This is the 5th lesson of the Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for the Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project
The lecture delivered at the Post Graduate Institute of Humanities and Social sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka on 8th October 2017 with following content:
River basin-level planning; Network of tanks and streams; Cascade ecology; Tank-village ecosystem; Traditional Agricultural Practices in adaptation to drought; Rainwater harvesting from rock
This is lesson 2 for Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project Project
Sri Lankan traditional knowledge in adaptation to climate changeDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the Workshop on “Conservation and Utilization of Local Varieties, Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources and Agriculture”, held on 9th January 2017 at Oak Ray Regency Hotel, Kandy organized jointly by Department of Agriculture (DOA) Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Japan, Biodiversity for Adaptation to Climate Change (BACC) Project and Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition (BFN )Project, Department of Agriculture’
This is lesson 1 for Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project Project
A Special Lecture has been delivered for Students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka on the course - Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture on 26th July 2021
Overview of small tank cascades: Evolution, present status and future scenariosDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at Policy Dialogue on Restoration and Management of
Small Tank Cascade Systems on 14 February, 2017 at
Bandaranaike Centre for International Studies (BCIS), Colombo
This is the first lecture delivered at the Training Workshop on Participatory Land Use Planning through Participatory Rural Appraisal Tools – 6th – 7th December 2021 at SLFI, Colombo
The presentation includes the technical knowledge had in the past in Sri Lanka at various level of development and most of them can be used with some modifications at present
The lecture delivered at the Post Graduate Institute of Humanities and Social sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka on 8th October 2017 with following content:
River basin-level planning; Network of tanks and streams; Cascade ecology; Tank-village ecosystem; Traditional Agricultural Practices in adaptation to drought; Rainwater harvesting from rock
This is lesson 2 for Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project Project
Sri Lankan traditional knowledge in adaptation to climate changeDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the Workshop on “Conservation and Utilization of Local Varieties, Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources and Agriculture”, held on 9th January 2017 at Oak Ray Regency Hotel, Kandy organized jointly by Department of Agriculture (DOA) Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Japan, Biodiversity for Adaptation to Climate Change (BACC) Project and Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition (BFN )Project, Department of Agriculture’
This is lesson 1 for Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project Project
A Special Lecture has been delivered for Students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka on the course - Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture on 26th July 2021
Overview of small tank cascades: Evolution, present status and future scenariosDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at Policy Dialogue on Restoration and Management of
Small Tank Cascade Systems on 14 February, 2017 at
Bandaranaike Centre for International Studies (BCIS), Colombo
This is the first lecture delivered at the Training Workshop on Participatory Land Use Planning through Participatory Rural Appraisal Tools – 6th – 7th December 2021 at SLFI, Colombo
The presentation includes the technical knowledge had in the past in Sri Lanka at various level of development and most of them can be used with some modifications at present
This is the 4th lesson of the Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for the Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project
The presentation explains the water used for Mannar water supply scheme is insignificant compared to other components. This is to make aware farmers and Officers to understand the situation of water balance in the Giant tank
This is the 8th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The lecture contains aspects such as Ancient Water Resources Planning, Water shortage, or water wastage in Sri Lanka?, Network of tanks and streams in the form of cascades, Tank-village Ecosystem, Patial desilting concept
Managing tank cascades in the dry zone for Optimum supplyDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the seminar organized
by IEPSL on 19th August 2011 at Waters Edge, Colombo to explain the importance of tank cascade management in sustainable water resources management
This is lesson 6 of IKS taught to Master level students on Indigenous Irrigation Systems at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This is lesson 3 for Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project Project
Presentation made at the Discussion Forum on Cascade Development in NCP, NP and NWP held on 26th November 2013 at the Conference Room of the
Uma Oya Multipurpose Development Project, Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources Management, No. 26, Jawatte Road, Colombo 5
Coping with Drought in Sri Lanka: Traditional Practices and New ApproachesDr. P.B.Dharmasena
P.B. Dharmasena, Presentation made on 28th June 2012 at the UNDP Workshop on Drought Management - Content: Coping with drought in the past, Traditional tank-village model, Tank rehabilitation, Rainwater harvesting, Sustainable and productive home gardens
Presentation made at the District Orientation programme of Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP) at Madurankuliya, Puttalam on 2nd April 2018.
This lesson includes traditional plant nutrient supplementing, pest and disease control, and indigenous agricultural machines and tools. The 9th lesson part 2 taught to Master students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Restoration of Tank Cascade Systems for Productivity and SustainabilityDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made for Technical staff of Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP) at Kurunegala on 9th May 2018
Why cascade systems again?
Drought and flood events can be expected more due to climate change
High prevalence of poverty in tank cascade areas
Mal-nutrition can be greatly reduced by tank fishery and animal husbandry
Better land use under cascade principles – addresses ecological issues such as clearance of village forests, unsustainable land use etc.
Improve living conditions
Health issues ? – drinking water, contamination of agro-chemicals and heavy metals leads to kidney failures, malaria etc.
Most importantly It is an answer to drought hazards
A rainwater harvesting technology;
A soil moisture and groundwater maintaining technology;
A soil erosion and siltation control technology;
A technology that ensured the maintenance of ecological balance;
A technology that promotes social cohesion and needs for community leadership;
A system that accommodates spiritual development which promotes egalitarian (equally treated) attitudes especially during droughts;
A system that nurtured the development of drought insurance through animal husbandry
This is the 4th lesson of the Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for the Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project
The presentation explains the water used for Mannar water supply scheme is insignificant compared to other components. This is to make aware farmers and Officers to understand the situation of water balance in the Giant tank
This is the 8th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The lecture contains aspects such as Ancient Water Resources Planning, Water shortage, or water wastage in Sri Lanka?, Network of tanks and streams in the form of cascades, Tank-village Ecosystem, Patial desilting concept
Managing tank cascades in the dry zone for Optimum supplyDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the seminar organized
by IEPSL on 19th August 2011 at Waters Edge, Colombo to explain the importance of tank cascade management in sustainable water resources management
This is lesson 6 of IKS taught to Master level students on Indigenous Irrigation Systems at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This is lesson 3 for Three Day Residential Training Workshop on Cascade Water Resources Development and Management prepared for Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project Project
Presentation made at the Discussion Forum on Cascade Development in NCP, NP and NWP held on 26th November 2013 at the Conference Room of the
Uma Oya Multipurpose Development Project, Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources Management, No. 26, Jawatte Road, Colombo 5
Coping with Drought in Sri Lanka: Traditional Practices and New ApproachesDr. P.B.Dharmasena
P.B. Dharmasena, Presentation made on 28th June 2012 at the UNDP Workshop on Drought Management - Content: Coping with drought in the past, Traditional tank-village model, Tank rehabilitation, Rainwater harvesting, Sustainable and productive home gardens
Presentation made at the District Orientation programme of Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP) at Madurankuliya, Puttalam on 2nd April 2018.
This lesson includes traditional plant nutrient supplementing, pest and disease control, and indigenous agricultural machines and tools. The 9th lesson part 2 taught to Master students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Restoration of Tank Cascade Systems for Productivity and SustainabilityDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made for Technical staff of Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP) at Kurunegala on 9th May 2018
Why cascade systems again?
Drought and flood events can be expected more due to climate change
High prevalence of poverty in tank cascade areas
Mal-nutrition can be greatly reduced by tank fishery and animal husbandry
Better land use under cascade principles – addresses ecological issues such as clearance of village forests, unsustainable land use etc.
Improve living conditions
Health issues ? – drinking water, contamination of agro-chemicals and heavy metals leads to kidney failures, malaria etc.
Most importantly It is an answer to drought hazards
A rainwater harvesting technology;
A soil moisture and groundwater maintaining technology;
A soil erosion and siltation control technology;
A technology that ensured the maintenance of ecological balance;
A technology that promotes social cohesion and needs for community leadership;
A system that accommodates spiritual development which promotes egalitarian (equally treated) attitudes especially during droughts;
A system that nurtured the development of drought insurance through animal husbandry
Types of water resources,Use Of water, overview of global distribution, reuse of water, Water Requirements,Water Scarcity, Cause of Water Scarcity, Water Management, Uses of Reclaimed Water, Water Budget of India etc. presented in this presentation
This is part 2 of the 14th lesson of the course - Indigenous Knowledge Systems taught to Master Students in Agriculture at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Introduction
Origin of tank cascade concept
Tank cascade systems of Sri Lanka: Anatomy, distribution and definitions
Importance of cascade approach
Traditional tank-village ecosystem – adaptive capacity for the present situation
4 Climate Resilience WV English for training of trainersDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a presentation made for trainers on Climate Resilience
under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
A closer look at wasteland and their reclamationSagar Chaudhary
The reclamation of wasteland and development measures in general includes land clearing, soil and water conservation, enhancing nutrient status, provision of irrigation facilities and so on. However, the existing status of wastelands shows wide variation across different regions of the country in terms of their suitability for cultivation. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a scientific assessment of the existing status; fertility, erosion levels, soil conditions, water potential, suitable cropping system, etc. of the waste lands spread over different agro-climatic zones of the state so as to prepare a realistic reclamation-cum-development plan for the wastelands. Thus rehabilitation of the wasteland through the sustainable management serves as a better cover to the soil and aids regeneration of forests.
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
This is a presentation made on Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
This is a TOT presentation made on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for the project - Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
2 Climate change on agriculture for training of trainersDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a TOT presentation on Agriculture and Climate Change
made for the project - Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
1 Climate and Soil for training of trainers.WV English.pdfDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a presentation made for trainers on soil and climate under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
Developing 2050 Carbon Net Zero Road Map & Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka - ...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This validation workshop was held after preparing the Road Map and Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka and the authors are responsible for the agriculture sector.
Sustainable Water Management in Cascade System: A model in Environmentally Se...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Introduction
Origin of tank cascade concept
Tank cascade systems of Sri Lanka: Anatomy, distribution and definitions
Importance of cascade approach
Traditional tank-village ecosystem – adaptive capacity for present situation
Cascade Tank Village System and identification of novel post graduate researc...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Seminar on Research collaboration opportunities with School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia - 14th September 2018, NRMC, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Main GHGs from agricultural lands are CH4 and N2O
GHG emission can be reduced by 60 % in 2050 through:
Removal of rice straws and through good management practices in paddy fields
Use alternatives to chemical fertilizer
CH4 reduction from livestock by improving feed quality and animal comfort
Reduce N2O emission in soils
Enhance C sequestration in paddy and rainfed uplands through ‘Evergreen Agro-ecosystem’ concept
Carbon stock in agricultural lands can be enhanced by improving land management practices
C sequestration in tea lands can be increased through: Agro-ecosystem approach; Crop diversification; Intercropping; Introduction of shade trees with optimum density; and Rehabilitation of old tea lands
C stock can be increased by 267 % by the year 2050 through Home Garden Intensification
If the proposed mitigation actions are implemented, the country will be able to achieve Net Zero by 2038.
This lecture was delivered to Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 districts in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It includes Climate Smart Agriculture, Special characters in CSA, technological packages for crops such as paddy, maize etc. and livestock such as cattle, poultry etc.
This lecture was delivered for the Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture project in 11 districts in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It includes climate change and climate variability, Relevance of global impacts of climate change. Green House Gas (GHG) emission, Reduction of GHG in the agriculture sector, targets for GHG reduction up to 2050, new agriculture concepts to reduce GHG and increase carbon sequestration
Management of Soils in the dry zone of Sri Lanka (Sinhala).pdfDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This lecture was delivered to Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 dry zone districts of Sri Lanka. It includes most abundant soils in Sri Lanka, Land degradation, Sustainable Land Management, new concepts immerged in agriculture to address climate change impacts.
The lecture delivered for Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 districts of Sri Lanka. It explains the difference between climate and weather, factors affecting climate variation in Sri Lanka, Rainfall, altitude, degree of wetness etc.
Progress of Improving System Efficiencies and Water Productivity (ISEWP): A C...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Objective: To analyze and demonstrate sustainable increases in irrigation system efficiencies and water productivity (in both yields and returns) that can be readily adopted in irrigation schemes and farms within the Mahaweli System.
Approach: The approach is in two inter-related parts;
Part 1 - case study irrigation systems, and
Part 2 - pilot demonstrations
Inception workshop held on 10th December 2018
Report submitted accommodating comments several times.
The Inception Report was finally accepted by the client on 19th July 2019 one month after the departure of the former Team Leader.
The progress has been seriously affected due to above reason
Up to now 6 monthly progress reports from April to September 2019 have been submitted
Lesson Four - Indigenous Village Irrigation Systems, traditional small scale ...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is the Guest Lecture 4 delivered for Agriculture students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
It explains:
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System
Ancient water resources management planning in Sri Lanka
Tank Cascade Systems of Sri Lanka
Tank-village Ecosystem
Traditional Vision of Water Management
Restoration of Village Irrigation Systems
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Lesson 5 contemporary risks to cascades and probable impacts
1. Module Objectives:
After this training, the participants will be able to explain:
The nature of Tank Cascade Systems in Sri Lanka;
How the tank cascade system has evolved on dry zone landscape?;
The important features of tank cascade systems;
Present status of tank cascade systems in Sri Lanka;
The contemporary issues found in cascade systems;
What consequences and constraints experienced by village communities?;
Why we need to plan water resources development in cascades?
How we can prepare a water management plan for a cascade?
Why we need participation of communities in cascade development and management? and
Roles and responsibilities of implementing partners in cascade development and management
Three Day Residential Training Workshop on
Cascade Water Resources Development and Management
P.B. Dharmasena
Lesson 5 - Contemporary risks to cascades and probable impacts
2. Lesson 5 - Contemporary risks to cascades and probable impacts
Lesson 5 Objective:
After this training session, the
participants will be able to explain:
• The present situation of cascade
environs and contemporary issues;
and
• Possible solutions to address the
problems
3. Session 5 - Contemporary risks to cascades and probable impacts
CONTENT
Topic Description
1 Land use changes Increasing demand for land, encroachment, destruction of ecosystems,
mismanagement of land resource
2 Soil erosion and sedimentation Soil erosion from tank catchments, sediment flow into tanks, tank
capacity reduction, change in tank geometry
3 Depletion of groundwater Groundwater movement in the cascade, changes in the system water
balance, causal factors for groundwater depletion
4 Water pollution Soil erosion, use of chemical fertilizer, application of agro-chemicals,
threat to human health
5 Threat to bio-diversity Floral diversity, faunal diversity, Issues threatening the biodiversity
6 Human - elephant conflict What is human elephant conflict and why does it happen?
The best solution: Let them to enjoy their resources,
Other solutions: Traditional bio-fence with Palmyra trees; Bee hive
fence; Electric fence; Siren drone
7 Possible solutions A discussion
4. 1. Land use changes
Land use types:
1. Paddy fields
2. Scrub lands
3. Forest
4. Secondary forest
5. Home gardens
6. Cultivated lands
7. Tanks
5. Decline in forest
cover in Tank
cascade system
areas - 1992
1. Land use changes
Increasing demand for
lands due to:
• Population increase
• Increased value of lands
• Commercial cultivation
• Development activities
6. Decline in forest
cover in Tank
cascade system
areas - 2010
1. Land use changes
Increasing demand for
lands due to:
• Population increase
• Increased value of lands
• Commercial cultivation
• Development activities
7. 1. Land use changes
Encroachment of
lands for:
• Paddy cultivation
• Rain-fed
cultivation
• Agro-well farming
• New residential
areas
9. 1. Land use changes
Destruction of
ecosystems
• Biodiversity
reduction
• Loss of ecosystem
services and
functions
• Loss of flora and
fauna species
• Drought and flood
due to ecological
imbalance
Home garden 148
Forest 76
Kattakaduwa 77
70
34
9
23
10
21
13
Ecosystem biodiversity
10. 1. Land use changes
Mismanagement of land
resource
• Land suitability for crops –
ignored
• Soil conservation – not
adopted
• Irrigation planning without
considering drainage
• Use of agro-chemicals and
chemical fertilizer
• Traditional practices – given
away
11. 2. Soil erosion and sedimentation
Soil erosion from tank catchments
Land use Soil loss
(t/ha)
Runoff
(mm)
Chena cultivation 11.73 388
Field with
conservation bunds
8.33 124
Scrub vegetation 0.25 7
Forest 0.04 7
Example: Maha 1989/90 season
Source: Dharmasena, 1994
12. 2. Soil erosion and sedimentation
Sediment flow into tanks – Results of a
tank sedimentation survey
Tank Year Catchment
(ha)
Capacity
(ha.m)
Sediment
(ha.m)
% silted
Paindikulama 1984 123 30.2 9.7 24.3
1987 123 28.0 11.9 29.8
1990 123 25.8 14.1 35.3
Siwalagala 1990 62 19.9 8.6 30.2
Marikaragama 1986 70 36.2 9.6 21.0
1990 70 35.3 10.5 22.9
Source: Dharmasena, 1992
13. 2. Soil erosion and sedimentation
Tank capacity reduction
• Tank water storage - reduced
• Paddy cultivation – affected
• Dead storage – disappeared
• Invasive weeds – covered the
water surface
• Fish population – affected
• Rain-fed farming - increased
17. Geometry of water body affects the loss
y = 59.471x-1.3351
R2
= 0.786
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
Capacity/area (m)
Percent
water
loss
2. Soil erosion and sedimentation
Change in tank geometry
Tank water loss is
high if the capacity/
water spread area
ratio is low
18. 3. Depletion of groundwater
Groundwater movement in the cascade
19. 3. Depletion of groundwater
Groundwater movement in the cascade
Source: Muditha Perera, 2016
20. 3. Depletion of groundwater
Changes in the system water
balance:
• High surface evaporation from
tanks due to large water spread
area and invasive aquatic weeds;
• Quick surface runoff from chena
in the tank catchments lowers
the subsurface water movement;
• Silted up tanks cut off the
groundwater flow along the
cascade;
• Increased use of groundwater
through agro-wells
21. 3. Depletion of groundwater
Causal factors for groundwater
depletion:
• Extensive use of groundwater for
farming
• Forest removal of tank catchments
for rain-fed farming (chena)
• Changes in the water balance due to
soil erosion and sedimentation
• Changes in rainfall behaviour due
to climate change
22. Water is a very limited resource
0.03%
4. Water pollution
27. USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES
Country Use in farm lands
(kg/ha)
Sri Lanka 284.3
Bangladesh 164.5
Pakistan 163.3
India 153.5
Bhutan 9.0
Nepal 7.7
4. Water pollution
28. 4. Water pollution
Water Pollution in tank cascade
systems:
• Soil erosion from tank catchments – tank
water is polluted with eroded sediments
due to absence of godawala, perahana
and iswetiya
• Chemical fertilizer applied in upstream
cultivated lands – N, P, Cd dissolved in
water flowing into tanks
• Eutrophication affects aquatic life
• Weed infestation increases
evaporation
• Human health issues
• Agro-chemicals in water especially with
hard water
• Threat to human health
29. 5. Threat to biodiversity
Tank and environs
Cultivation
areas
Natural/semi-
natural areas
Habitat
Gasgommana
Kattakaduwa
Other
associated
area
Tank
water
body
Tank
bund
Chena
Home
gardens
Paddy
fields
Forests
Scrublands
Number of Flora
species recorded
201 153 68 40 153 55 42 17 123 32
Biodiversity in Tank cascade systems - floral diversity in Kapiriggama
tank cascade (2013-2015)
30. 5. Threat to biodiversity
Animal Group
Recorded Faunal Species
Total Endemic Migrant/ Exotic Domestic
Land snails 7 3 1 0
Dragonflies 20 1 0 0
Butterflies 46 1 0 0
Crabs 1 1 0 0
Fishes 25 4 3 0
Amphibians 13 1 0 0
Reptiles 26 3 0 0
Birds 117 8 14 0
Mammals 29 2 0 4
Total 284 24 18 4
Biodiversity in Tank cascade systems - faunal diversity in Kapiriggama tank cascade (2013-2015)
31. 5. Threat to biodiversity
Issues threatening the
biodiversity:
• Agricultural expansion into non-
target areas;
• Spread of Invasive Alien Species
(IAS);
• Unsustainable biomass extractions
and loss of vegetative cover;
• Pollution and siltation of water
bodies; and
• Lack of awareness among
communities
32. 6. Human – elephant conflict
What is human elephant conflict?
Human elephant conflict occurs
when elephants and people live
together in an area where they share
the same resources. Therefore, they
compete for the same food, space
and water.
Why does it happen?
HEC occurs when people
change elephant habitat into
people habitat by clearing
land to grow crops, building
villages and adding roads.
33. 6. Human – elephant conflict
The best solution:
Let them to enjoy their resources
Other solutions
• Traditional bio-fence with
Palmyra trees
• Bee hive fence
• Electric fence
• Siren drone