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Agricultural weirs to
retain water in
Flanders
Valkenborg B.(1), Janssens P.(1), De Bièvre D.(1),
Coussement T. (1), Palmans S. (2), Keppens S. (2), Wolfs V.
(3), Meuris S. (4), Verellen K. (4), Raman M. (4)
(1) Bodemkundige Dienst van België
(2) Proef en vormingscentrum voor de Landbouw
(3) Sumaqua
(4) Boerennatuur Vlaanderen
Water management in Flanders
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 2
Drainage of water
• Winter: too wet
• Drainage of field
• ditches in agricultural fields
Dynamical and Sustainable
retention of water
• Winter: wet
• Summer: dry (or too wet: 2021)
• Store water for future generations
• Reduce waterflow
• Increase infiltration: area and time
Content
1. Agricultural weirs in Flanders
2. Strategic placing of weirs
1. Regional scale
2. Local scale
3. Theoretical yield increments
4. Monitoring of weirs
5. Furture research
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 3
Agricultural weirs
• Retain water in ditches
• Increase the infiltration time
• Higher groundwater table
depths
• Increased yield
• Good drainage downstream of
the weirs
4
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders
High water
level
Low water
level
Illustrative example
Without weir
With weir
Illustrative example – vegetation
Weir doesn’t provide any additional retention of water
+ farmer lost control of water level on its field
Strategic placing – regional scale
• Topography: location within the landscape
• Soils
• Texture
• Drainage
• Ditches
• Direction of waterflow
• Depth of ditches
• Land use
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 7
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 8
Weirs
Area of interest
Connection
Ditch
Groundwater measurement
Phreatic network
INBO network
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 9
Weirs
Area of interest
Connection
Ditch
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 10
Weirs
Area of interest
Connection
Ditch
Drainageclass
Other
Optimal placing at field scale
• Where to place the weir in the ditch?
• Best placing = largest impact on water table depth
• Topography
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 11
Optimal placing at field scale
• Where to place the weir in the ditch?
• Best placing = largest impact on water table depth
• Topography
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 12
Optimal placing at field scale
• Where to place the weir in the ditch?
• Best placing = largest impact on water table depth
• Topography
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 13
Slope of the ditch
Optimal placing at field scale
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 14
Parcel
Weirs
Ditch
Connection
Flow direction
Optimal placing at field scale
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 15
Weirs
Ditch
Connection
Flow direction
Maximal impact
of one weir
Theoretical yield increments
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 16
• Ground water measurements
• Precipitation
• Evapotranspiration
SoilWaterBalance
Water table depth:
Park & Parker Weir
No weir
vd: deep percolation
Calibration: 𝛼, k, ℎ0
ℎ𝑖+1 = ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑘 +
𝛼 𝑒𝑘
− 1 ∗ 𝑣𝑑
1000𝑘
Time series analysis
Water
level
(m
TAW)
Water
level
(m)
No weir
Weir
Measurements
Theoretical yield increments
17
Crop yield
SoilWaterBalance
• Ground water measurements
• Precipitation
• Evapotranspiration
SoilWaterBalance
Water table depth:
Park & Parker Weir
No weir
vd: deep percolation
Calibration: 𝛼, k, ℎ0
No exact estimation relative comparison
between sites
(Allen et al., 1998)
1 −
𝑌𝑎
𝑌𝑚
= 1 −
𝐸𝑇𝑎
𝐸𝑇𝑚
𝐾𝑦
Yield deficit
Evapotranspiration
deficit
Ya: Actual yield
Ym: Maximal yield
ETa: Actual evapotranspiration
ETm: Maximal evapotranspiration
Ky: Yield response factor
Water
level
(m
TAW)
Water
level
(m)
No weir
Weir
Measurements
Yield
increment
(%)
Monitoring of weirs
• Sensor: water level measurements in ditches
• Monitoring well: ground water table depth
measurements
• Intercomparability: between different locations
of weirs
• Slope
• Soil texture and drainage
• Intracomparability: multiple monitoring wells
at one weir
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 18
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 19
Effect of weir
No effect of weir
Monitoring of water
level in ditches
Comparison in
place and in time
Suitable
Moderately suitable
Not suitable
Rejected
Controlled drainage
Weirs
Connection
Ditch
Flow direction
Ditches
Monitoring well
Water level measurements
IO-Things sensor
Monitoring
Water level estimation (m, ref. weir)
Future
• Inventarisation of agricultural ditches (StuwViewer met impact)
• Management plans -> advice to farmers
• Design of weirs
• 2D modeling of groundwater table
Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 20
Questions?

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Valkenborg et al.pptx

  • 1. Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders Valkenborg B.(1), Janssens P.(1), De Bièvre D.(1), Coussement T. (1), Palmans S. (2), Keppens S. (2), Wolfs V. (3), Meuris S. (4), Verellen K. (4), Raman M. (4) (1) Bodemkundige Dienst van België (2) Proef en vormingscentrum voor de Landbouw (3) Sumaqua (4) Boerennatuur Vlaanderen
  • 2. Water management in Flanders Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 2 Drainage of water • Winter: too wet • Drainage of field • ditches in agricultural fields Dynamical and Sustainable retention of water • Winter: wet • Summer: dry (or too wet: 2021) • Store water for future generations • Reduce waterflow • Increase infiltration: area and time
  • 3. Content 1. Agricultural weirs in Flanders 2. Strategic placing of weirs 1. Regional scale 2. Local scale 3. Theoretical yield increments 4. Monitoring of weirs 5. Furture research Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 3
  • 4. Agricultural weirs • Retain water in ditches • Increase the infiltration time • Higher groundwater table depths • Increased yield • Good drainage downstream of the weirs 4 Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders High water level Low water level
  • 6. Illustrative example – vegetation Weir doesn’t provide any additional retention of water + farmer lost control of water level on its field
  • 7. Strategic placing – regional scale • Topography: location within the landscape • Soils • Texture • Drainage • Ditches • Direction of waterflow • Depth of ditches • Land use Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 7
  • 8. Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 8 Weirs Area of interest Connection Ditch Groundwater measurement Phreatic network INBO network
  • 9. Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 9 Weirs Area of interest Connection Ditch
  • 10. Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 10 Weirs Area of interest Connection Ditch Drainageclass Other
  • 11. Optimal placing at field scale • Where to place the weir in the ditch? • Best placing = largest impact on water table depth • Topography Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 11
  • 12. Optimal placing at field scale • Where to place the weir in the ditch? • Best placing = largest impact on water table depth • Topography Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 12
  • 13. Optimal placing at field scale • Where to place the weir in the ditch? • Best placing = largest impact on water table depth • Topography Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 13 Slope of the ditch
  • 14. Optimal placing at field scale Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 14 Parcel Weirs Ditch Connection Flow direction
  • 15. Optimal placing at field scale Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 15 Weirs Ditch Connection Flow direction Maximal impact of one weir
  • 16. Theoretical yield increments Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 16 • Ground water measurements • Precipitation • Evapotranspiration SoilWaterBalance Water table depth: Park & Parker Weir No weir vd: deep percolation Calibration: 𝛼, k, ℎ0 ℎ𝑖+1 = ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑘 + 𝛼 𝑒𝑘 − 1 ∗ 𝑣𝑑 1000𝑘 Time series analysis Water level (m TAW) Water level (m) No weir Weir Measurements
  • 17. Theoretical yield increments 17 Crop yield SoilWaterBalance • Ground water measurements • Precipitation • Evapotranspiration SoilWaterBalance Water table depth: Park & Parker Weir No weir vd: deep percolation Calibration: 𝛼, k, ℎ0 No exact estimation relative comparison between sites (Allen et al., 1998) 1 − 𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑚 = 1 − 𝐸𝑇𝑎 𝐸𝑇𝑚 𝐾𝑦 Yield deficit Evapotranspiration deficit Ya: Actual yield Ym: Maximal yield ETa: Actual evapotranspiration ETm: Maximal evapotranspiration Ky: Yield response factor Water level (m TAW) Water level (m) No weir Weir Measurements Yield increment (%)
  • 18. Monitoring of weirs • Sensor: water level measurements in ditches • Monitoring well: ground water table depth measurements • Intercomparability: between different locations of weirs • Slope • Soil texture and drainage • Intracomparability: multiple monitoring wells at one weir Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 18
  • 19. Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 19 Effect of weir No effect of weir Monitoring of water level in ditches Comparison in place and in time Suitable Moderately suitable Not suitable Rejected Controlled drainage Weirs Connection Ditch Flow direction Ditches Monitoring well Water level measurements IO-Things sensor Monitoring Water level estimation (m, ref. weir)
  • 20. Future • Inventarisation of agricultural ditches (StuwViewer met impact) • Management plans -> advice to farmers • Design of weirs • 2D modeling of groundwater table Agricultural weirs to retain water in Flanders 20