaning in a particular context, by considering such factors as how, where and when
something is said, who says it, what is the relationship between the speaker and the listener, and
how we understand the use of ambiguous language" (Baker and Ellece, 2011, p.100). In other
words, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. Therefore, from the ... Show more content on
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67). In other words, flouting the maxim of quality occurs when a speaker says something which
needs to be considered as blatantly untrue. For example: Mark : 'Great, that's really great! That's
made my Christmas!'
Mark is a speaker who says something which is considered as blatantly untrue, because at that time,
he got accident on the day, and he wishes it will be happiness day. He became upset that made him
say something which is blatantly untrue. So, the speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim in order
to lead the hearer to look for implied meaning or in this situation the hearer already knows that Mark
says the opposite.
2.1.2.3 Flouting Maxim of Relation
Thomas (1996) said that "the maxim of relation is exploited by making a response or observation
which is very obviously irrelevant to the topic in hand" (p.70). So, the speaker flouts the maxim of
relation if his/her contribution is not relevant. For

Teaching Pragmatics
Teaching Pragmatics explores the teaching of pragmatics through lessons and activities created by
teachers of English as a second and foreign language. This book is written for teachers by teachers.
Our teacher–contributors teach in seven different countries and are both native–speakers and
nonnative speakers of English. Activities reflect ESL and EFL classroom settings. The chapters
included here allow teachers to see how other teachers approach the teaching of pragmatics and to
appreciate the diversity and creativity of their endeavors. Taken together, the activities constitute a
spectrum of possibilities for teaching pragmatics. Each submission provides novel insight into the
ESL/EFL classroom and demonstrates that there is no single ... Show more content on
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Being outside the range of language use allowed in a language or making a pragmatic mistake may
have various consequences. As the teachers contributing to this volume point out, a pragmatic error
may hinder good communication between speakers (Takenoya), may make the speaker appear
abrupt or brusque in social interactions (Lee), or may make the speaker appear rude or uncaring
(Yates). Gallow points out that maintaining a conversation in English requires underlying
knowledge of responses that prompt a speaker to continue, show understanding, give support,
indicate agreement, show strong emotional response, add or correct a speaker 's information, or ask
for more information. Berry discusses the importance of learning how to take turns and
demonstrates that listening behaviors that are polite in one language may not be polite or
recognizable in another. Unintentional insult to interlocutors (Mach & Ridder) and denial of requests
(Weasenforth) have been identified as other potential pragmatic hazards.
Left to their own devices with respect to contact with the target language in and out of the
classroom, the majority of learners apparently do not acquire the pragmatics of the target language
on their own (Bouton, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, Bardovi–Harlig, 2001; Kasper, 2001). What makes
pragmatics "secret" seems to be in some cases insufficient specific input and in others insufficient

What Is Tutentology?
The word tautology is derived from the Greek word "tauto" (the same) and "logos" (a word or an
idea). In grammatical tautology, there is an unnecessary repetition of meaning, using multiple words
to effectively–or ineffectively–say the same thing. Thus, tautology presents the needless repetition
of an idea without imparting additional force or clearness.
Aelius Donatus (Chase, 1926), a famous Latin grammarian defined tautology: "Tautology is a faulty
repetition of phrases, such as 'me, myself and I'." Current dictionary definitions leave it unclear
whether repeated words or repeated ideas constitute a tautology, and whether mere repetition
suffices. Three dictionary definitions illustrate this confusion:
(a) Merriam Webster Dictionary: "Needless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They don't know whether it is true or false, because they are not involved. I'm involved. I've been
involved with this stuff all my life. But I'm involved. So I know when you are telling the truth and
when you not. I just see many many untruthful things and I will tell you what also I see – I see tone.
You know the word TONE? The tone is such hatred. I'm really not a bad person, by the way. But the
tone is such – I do get good gradings, you have to admit that – the tone is such hatred. (Pause) I
watched this morning a couple of the negro and I have to say they are very honourable people, they
are very – not because they are good, they hit me also when I do something wrong. But, they have
the most honest morning show. That's all I can say, it is a most honest – but, the tone Jim, if you
look the hatred, the, I mean, sometimes, sometimes somebody gets. Well you look at your show that
goes on 10 o clock in the evening. You just take a look at that show. That is a constant hatred; the
panel is almost always exclusive anti–Trump. The good news is that has good gradings. But, the
panel is almost exclusive anti–Trump. And the hatred and venom comin' from his mouth; the hatred
coming from other people on your network. And now, I will say this, aah, I watch it, I see it, I'm
amazed by it, and I just think you would be a lot better, I honestly do. The public gets it. Look, when
I

The Girl Child Marriage Act Of 2003
Culture is said to be the way of life of people. It is difficult to divorce man from his culture as it
defines him. Girl child marriage is one of the cultures of the Hausa people of Nigeria. Researches
have shown that most Hausa women are married before they are in their early twenties. This culture
has been frowned at by most Nigerians because it robs the girl child the opportunity to choose who
she would have really loved to marry as she does not have the mental ability to make such a
decision at a tender age. Also, the health challenges that the girls are prone to is also another reason
for the call of the abolishment of such way of life. The child act of 2003 protects the Nigerian girl
child against being forced into an early marriage; it states that a girl under the age of 18 cannot be
contracted into marriage. It is no wonder that the recent proposed girl child marriage bill act by
some senators brought about mixed reactions from Nigerians. Many of these reactions out–rightly
condemned not only the propositions but also those that proposed the law. This work seeks to
analyse how the blackberry messenger has been used to convince Nigerians to kick against what
most called 'child slavery act '. Keywords: Girl–child, blackberry messenger, culture, minor, pictures
INTRODUCTION Following the alleged proposed move to legalise girl–child marriage, several
reactions from individuals, activists, groups and organisations have evolved. Many took to the
streets, media houses and

Clyne's Revision of Grice's Maxims Essay
Grice's Maxims have been criticised for being too Anglo–centric. Michael Clyne proposes revisions
to the four maxims in his 1994 book Intercultural Communication at Work. Do Clyne's revisions of
this model go far enough in universally accounting for intercultural conversation? Why or why not?
Grice's General Cooperative Principle has been under continuous debate for the past three decades.
It is mainly through the maxims that Grice's paradigm has been challenged as highly ethnocentric,
however such readings may tend to take the maxims too literally rather than as "reference points for
language interchange" (Allan as cited in Clyne, 1994, p. 11). There is some agreement in this, but as
suggested by Mey (1994, p. 74), the principle and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such cases, there is a clash between Grice's maxims and the pragmatic rules of conversation,
which are culturally sensitive. For example, when being offered a drink, a typical Chinese person
would automatically say no the first time, while expecting the offer to be made at least two or three
times more. This resembles a kind of phatic language communication; saying no, but not really
meaning no. In this sort of situation, if someone doesn't adhere to the cultural norm – choosing to
follow Grice's maxims instead, then they would sound odd and out of place. The above example
demonstrates that Grice's maxims aren't relevant in all contexts as they clash with certain cultural
values systems. Many linguists (Clyne, 1994; Hymes, 1986; Loveday, 1983; Walsh, 2009) have
picked up on this discrepancy between theory and data, claiming that the maxims are only relevant
to the English speaking Western world. In particular, Clyne (1994) has pointed out that they have
limited relevance to cultures where content and knowledge are core values. For example, speakers
of Malagasy, "whose form of co–operation seems to consist in making their contributions as opaque,
convoluted and non–perspicuous as possible" (Keenan as cited in Mey, 1994, p. 74) could be seen as
flouting the Maxim of Quantity. This is because information, especially 'new' information gives the
holder a certain amount of prestige, thus Malagasy people tend to

Examples Of Implicature Analysis
Implicature Analysis Before telling the theory, Ryan asks what everybody wants in life. Hari
answers something about his girlfriend and Surdy wants to know who Hari's girlfriend is. Actually
the question is intended for Hari but Ryan takes the charge and says it is not his business which
appears to be violation of maxim of relation. He should have told Surdy Hari's girlfriend's name but
he and Hari do not want everybody to know it. In order to hide the information from others, Ryan
violates maxim of relation. It also violates tact maxim as Ryan impolitely suggests Surdy that you
don't have anything to do with that. To be polite, his reply should have been 'we do not want you to
know Hari's girlfriend's name.' On the contrary, Ryan suggests Surdy not to ask Hari's girlfriend's
name. But as stated earlier this conversation has taken place between friends so; friends do say
something impolitely as it is an informal conversation. Close friends do not mind if anyone of them
uses impolite language with them. Concluding Remarks Impolite conversation is a very common
thing between friends, especially when they are away from home and having a party. They violate
maxims every time to convey something else to their friends. People, in general, violate maxims of
co–operative principle and politeness principle with a motive. Here Ryan's motive is to ... Show
This means that they have to repeat the courses they have missed during suspension period. They are
also unable to appear the campus interviews. During suspension period they have worked on Ryan's
lube project in professor Veera's lab. Somehow professor Cherian shows some pity and allows them
credits for their lube project on which they have been working during suspended semester. They are
happy and start preparing for campus interviews. Hari argues with Ryan over Ryan's indifference
with his

The Definitions Of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a field of study appeared in the late sixties and early seventies. It is the branch of
linguistics concerned with language use, which deal with the form and meaning of sentences
respectively (Ninio and Snow, 1996, p.9). Hence, pragmatics is usually associated with utterance
and speaker meaning. Some definitions of pragmatics stress different views and perspectives will
help us to understand this field.
Mey (2001), pragmatics is the use of language in human communication as determined by the
conditions of society (p.6). Blum–Kulka and Kasper (1993) are defined that as the study of people's
comprehension and production of linguistic action in context. As for Leech (1983), described
pragmatics as the study of how utterances have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The continental view would also covers broader cognitive notions as the knowledge of situations,
social institutions and cultures among others would be influenced by language. Culpeper and Haugh
(2014) indicated that some issue such as "politeness" can be addressed in both Anglo–American and
the continental views hence it purposes of describing not only some aspects of linguistic structure
but also some aspects of social function and context. Moreover, many of the topics addressed in
both views extracted of three major pragmatic theories: speech acts (Austin, 1962, Searle, 1969–
1975), conversational implicatures (Grice, 1975), and politeness (Brown & Levinson,

Importance Of Pragmatic Awareness
The premise of this essay is to address the importance of the general development of pragmatic
awareness and its instillation in our students in order for them to comprehend pragmatic meaning
when they encounter it outside our classrooms. I believe that with the increasing advancement in
technology, the acceleration of globalization in our world, and the worldwide use of English as the
standard for communication, we teachers need to help second language students develop pragmatic
awareness of English language norms in ELL contexts. Overall, the purpose of this paper is to
examine ways in which teachers can further develop these students to become pragmatically
competent with whatever relevant linguistic resources they have, for I expect that a non–native
speaker of English with pragmatic incompetence may encounter professional failure in the future.
Through learning pragmatics, the English speakers' intercultural communication competence should
be raised. Their Pragmatic Competence would be better because of knowing cultural differences and
being aware of the significance in appropriate languages. In other words, the teaching and learning
of pragmatics releases the difficulties of international communications for both native and non–
native speakers.
Hughes and Allen (61) define pragmatics as a branch of linguistics mandated with handling
language use and contextual uses. For both the first and second language learners, pragmatics aim at
addressing issues related to text

Humor In Stand Up Comedy
A Discourse Analysis of Maz Jobrani's Stand–up Comedy
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
This is a study of humor in stand–up comedy, focusing on analyzing a script using the Cooperative
Principle and Flouting the Maxims by Grice (1975). Humor is used in our daily life to address
social, cultural or political issues in an entertaining manner. Repeatedly, people express their opinion
and ideas with short, funny, exaggerating, dramatic and sarcastic ways to achieve certain effects,
thereby they could feel humorous. Also, humor is practical because without even realizing it, the
audience will change their view on matters they were once deeply convinced with. In this article, I
will shed light on the different functions of humor. I will study and analyze the ... Show more
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It generally involves two main aspects: definition and pragmatics. In this article, I will only deal
with pragmatics. Hancher (1980) explains that humor comes out by violating speech act in
appropriate condition or associated conversational theory of implicature. Raskin (1985)
differentiates humor dialogs from daily normal conversation and proposes the theory of humor's
cooperative principle in which listeners do not take the speaker's words at face value. The speaker is
not expected to tell the truth or to give related information. Attardo (1993) explains the substance of
humor and shows the results behind violating Grice's cooperative principle. Many studies and
researches attempt to illustrate the analysis of humor form the pragmatics point of view. However,
only few works explore humor with discourse analysis. In this article I will apply the pragmatic
theory using the cooperative principle by Grice (1975) and emphasizing on the four maxims merged
with discourse analysis to reveal the result of humor in English in the light of flouting or non–
observance of Grice's cooperative

Direct And Indirect Speech Acts
In order to communicate, people use not only utterances that contain words and grammatical
structures. Those utterances also include specific actions (Yule, 1996, p.47).
Let's imagine a situation where you are on a job interview and your interviewer states:
Welcome aboard.
It is more than just a statement, because this utterance is used to perform the act of giving you an
employment. In another example we can describe the act of the compliment [a] and expression of
surprise [b]. a. You're the man!
b. No way! Actions that are performed through the process of speaking are described as speech acts,
but the theory is more focused on acts that are not completely covered by major divisions of
grammar or any other theory of actions (Horn, Ward, 1994, p.53). In English language, actions are ...
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Directives are used to make someone do something that speaker wants.
Could you close the window?
Stop doing this!
5. Commisives represent the speaker's commitment to take some action in the future.
I'll do this tomorrow.
I will go to see a doctor. Direct and indirect speech acts
Speech acts can be classified on the basis of their structure and function. There are three general
types of sentences in English which are based on the structure(Yule, 1996, p.54): 1. Declarative
makes a statement or tells something You have a blue hat.
The lights are on.
2. Interrogative asks a question Do you have a blue hat?
Are the lights on?
3. Imperative commands something Put that blue hat on!
Put the lights on! Direct speech act occurs when there is a direct relationship between a structure
and a function. When interrogative is used to ask a question [a], it is direct speech. Indirect speech
on the other hand, occurs when there is no direct relationship between a structure and a function.
When interrogative is used to mare a request [b], it is indirect speech (Yule, 1996, p.55). a. Where
have you been?
b. Could you open the window? 1.3. The cooperative

Example Of Pragmatic Equivalence
Over decades, the concern of translators and scholars of language use have transformed piecemeal
from the language itself to its intended meanings to solve the problems of misunderstanding and
ambiguity. Pragmatic Equivalence is one of the prominent studies, which contributes to deal with
this matter. Pragmatics itself is an independent branch of language studies which "studies the use of
language in human communication as determined by the conditions of society." (Mey, 2001, p.6)
However, equivalence means to give a similar impact from the source text on the target reader.
Accordingly, the Pragmatic Equivalence studies seek to translate what the source writer or speaker
really means in particular situations, and according to special conditions, ... Show more content on
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Grice has presumed that the participants of the same speech or conversation try most of time to be
honest, pertinent, "informative" and obvious. Unlike the "politeness principle" (PP), which has been
known to have some reservations about human communicational speeches, Grice has claimed that
"we need the CP to help to account (to).. the relation between sense and force; and this kind of
explanation is particularly welcome where it solves." (Leech, 1983, P.80) In 1975, Grice has firstly
suggested the concept of the CP in his article "Logic and Conversation"; in which the roles of the
speakers and listeners are determined to have effective communications, and later on that will help
translators in conveying the message of the author to the readers. The principle can be divided into
these next–four maxims:
(i) Maxim of quality: a type of maxims, in which the speaker expects the hearer to be explicit and
real. For example; when the speaker is making a " cake", and he needs to add some sugar as one of
its ingredients, then the listener is expected to handle the speaker the sugar box; not the salt nor
pepper ones. (Grice, 1975, pp.

Three Essential Concepts In Foundations Of Pragmatics
The second chapter of "Foundations of Pragmatics" describes three essential concepts in pragmatics.
It starts with identifying the pragmatic perspective as a scope concerned with "all aspects of human
(linguistic) communication" (Fetzer 2002); such as the speaker's background knowledge, intentions
and assumptions, etc. This perspective also examines the linguistic and non–linguistic resources
available for a speaker to accomplish a communicative goal in a certain social context.
After that, context is explained as a fundamental concept to account for describing the micro–macro
dialogue in pragmatic studies. According to Cummings (2005), there are two types of context: static
(written texts) and dynamic (verbal exchange). The dynamic notion of context is a vital concept for
micro–macro pragmatics since it allows us to think of the factors that may cause misinterpretation
between interlocutors, and of the level of analysis at which such misinterpretation becomes visible.
The third notion is micropragmatics and macropragmatics. Micropragmatics is defined as the study
of illocutionary force at the utterance level while macropragmatics refers to the study of a sequence
of utterances which form discourses/texts. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This journey starts with the input obtained from the interpretation of the lexical and grammatical
coding of the utterance (immediate) context. Since this input (from deixis, lexical triggers) is
insufficient for the interpretation of the context because it does not include non–textual cues, the
analysis proceeds to the study of inferencing (presuppositions, implicatures). Once the
speaker/hearer interpretation is given, then the speech act level determines the function of the
utterance. After that the speech act comes as the umbrella category for deixis, presupposition,
implicature, and, potentially, a component category or a vital input in the macro

Violation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle
Chapter –I
For the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in English (Ph. D.)
Research Topic
Violation of the Maxims of Cooperative Principle in
Samuel Beckett's Selected Plays.
Research Student
Mr. Mundhe Ganesh Balavantrao
Research Guide
Dr. B. A. Jarange
Place of Research
Institute of Advanced Studies in English, Pune
CONTENTS
1) Introduction
2) Rationale of the Study
3) Hypothesis
4) Review of the Research Work
5) Aims and Objectives of the Research Project
6) Data, Methodology and Techniques
7) Plan of Thesis
I) Chapter – I (Introduction)
II) Chapter – II (Theoretical Framework)
III) Chapter – III (Analysis of the play Endgame)
IV) Chapter – IV (Analysis of the play Waiting for Godot)
V) Chapter – V (Analysis of the plays Happy Days )
VI) Chapter –VI (Conclusion and pedagogical implications)

8) Scope And Limitations of the Study
9) Significance of the Study
10) Conclusion
CHAPTER – I
Introduction:
The main aim of the present research is to study how Pragmatics works as a torch in the appreciation
of literature. Pragmatics is associated with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and
interpreted by a listener. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people
mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration
of how the speakers organize what they want to say and under what circumstances. It also focuses
on the social, political and ethical aspects of

Paul Grice's Cooperative Method
Grice's maxims
We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn.in other words we
need language to cooperate.
In linguistics the cooperative principles design to cooperate to work together in order to
communicate efficiently between two people or groups of people.
Grice's maxims was written in 1975 and created by Paul Grice about how follow the conversation
maxims. The linguist Paul Grice presented these maxims in depth and give us four maxims.
The cooperative principle is generally about cooperative with one another when two people want to
speak or to exchange the conversation.
The cooperative principle in two sides: speakers who observe the cooperative principle, and listeners
where assume that speakers are observing it. This allows for the possibility of implicatures, which
are meanings that are not explicitly conveyed in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we violate the maxim of quality, we lie. If we violate the maxim of quantity by not giving enough
information. According to Grice, a maxim has been flouted and implicature .There is an important
relation between conventional and an implicit meaning. Speakers can interact in many utterances,
but the hearer gather the utters. Cooperative principle attempts to make the utterances more difficult
rather easier and can delete information.
The CP is concerned with being helpful, avoiding miscommunication particularly in speaking. Many
problems in interpretation between Grice's use of the term 'cooperation' with a technical meaning,
and meaning of the word ,because dialogue may be right or wrong termed as being cooperative .
The literature(literary text ) is different from non–literary text that the literary text defined as poetic
function, and self–referential so it refers to its own world created by authors. The writer created the
imaginary world and the text refers to its own imagination. In contrary non–literary text includes
advertisement,medicine,science,and all life

Text 1.11 And The Language
In the following essay I will compare and contrast two texts with each other by referring to the
language and linguistic features.
The main idea in Text 1.11 is of a persuasive manner. This text is aimed at persuading the reader to
buy the "Mentz & Rahmen" products. This statement is supported by the use of the modality words
"except" and the use of the active voice: "settle" and "listening". The cohesion in the text is found in
the form of an ellipsis and makes use of transitions with the use of the words "stereo", "earpiece",
"sound", "listening" and "headphones". These words are all directly related to the product. The
writer also uses Reference cohesion in referring back to the people. Text 3:3 is an argumentative
piece. The writer appeals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Text 3:3 avoids speaking directly to the reader. The language features within text 1:11 are very vast.
The use of bound or inflectional morphemes is clear when the word "distorted" is used. One can also
find an example of zoomorphism in the words "hisssing" and "jusst". The words "conk out on them"
is often found in American English which is common in informal writing. This text is written in the
active voice thus speaking directly to the reader, and uses conjunctions like "and" to create a natural
flow. Typographic elements are also used in this text to make reading more interesting and to
emphasize certain key words. Text 3:3 on the other hand has all the qualities of an argumentative
newspaper article. The writer makes use the present tense and quotations to substantiate his
arguments. Also makes use of the words "complex" and "consistent" which are inflectional
morphemes.
The rhetorical devices in text 1:11 are used effectively: Description and imagery is used as the writer
describes a situation in which a reader uses another set of headphones with a bad quality and the use
of a Hyperbole comparing the experience with a nightmare. Text 3:3 uses some of the same methods
especially the Hyperbole when they refer to: "people who like nothing better than to kill team–
mates" and "scam, cheat and abuse". In this text the writer makes use of implicature. The writer also
uses conjunctions: "and"

Essay On Pretty Little Liars
In the tv show Pretty Little Liars, based on four inseparable best friends, until one summer one of
them,went mysteriously missing. This show set in the fictional town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania,
the series follows the lives of four girls, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields, and Spencer
Hastings, whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their leader, Alison DiLaurentis. One
year later, the estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious
figure named "A", who threatens to expose their deepest secrets, including ones they thought only
Alison knew. At first, they think it's Alison herself, but after her body is found, the girls realize that
someone else is planning on ruining their perfect lives. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And its what you do with your friends, when you can actually be seen in public, with the person that
you are going out with.
Aria:( looking back, and see the Principal) Oh, My God. I am so busted. Hackett just saw me staring
at Erza. Now he's walking over here. I think that what Mr. Fitz meant was Steinbeck used the farmer
as a metaphor for his frustration. Is he gone?
Emily: No, and he's totally watching you.
In this scene the implicature is how Aria, changed drastically the conversation she was having with
Emily about Ezra, who is her boyfriend and her teacher. They had tried to keep their relationship in
secret as a result that they both know that being romantically involved with a student is a felony. But
a few times before Aria had been caught staring or exchanging smiles between both of them, so Mr.
Hackett began to get suspicious. So as soon as Aria noticed that he were looking at her, she
immediately changed the conversion and made a reference about some reading Another time on this
show that we also see the relevance, when the girls are at Spencer Kitchen studying for a examen,
they are converting about Aria's relationship with Ezra the Teacher, and how they almost got caught;
Season 1 Ep 13 (36:06–37:09)

So Lashy ! Blastpro Mascara Advert Analysis
Diversity is a genre of advertising seldom used in the advertising world, especially in cosmetic
advertising. An example of diversity in cosmetic adverting would be the CoverGirl mascara
advertisement titled "So Lashy! BlastPRO Mascara." This commercial features 7 models who don
shirts professing "lash equality." More significantly, however, is the diversity of models portrayed in
the advertisement. advertisement "So Lashy! BlastPRO Mascara" CoverGirl differs from the
traditional conventions of cosmetic advertisements, using diversity to engage diverse customers,
rather than isolating them.
Cosmetic advertisements are the marketing of cosmetic or beauty products by the cosmetic industry
through different sources in mass–media. Traditionally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By showing the company's concern with "equality" (as stated in the commercial), CoverGirl informs
their consumer of that the company is concerned with issues of equality and diversity, and uses the
groundwork already created in social platforms to their advantage. CoverGirl implies a divergence
from the trope of a beautiful woman portrayed in mass media, and instead expands their audience,
creating a clientele basis concerned with social

Turn-Taking System as Described in Conversation Analysis
Outline and illustrate the turn–taking system as described in Conversation Analysis
Introduction to Discourse
Student Number: 12022165
Academic year 2012/2013
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCITON
2 TURN–TAKING
3 STRUCTURE OF THE TURN–TAKING SYSTEM
3.1 Techniques for selecting the next speaker
4 OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE CONVERSATION
4.1 Openings
4.1.1 Topic
4.2 Closings
5 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCITON
In conversation people seem to follow a certain rule of communication which is often perceived as
effortless as breathing but not many people are aware that turn–taking system as described in
conversation analysis is deeply structured, organized and has a predictable pattern. It is also one of
the basic mechanisms in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To avoid unintended implicature in dispreferred responses (invitation/declination) we often add
something to them. We can not respond to the invitation by saying "no" as this could be considered

as inappropriate and would create implicature. That is why in the case of declining an invitation we
have to add an apology, explanation or an excuse why we refused the offer. There are also examples
when we have one adjacency pair embedded within another
Dispreferred or complex responses can also be:
Silence
Pauses
Preface: well, uhm, ah
Example:
[pic]
(Levinson, 1983:308)
Politicians often take on these dispreferred responses in order to avoid anwsering a question directly.
Alternative responses to the first part of the adjacency pairs are:
[pic]
(Levinson, 1983:307)
Example: Interview of Paxman vs. Howard in which Howard (leader of the oposing party) continues
to avoid anwsering the questions provided by Paxman.
Paxman: Did you threaten to overule him?
Howard: I was not entitled to instruct Derek Lewis and I did not instruct him.
Howard: The truth of the matter is that Mr. Marriot was not suspended–
Howard: I did not overule Derek Lewis–
Paxman: Did you threaten to

Analysis Report: Communicative Competence
Analysis Report: Communicative Competence
1. The universal characteristics and limitations of language
There are many limitations in communication and language especially in the written language. The
background of the communication, for example when the conversation between Grace and Sarah
many such features like implicature, linguistic code and the language level can be assessed. Before
that can be done it is important that the fact that nonverbal communications may influence and
understanding of the conversation may largely depend on the understanding of the nonverbal
communications. There are nonverbal communications that take place and are often neglected in the
study of linguistics.
According to Portch (1985) the body communicates constantly both verbally and nonverbally.
Though the nonverbal communication in this context cannot be observed, some common elements
that could have implications in the conversation given for analysis can be seen by analyzing the
non–verbal cues. Thus in analyzing the conversation the following points seem to be valid: taking
that the conversation begins with the reference to a man, who would be cross with both of them: that
being implied by the use of the term of his being cross with them. There can be many implications
here. Someone was waiting for the women, and they were late. That must be what would be implied
if the sentence was interpreted in isolation. But when the reply is given the conclusion is that they
have tickets of the

The Projection Of ' War '
The Projection of 'War' in Poetry: Applying Metaphor Theory One study that investigates the role of
metaphor in poetry is Peter Stockwell (2002). Stockwell defines metaphor as ' the use of one
expression to refer to a different concept in in a way which is still regarded as meaningful, and
metaphor has most prototypically been associated with poetic and literary usage.' According to
Stockwell, much work in cognitive science has demonstrated that metaphor is related to the function
of human mind. Zoltán Kövecses (2009) affirms that poets share people's everyday conceptual
metaphor they use in poetry and blend proposed that in many cases poetry makes use of what he and
Turner, (1996) Fauconnier and Turner (2002) call "blends," in which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The mentioning of these circumstances creates a distinctive thematic representation. The
construction of the cleft sentence 'it was' followed by the adverbial phrase is to emphasize the time'
fourteenth of that month' and the place 'Goyja'. Here, the context is described literary which is the
rheme of the poem while 'the wind abducted my pen' is the theme. The verb 'abduct' is a transitive
verb. This structure is clearly metaphorical. The contextual parameters of the first two lines are not
clear–cut shown. The field including the process of 'abduction' is expressed in a lexico–
grammatically a different way that creates a grammatical metaphorical expression which according
to Halliday and Hassan (1995) involves the transformation of verbs and adjectives. The process of
abduction is force dynamic image schema metaphor in the sense that wind cannot 'abduct' things but
human beings and thus human being and wind are compared. The process of abduction is a
characteristic of human being. This material process requires a human actor while the poet uses 'the
wind' as instrumental as a participant. In addition, Halliday and Hassan's interpersonal metafunction
of the second participant of the verb 'abduct' involves another grammatical metaphor wherein a 'pen'
is not used in its literal sense. Here, 'pen' refers as thoughts, ideas, and feeling and/or anything that
can be written. The noun group involving determiner 'my pen' includes the person

What Is Pragmatic Equivalence?
Pragmatics is "the study of the purposes for which sentences is used, of the real world conditions
under which a sentence may be appropriately used as an utterance" (Hatim, Basil (1992), p.59).
Pragmatic Equivalence as a theory demonstrates the close relation between the meaning of a text in
the source language and the target language. Speech Act Theory and Grice's Cooperative Principle
set the basics of linguistics related with translation studies in terms of the meaning and its effect
between two different languages, the meaning and intentionality are primary elements to any
translator seeks to transfer the exact message of the text in the source language . Speech Act Theory
by Austin (1962) demonstrates how words in an utterance carry out ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The performance of the act is the main object in that utterance. The circumstances; in which the
utterances are uttered are important, they have to be appropriate. The speakers have to perform in a
certain way; that correspond to the action " whether 'physical' or 'mental' action ". (Austin,1962,p.8).
Austin (1962) elaborates that; the action can be performed by other ways, not only by a
performative utterance. The circumstances in different actions have to correspond to the action, they
describe.When the speakers objecting, they can make something different, from the one in their
mind. For instance, "awe inspiring performatives, such as ' I promise' ", so the action and the
utterance must be serious when uttering it. This is basically related to the significance of an
utterance.Promising is one of the performatives. In uttering a promise, the speaker must have
intention, in order to make this utterance; gives the right idea or impression. A performative promise
does not involve the statement, that one is promising. Such explicit performative utterance, does not
describe what the speaker is doing or, it does not mean that the speaker starts doing that action.
(Austin, 1962,

The Importance Of Pragmatic Language Processing
as Goodman & Stuhlmuller (2013) claim that pragmatic language understanding is a social
cognition. Perhaps the complex systems involved in pragmatic language understanding are modules
that specifically process information about social context, and, it is likely that these interpretation.
Perhaps one might start by searching for data suggesting that semantic processing and pragmatic
processing involve different parts of the brain.
In a series of experiments, Rabagliati, Pylkkanen & Marcus (2013) tested linguistic ambiguity
resolution in children compared to adults. They found that children processed language differently
than adults and that children had trouble integrating contextual cues (Rabagliati et al., 2013, p.
1085). And they suggested that this may be because children's executive function abilities are not
fully developed (Rabagliati et al. p. 1085, 2013). This notion is in alignment with previous research
by Khanna and Boland (2010) who studied lexical ambiguity resolution in 7 to 10 year old's and in
adults. They found that those who had more fully developed executive function abilities also were
more sensitive to context in their lexical interpretation (Khanna & Boland, 2010).
These results are starting to paint a picture that the structures for analyzing and interpreting syntax
and semantics may be different than the structures that are involved in a pragmatic interpretation.
One might hypothesize that the modules for strict semantic understanding are in

Grice Maxims
Grice's maxims
We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn and produc.in other
words we need language to cooperate.
.In linguistics the cooperative principles design to cooperate to work together in order to
communicate efficiently between two people or groups of people.
Grice's maxims was written in 1975 and created by Paul Grice about how follow the conversation
maxims. The linguist Paul Grice presented these maxims in depth and give us four maxims.
The cooperative principle is generally about cooperative with one another, when two people want to
speak or to exchange it.
The cooperative principle in two sides: speakers who observe the cooperative principle, and listeners
where assume that speakers are observing it. This allows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Speakers may violate or break one of the maxims . Grice's belief was about hearers who are assume
that speakers are conforming to the CP, and interpret utterances under this assumption. The
difference between what the words in an utterance mean and what the speaker's intention meaning
was, Grice implicature. It is clear in which the message that people intend to convey is not wholly
contained within the words they use, but depends on hearers interpreting the message taking into
account context and implicated meaning.
There is a continuity between everyday creativity and literature that the creativity has many
properties in relation to poetic features. There is a link between such everyday conversation and
literature itself .
Literary language is seen as a highly valued in which words and phrases are carefully chosen for
their artistic effect in the same time the listeners and readers are responded to these aesthetic. In
literature that certain forms of language are highly creative .creativity is not restricted to literary text
but how we can interact with

H. Paul Grice: A Cooperative Principle
According to British/ American philosopher H. Paul Grice (1975), for the conversation to be
efficient, people need to cooperate with their conversational partners and conversation only makes
sense in a mutually accepted context. Thus, he proposed a Cooperative Principle which consists of
four maxims of conversation. "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the
stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged" Grice (1975:45) The Maxims: Quantity 1.Make your contribution as informative as is
required; 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality 1. Do not say
what you believe to be false; 2. Do not say that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were stopped at the door and the guard asked his wife for an ID. The conversation followed:
Mey (2012:78) The doorman is blatantly flouting the maxim of quality giving false information
concerning his own age. This way he is conveying the message that he does not believe Mey's wife
and suggesting that she looks very young. What is more, Inger took it as a compliment! May states
that the flout had ,in fact, the pragmatic effect of a compliment. 2. Violation of quantity maxim.
Allan and Jaszczolt (2012:58) claim that "with quantity implicatures a speaker means not just what
she says but also that she does not mean something stronger" and present a few examples: 1. Barry
tried hard to lift the 300 lb barbell. In this utterance we are likely to infere that Barry failed to lift
300 lb barbell. Otherwise, the speaker would have said that he succeeded. 2. He thought he was
strong enough to lift it. In this case the hearer might infer that he was not sure that he could lift it. 3.
He had lifted the 250 lb barbell three times. With this sentence the speaker probably implicates that
he did not lift the barbell more than three

Styles Influence Of Communication In Military Organizations
Obviously, the structure, systems and leadership styles influence communication and its
manifestations in any organization (military, industrial, commercial). Nowadays, in the light of the
modern technological and organizational revolution, the military organization is increasingly similar
to civilian institutions; nonetheless, it differs in a radical way – its members must be always ready to
pay the supreme sacrifice: their life. Due to this life–binding commitment, the military must act like
a rigidly–stratified organization, in which each level is linked to its hierarchical superior or
subordinate by immediate and loyal allegiance.
The organizational structure, as mentioned before, is strictly stratified. It manifests – formally and
informally – through diverse attitudes, behaviors, conducts, reactions, between otherwise equal
members of the society, classified and empowered by the institution according to rank and position.
The hierarchy is rigid and must be obeyed under all circumstances, by all members of the
organization, regardless of their race, color, status, age, gender etc. When the hierarchical flow does
not move smoothly across the organization, communication is obstructed. This is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taking into consideration that the military organization is mainly characterized by group work,
cooperation and coordination among isolated elements, it is critical that the level of communication
between the members of the organization be optimal, a characteristic which falls under the
responsibility of the leader, constantly concerned with facilitating clear and efficient transfer of
information. Consequently, the inherent conditions of communication (transparency, freedom of
expression, respect for others' opinions, positive feedback) are conscientiously respected by all the
members of the organization and come to define modern military

Disadvantages Of Complementary Interpretation
3 Complementary Interpretation among RT and CP
3.1 Basis of Complementary Interpretation
From what has been discussed above, it can be concluded that because of the differences of subject
in diverse verbal communication, the complication of discourse comprehension, and the variability
of context, any single theory is insufficient to explain the whole picture of utterance. CP and RT
respectively own their distinctive advantages and disadvantages, so as to induction of their
differences in various aspects is necessary to examine whether the two theories can be reciprocally
complemented..
1） The perspective of utterance interpretation
Mainly from the social and interpersonal perspective to explain the conversational implicature, CP is
meant to lead the two parties of verbal communication to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Aside from both being important theories of pragmatics field, there's another significant similarity
between the two, from the author's perspective. Generally speaking, the core of Cooperative
Principle is that communicators in a conversation will work together towards the final purpose of
utterance –– in other words, they share a common purpose or at least a common direction of
acceptance. At every stage of the conversation, in accordance with the needs of meeting
communication purpose or with the direction of acceptance, people are willing to make their due
contributions. Relevance Theory states that by the act of making an utterance the speaker is
conveying that what they have said is worth listening to, and it will provide "cognitive effects"
worthy of the processing effort required to find the meaning. It can be translated as the speaker only
has to convey as much information as needed in any given context, so that the audience can recover
his/her intended meaning from what was said as well as from the context and implications. It
coincides with the quantity and quality maxim of Cooperative

Essay on The Concept of Deictic Centre
1.1 The concept of deictic centre
Deixis deals with the words and expressions whose reference relies entirely on the circumstances of
the utterance. For that reason these special expressions and their meaning in discourse can only be
understood in light of these circumstances. The term deictic centre underlines that the deictic term
has to relate to the situation exactly at the point where the utterance is made or the text is written.
One could even say that the deictic centre is the unmarked "anchorage point" from which the
utterance is made. To decode the meaning of a sentence we use a "navigation system".
In our day–to–day conversational exchanges, the speaker does not consciously use deictic ... Show
Central time (coding time): Adverbs of time, now and then
3. Central place (the location of the speaker): Adverbs of space, here and there
4. Discourse centre (the point of the speaker´s discourse): Adverbs of time and place, conjunctions
5. Social centre (the speaker´s social status relative to the Adressee´s)
Next we can distinguish between proximal terms (like here, now, this – near to the speaker) and
distal terms (like there, then, that – away from the speaker). It is important to note that in context of
deixis and grammar, when direct speech is shifted into indirect speech, the proximal forms also shift
into the corresponding distal forms. Compare the two following sentences:
"You were here this morning?"
I asked him whether he had been there that morning.
In contrast to the effect of "immediateness" proximal deictic forms create, the reported
speech utterance normally makes the original speech event seem more remote.
In the following section, I shall discuss some forms of deixis in detail.
Person deixis
These seemingly simple forms are sometimes quite tricky in their use. Children often have problems
using personal pronouns. The three pronouns from first to third person I, you and he, she, it are in
many languages elaborated with markers of relative social status (social deixis). Expressions
indicating a higher social status are called honorifics. In German or French, there is a special

Pragmatic Analysis of Seinfeld's the Contest
Materia
Lingüística
Paper
Pragmatic Analysis of
Seinfeld
"The Contest"
Alumno: Juan Wickenhagen
Profesora: Karen De Francesco
CAFI
2012
Index
Abstract............................................................2
Introduction........................................................3
Corpus..............................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................16
Bibliography......................................................17
Annex:
Seinfeld "The Contest" : Full Synopsis....................18
Abstract
This paper focuses on the pragmatic analysis of an episode of the American sitcom "Seinfeld" called
"The Contest". In order to carry out the work several fragments were selected from the episode's
script, which were analyzed using as theoretical framework the concepts taken from the book
"Pragmatics" by George Yule. The interactions of those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You could sell out Madison Square Garden. Thousands of people could watch you! You could be a
big star!
On the other hand, the use of anaphoric reference is mainly used to refer to George's mother since
she becomes the starting point of the plot's dramatic action when George confess to his friends that

his mother had "caught" him. There are many examples as regards that in the first part of the
episode:
JERRY: So, what did she do?
GEORGE: First she screams, "George, what are you doing?! My God!"(...)
ELAINE: (Wide–eyed) So, she fell?
ELAINE: (Between chuckles) How is she?
GEORGE: (Somewhat angered) She's in traction.
Inclusive and Exclusive we
In this passage, Jerry uses the so–called "exclusive we" (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee)
to state the differences between men and women as regards masturbation:
JERRY: We have to do it. It's part of our lifestyle. It's like, uh...shaving.
Both "we" in this sentence refer to "men" or "men's world" as a way of keeping Elaine, the only
woman in the group of friends, out of the contest.
Yet later on in the story, Jerry uses what Yules calls "inclusive we" (speaker and addressee included)
to include Elaine in the bet, and after "they" (men) allowed her to compete in such a contest:
JERRY: Well, obviously, we all know each other very well, (Elaine slightly laughs) I'm sure that
we'll all feel comfortable within the confines of the honor system.
Both "we" in this sentence do not refer to men

Three Approaches Of Pragmatics
According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological
approach which is exploring the relation between linguistic meaning of utterances, the
decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer
interpret those utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by
philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social pragmatics approach which
focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other
contextual factors. Brown and Levinson (1978 – 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this
approach.
The main objective of pragmatics is to study on how non–native speakers comprehend and produce
speech acts in a target language. Speech act is not the whole of pragmatics, but is perhaps currently
the most important part of the subject. Many of the topics addressed in both narrow and broad views
derive from three major pragmatic theories: Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, ... Show
In other words, indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy, hence people reduce the
unpleasant message contained in requests and other statement. In indirect speech acts the speaker
communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of depending on their mutually
shared background information either both linguistic and nonlinguistic together with the powers of
rationality and inference on the part of the hearer. To be more specific, to explain the indirect speech
acts can be say it is "a theory of speech acts certain general principles of cooperative conversation"
(Searle, 1979, p. 31–32). As Thomas (1995) people use indirect strategies whenever they want to
reach aims from their hearers, when speakers want to increase the force of the message
communicated, or when want to make their speech more

Why Research Is Important Essay
Asking me why research is important is like asking me why breathing is important or why is
walking important. For me, it is a fundamental way of life. Okay, maybe not as fundamental as
oxygen, but it is way up there. Research is important because it can satisfies our thirst in discovery
and make deeper understanding about particular material. A research could give us a confidence
booster when complete it. Research is effected our life. Try to think what research have done so far.
We know lot of things because of research. People do research because they want to know
something new and solve a problem. Research which is the foundation for knowledge that makes
possible so much of the innovation and application that provides wider benefit. In research, ... Show
Language used in communication among the speaker with the hearer. Trough language an idea,
opinion, feeling, critics and some supports can be expressed. Oka (in Suyono, 1990:45) state that to
express the feeling, idea, opinion, critics, and suggestion is a basic means of language. With
language the people can express their idea, opinion and also doing a good communication. When the
people want to share their idea, feeling, opinion or doing some speech they should use language
correctly. In doing a good conversation we should intend the utterance clearly to the hearer and also
the hearer should listen what the speaker saying carefully, it is what the expert call with cooperative
principle in pragmatics field. Pragmatics is a study about the meaning in use or speaker meaning.
One of the most basic assumptions we must make for successful communication to take place in that
both people in a conversation are cooperating, it is conveyed by the philosopher, Paul Grace. Not all
of the people willing to doing cooperative conversation because of some factor, one of them wants
to be polite or even unwillingness in doing a good conversation. Furthermore we often listen the
utterance have a different meaning with the intention of the

Semiotic Or Semilogical Theory Of Communication
1. INTRODUCTION
Communication serves a variety of purposes and takes on a variety of forms; and is so much more
than merely a transmission of information. Often communication includes ambiguous forms (which
may be either deliberate or spontaneous). How is one to interpret a speaker's utterances and how is
this interpretation done? The Relevance Theory of Sperber and Wilson (1986) – to be explored in
this paper – proposes an interpretation of utterances based on a theory in pragmatics about how a
hearer interprets a speaker's utterances.
In the past, two models have been put forward to explain how communication is processed. They are
as follows:
1.1. The Code Model
This model (also known as the Shannon–Weaver model (1949)) presents ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
their shared knowledge). There is therefore a certain degree of reliance on the hearer making the
right inferences from what is not explicitly communicated. This may be diagrammatised as follows:
Speaker's thought/intention + context–mediated information –> encoded –> transmitted –> decoded
+ context mediated information –> intention/thought understood.
Inference may be understood from the following example: The message 'Tom has bought the Times'
requires contextual knowledge for it to be understood – i.e. that 'the Times' is the name of a
newspaper publication. Also, it is to be inferred from the statement that rather than buying the entire
press enterprise, Tom has merely bought one issue, and probably the issue of the day in question.
The Inferential model includes Grice's model of implicature (i.e. what is meant, suggested or hinted
at but not overtly stated). Therefore, in order for communication to be successful, Grice proposed
the Cooperative Principle which includes the maxims of quantity, quality relevance and manner. The
Relevance theory develops the maxim of relevance.
With regards to metaphorical language, there is no sharp dividing line between it and the literal.
"The same cognitive processes are involved in understanding all utterances. This distinguishes our
view from the classical (Aristotelian) view of figurative language where figurative utterances

Pragmatic Equivalence In Translation

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