Copy of Architectural Studies Degree for College by Slidesgo (1).pptx

LITERATURE REVIEW AND
CASE STUDY ON HIGH RISE
URBAN TOWER
SUBMITTED TO:
ASHIM BAJRACHARYA
PRAJWAL HADA
RAM LAXMI TAMRAKAR
SURYA GYAWALI

DEFINITION
Urban tower complex generally describes a
development or architectural project that includes
multiple towers or high-rise buildings within an
urban area which are often characterized by their
modern design, verticality, and integration of various
functions such as residential, commercial, and
recreational spaces.
They are typically found in densely populated cities
or metropolitan areas where land is limited, and
there is a demand for maximizing available space.

objective
● Maximizing Land Efficiency
● Mixed-Use Development
● Urban Revitalization
● Vertical Connectivity
● Sustainable Design
● Iconic Architecture
● Economic Impact

Types
● Residential Tower Complex
● Office Tower Complex
● Mixed-Use Tower Complex
● Retail and Entertainment Tower
Complex
● Hotel and Hospitality Tower Complex
● Educational Tower Complex
● Healthcare Tower Complex
● Civic and Government Tower Complex

ORIGIN OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
● The concept of tall buildings began to take shape in the late 19th
century with the construction of the Home Insurance Building
(1884-1885) in Chicago, United States. This 10-story structure is
considered the world's first skyscraper. The use of steel frames and
elevators allowed for the construction of taller buildings, and the
idea quickly spread.
● Slowly, urban tower complexes started to emerge as cities faced the
challenge of limited space and increasing population densities.
● In recent years, urban tower complexes have become more
ambitious and diverse in their design and functionality with
concerns in sustainable design.

Origin of urban towers in
nepal
● Towered complexes development in Nepal has been a relatively
recent phenomenon.
● Due to its geographical location and seismic activity, the
construction of high-rise buildings faced several challenges in the
past.
● The Everest Hotel built in1996 is the first modern high rise building
in the country.However, due to its limited height and the absence of
subsequent high-rise projects, it did not significantly impact the
skyline of Kathmandu.
● In recent years, with advancements in engineering techniques and the
adoption of seismic-resistant technologies, Nepal has witnessed the
construction of taller buildings.

MARINA BAY
SANDS,SINGAPORE
TRADE
TOWER,THAPATHA
LI
CIVIL
MALL,KATHMANDU
BURJ
KHALIFA,DUBAI
Some examples

Shops layout
● 12 to 15 ft wide by 50 to 60 ft
long in large city
● 15 to 18 ft wide by 60 to 80 ft
wide in smaller cities
● These dimensions work in 100
percent retail space.
● Basements 8 to 9 ft high, in the
clear,permit economical stock
storage .
● Ground floors are preferably
approximately 12 ft high If no
mezzanine is included,
mezzanines at least.
● Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30 ft.,
with the last the most flexible .
clear heights
● These vary from10 to 14 ft. or more, with
12 Ft. a goodaverage . Above this clear
height, there must be adequate space for
airconditioningducts, recessedlights,
structural e system, etc.
Column spacing

STRAIGHT PLAN DIAGONAL PLAN
BASIC LAYOUT OF RETAIL SHOP
PATHWAY PLAN
COST EFFECTIVESTRATEGY,APPLIED
TO ANY KINDSOF STORE,EASY
CIRCULATION.
SMOOTH CIRCULATION,PATHSDESIGNED
IN ANY PATTERNS
SELF SERVICE STORE BENEFITS,CASHIER
IN MIDDLE,ALLOWS ANGULAR TRAFFIC
FLOW

BASIC LAYOUT OF RETAIL SHOP
CURVEPLAN GEOMETRICPLAN
GEOMETRIC SHAPES OF RACKS
VARIEDPLAN
FUNCTIONAL FOR PRODUCT
THAT NEEDSBACK UP
CREATES INVITING ENVIRONMENT

Recreational areas
Sizes of gaming machines:

Bowling alleys
● Material for lane:wood,length
of lane:18.288m
● Width must fall between 41
and 42 inches.
Billiards and snookers
● Size of Billiard
Table=2.6mx1.5m
● Size of Snooker Table=4mx2m
● Min space required= 8mx6m
● 0.75mx(1.3-1.5m)space
required to keep cues

THEATRE/MOVIE HALL
● Seating spaces:
● Very large-1500 or more
seats
● Medium-500 to 900 seats
● Small - under 500 seats
● Size of auditorium: At least
0.5m2/spectator
● Good view- About 30 degree
● Escape routes:1 m wide

Restuarants
● Min. passage area : 18 inches
between chairs. Tables placed in
distance 4 to 5ft. apart
● Small children-
sq.ft.,Adult:12sq.ft
● Dining area:60% of total area
● Kitchen Area:15-20%

Food courts
Seatingarrangements:

Services
URINALS
● Should not be set closer than
450mm from its center to any
side wall, partition, vanity or other
obstruction, or closer than
900mm center-to-center between
adjacent fixtures.
● should be at least a 900mm
clearance in front of the urinal to
any wall,
WATERCLOSETS
● at least a 900mm clearance in
front of the WC to any wall, door.
Supply a predetermined quantity
of not more than 4.5 liters of
water per flush after each use.
WATERBASINS
● minimum size of 500mm in
length and 400mm in
width.

Climate control
heating and
humidification in the
winter
cooling and
dehumidification in the
summer

Vertical ZONING
01
02
DEGREE OF PRIVACY
LIGHTINGREQUIREMENTS

Vertical ZONING
04
03
RELATIVE WEIGHT
WET-DRYZONES

Different types of parking :
● Surface parking: Surface
parking refers to parking lots
directly on land.
● Basement parking: The
Basement Parking space type
refers to parking located below
grade within an occupied
building
pArking
Surface parking
Basementparking

DIFFERENT ANGLED
PARKING
TURNING RADIUS

BASEMENT PARKING
Width of ramps

POSSIBLE POINTS OF DAMAGE TO
THE VEHICLE
HEADROOM TO BE MAINTAINED

STAIRCASE
Riser height: 150 mm to
165mm
Tread width: 300mm to 450
mm
Balustrade at the right up to
a comfortable height of
900mm (or above according
to safety purpose).

Width of stairs
For windingstairs, distanceof
walking line to inner cheek is
35-40cm
Stairs on whichtwo people
can pass.
Widthof stairs for three
people.

EMERGENCY STAIRCASE
● At least two emergency
stairs must be available
for a high rise building
● Their walking width must
be at least 1.25 m and
not more than 2.50 m.
● The exit must be directly
into the open air or
through a lobby without
any fire load.

LIFTS
● normally be positioned at
the source of traffic flow.
Plans of lift
Section of lift

TYPES OF ESCALATORS:
● Double criss-cross: The
direction of travel of this
escalator is 180°
● Parallel layout: Escalators in
the same direction lie above
one another
Escalators

ESCALATORS
● Inclination : 30 or 35 degree
● Maximum travel is 6m
● limit of speed of approximately
0.5m per sec (100ft per min).
● Maximum load may be taken
as 12 ½ kg per 6m

CORRIDORS
● Heights shall not be less than
2.4m
● Should be at least 1.50 m wide.
● The minimum clear width for a
single wheelchair is 0.9m.
● Windows for lighting and
ventilation should not be wider
than 25 m apart
Clearwidthforwheelchair

the interaction between humans and the
built environment can have various effects
on the way we think, feel and behave.
Making a building
‘building’
on psychological level

Colours, form
and
architecture

In architecture,
color is expressed in materials and
illuminationrather than
just paint

Using colours to elevate forms andgroupfunctions

Scale and proportion
That we are used to: residences
Human scale
Intimate scale
Cosy: personal spaces
Monumental scale
Hierarchy: public buildings

Building exterior
Complex Designs Promote Positivity
Curved Lines Reduce Stress
Walking Access to Nature Encourages Learning

Access to Green Roofs Lowers Stress
Views of Trees and Sky Reduces Stress
Natural Environments Decrease
Ruminating Thoughts
Areas for Socialization Promote Better
Performance

makes one feel like they’re
connected to something bigger
an area with the fantastic view
of The Capitol
A streetentertainerat a pedestrianmall
Draws attention of the passers-by
(freedom of personal and social
expression)

Building interior
1. Natural Light from Windows Improves Mental
Health
2. Cooler Colored Lighting Makes You Happier
3. Blue-Colored Walls Inspire Imagination
4. Blue Interiors Help With Studying

5. Tall Ceilings Promote Abstract
Thinking
6. Red-Colored Walls Promote
Accuracy
7. Smaller Spaces Help Focus on
Detail
8. Plants Improve Your Mood and
Memory

Use of arches in the entry passage to
make it feel welcoming
Arrangement of lightings showing
direction and continuity of space
Use of monumental scale to imply
grandiosity, openness
Cooler and blue-enriched lightning
generates happy feeling and makes
users more alert
examples

Public
scape and
how people
behave in
public

Supportive design theory
representation of nature,
artworks, music, flowing water,
and people laughing.
02
Sense of Control
Flexible planning,
control over degree of
natural light
01
Social Support
comfortable seating for
visitors, accommodating
requirements for social
visits
03
Roger Ulrich investigated the effect
view of window had on the patients
recovering from same type surgery
Positive
Distractions

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF hIGH RISE BUILDING
Column Beam Shear wall
FOUR TYPES OF CORE:
1. CENTRAL CORE
2. SPLIT CORe
3. END CORE
4. ATRIUM CORE
CENTRAL CORE SPLIT CORe END CORE ATRIUM CORE

Four types of interior structures:
● Braced hinged frames
● Rigid frames
● Shear wall hinged frames
● Shear wall and shear truss frame
interaction
● Outrigger structure
Structural system for high rise buildings
Interior structure
A system where major part of the
lateral load resisting system is
located within the interior of the
building.
A system where major part of the
lateral load resisting system is
located at the building perimeter.
Four types of exterior structures are :
● Tube system
● Diagrid system
● Exoskeleton system
● Space truss structures
● Superframe structures
Materials in highrise construction concrete
Brick and
block
work
glass metal plastic

Proposedservices core location
Vertical distribution of buildings functions
relative to the urban canopy
Increase the external surface area to
volume ratio
Building floor plans that support
natural ventilation
Natural ventilation via doubleskin facades
Contrastin façades surface pattern
Energy efficiency and sustainability

Case study on INTERSTELLAR OFFICE
Location: AHMEDABAD,INDIA
FINISHES:PLASTER AND PAINT
Architect: SANJAY PURI
No of storeys: 10 WITH2 FLOORS OF BASEMENT
BUILT UP AREA: 17461.51SQ.M/187956 SQ.FT
START YEAR:2018
PROJECT COMPLETION YEAR:2022
Purpose: multipurpose (SHOPS,OFFICE)

Location and access
Buildingaccessiblethrough
baghbanplotroadon west
Lushexpanseof greeneryon east
side
Landmarks: Enagic global India,Takshashila
Apartment
Basement
Site analysis
Tropical monsoonclimate
Summer: March- June (42-28
degreecelsius)
Winter: November- January (30-18
degreecelsius )
Entrance to
the site and
basement
Location view from google map
AHMEDABAD,INDIA

CONCEPT
A rectilinear composition interspersed withlandscape
spaces creating a unique retail and office space situated
withinan emerging,centrally located business districts

PLAN AND DESIGN FEATURES
1.3-level high retail spaces occupy frontage along the arterial 30M wide city road with sheltered
arcade
2. Office space steps back above the retail floors,generating a large north-facing landscaped garden for
the offices elevated 40 feet above.
3. large terrace is planned as a community space ,with open sheltered seating spaces and extensive
vegetation for office users to use as a breakout space.
4. With the sun positioned in the southern hemisphere most of the year,this north facing terrace is
shaded from direct sunlight.
5. Large,punctuated screen walls on the east and west further shelter the terrace..

LANDSCAPE
● The building is designed to be
extremely energy efficient with
extensive landscaping.
● The large terrace is designed to
serve as a community space for
office users, (open sheltered
seating spaces and extensive
vegetation)
● The office space, along with the
accompanying landscaped
garden, is situated at a height of
40 feet above the road level.

Zoning and circulation offices
vertical zoning and circulation
1. The building is ten stories with two floors of basement level
for parking.
2. The three lower stories are used as shops,making them public
spaces and the remaining upper floors are offices,making them
private spaces.
3.The office space steps back above the retail floors,generating
a large north facing garden for offices which also serves as an
interaction spaces.
4.) Two main common staircase and four lifts for circulation.
parking Sectional view
shops

FLOOR PLANS
SITE PLAN
1. Building entrance leading to
lobby connected to lift and stairs
for vertical circulation
2. Each shops equipped with
individual separate stairs and
toilets.
3. Same layout of building in three
floors.
4. Parking space at the back side of
building.

FLOOR PLANS
Third floor plan
1. The third floor is designated
specifically for office spaces.
2. There are a total of 10 office rooms.
3. Each room is equipped with a toilet
and two to three windows allowing
ample natural light .
4. There are a total of three elevators,
with one designated as a fire lift.
5. The passage, spanning a width of 2.5
meters, provides access to the office
rooms.

VERTICAL SUN BREAKERS
For blocking
direct sunlight
reducing glare
andheat gain
Screen walls
Acts as a shading device and
blocks excessive sunlight
Extensivelandscaping
Incorporating green spaces around the
building that acts as a natural insulator
SOLAR PANELS AND WATER
RECYCLING

1. Ample space for parking
2. Highly energy efficient
3. Minimalist yet unique facade
treatments
4. Extensive landscape and
breakout spaces
1. Narrower access to the
parking.
2. Individual staircases are
installed in long, narrow,
rectangular store layouts,
which raises the expense of
stair installation.
3. Lack of variety of shops
POSITIVE ASPECTS Negative aspects

Case study on ctc mall
Location: sundhara, kathmandu
Year of construction:2013
Architect: suman vaidya
No of storeys: 10 + 2 (basement)
height:
Site area : 6 ropanies
Covered area : 2,35,744 sq ft
Purpose: multipurpose (Shopping, Multiplex, Food Court, Revolving
Restaurant, Multipurpose Hall, Office Spaces, BasementParking)

Location and access
Located at the core of KTM
Road access .
Basic facilities within the
surrounding areas.
Climatic condition
Semi-arid climate
Cold and dry : Nov-Feb
Wind direction: south west
Sundhara, kathmandu

Design concept
laid out around a central atrium maximizingdaylight
and ventilation
exclusive shopping and showrooms on the lower four
floors.
multiplex of two cinema halls and a multipurpose
hall.
Office spaces segregated from thepublic traffic and
located on the topmost level.
revolving restaurant witha sweeping 360 degree view Fig:- Model of CTC Mall

Plan and DESIGN FEATURES
Upper Basement plan
1. Access to Ramp at the west of the
building for both entry andexit.
1. 50% area for parking and 50% for
circulation.
1. Parking space available for 56 - 58 4-
wheelers in upper and lower basements
1. Parking Ratio: 1/111
1. Provision of 2 Staircases as well as a
lift in lower and 2 Staircases and 4
Lifts in upper

Lower Basement plan
6. Lifts are placed at the centre for convenience
and staircases are at lateral sides making them
easily accessible
7. Generator/ Electrical Room also located near
to one staircase on both floor
8. Horizontal column distance: 7300mm and
Vertical column distance: 7500mm

Access to
basement from
ground floor
and ground level

ground floor plan
● Total Area: 1985 sq.m
● 7 large showrooms, 6 smaller
Sizes:
10.8m x 10.14m
11.8m x 5.6m
10.3m x 7.1m
● Passageway of 2500 mm width
● 2 staircases (3000mm width)
● Escalators, scenic lifts

Triple height porch
Main entrance porch

first floor plan
●Total Area: 1985 sq.m
●7 large showrooms, 6 smaller
Sizes:
1.10.8m x 10.14m
2.11.8m x 5.6m
3.10.3m x 7.1m
●Passageway of 2500 mm width
●2 staircases (3000mm width)
●Escalators, scenic lifts
Large atrium at the centre that creates
visual interest of visitors and sets area
to hosts events.

second floor plan
●5 large showrooms, 6 small
showrooms, restaurant
Sizes
1.Showrooms = 10.8m x 10.4m , 7.3m
x 11.4m
2.Restaurant = 28.2m x 10.4m
●Passageway of 2500 mm width
●Escalator, scenic lifts

third floor plan
1. Total Area: 2230 sq.m
1. 6 large showrooms, 8 smaller
showrooms
1. Sizes
10.6m x 10.4m
11.8m x 5.7m
7.5m x 5.5m
1. Passageway of 2500 mm
1. Staircases (3000 mm width)
1. Escalators, scenic lifts
(1360mm)

fourth floor plan
●Total Area; 2195 sq.m
●Passageway of 2500mm
●2 staircases (3000 mm width)
●Escalator and scenic lifts
●6 large showrooms, 8 smaller
showrooms
Sizes
1.10.8m x 10.5m
2.7.5m x5.5m

fifthfloor plan
●Restaurant
40m x 22m
●Children’s play area
14.3m x 24m
●Cinema hall
14.7m x 14.2m
●Scenic lifts

View from
restaurant
of fifth floor

Sixth floor plan
●Staircases (3000 mm width)
●Scenic lifts
●Banquet hall
40m x 15m
●Cinema halls
1.13m x 14m
2.18m x 14m

Seventh floor plan
●Scenic lift
●Offices
13.5m x 11m
●Cinema halls
14.5m x 14m , 18m x 14m

eight floor plan
●Scenic lifts
●Offices
1.10.7m x 12m
2.14.5m x 12.5m
●Cinema halls
1.14.5m x 14m
2.18m x 14m

Movie Theatre
●A total of 3 cinema halls
●Cinema Hall A- 184 seats
●Lvl diff. Between first row to last
row: 3660mm
●Cinema Hall B-231 seats
●Door width: 1500 mm
●Lvl. diff. Between first row to last
row seating: 3660mm
●Cinema Hall C- 502 seats
●Entry door: 1500mm
●Exit door: 1200mm
●Distance of 7m from screen to first
row seating
●Intermediate distance between 2
sets of seating: 4800mm

ninth floor plan
●Scenic lifts
●Revolving restaurant
1.20m x 13m
2.24m x 7.3m
●Landscaping element
24m x 9m

tenth floor plan
●2 elevators and 2 scenic lifts
●Spiral staircase
●Revolving restaurant
Size:
14.6m x 13.25m

Rooftop garden restaurant revolving restaurant

Roof plan
Provision of helipad

Light and ventilation
Central atrium and
corridors opening to
exterior windows on
different floors

elevations
East elevation northelevation
● Linear horizontal and vertical
elements.
● Entrance is highlighted by
large glass windows and
doors and white column
structure.
● The bulky mass balanced
with heighted entry porches
● Steel trusses ● Glazed glass windows
● ACP sheets
Materials Used

System and services
● Provision of scenic lifts with 1360
mm diameter and extra 2 lifts
● Provision of escalators with
1000mm width
● Fire extinguishers in the adjacent
sides of central void

●Ample space on the ground
floor to host events and
activities
●Facilities of multiplex with
proper lobby areas
●Unique arrangement of
spaces that allows minimum
negative spaces.
●Functional basement
parking on 2 levels
●Great Ambient Spaces
●lacks a proper landscaped outer
area and insufficient lighting
●lacks food stalls which are more
likely to attract visitors
●Store fronts are not visible
clearly (through glazed glass
windows) hence it seems like a
private space instead of
somewhere the public can go to.
●escalators placed distant from
main entryway
●restrooms for male and female
separated on two widely distant
sections.

Case study on CENTRAL BUSINEss park
LOCATION: Thapathali
OWNER : Clean Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd
BUILDING TYPE : Commercial cum
Residential
ARCHITECT: RSPSingapore Group
ENGINEER : Birendra
PLOTNO : 2472,1949
SITE AREA: 2506.30SQ.M.
BUILT UP AREA: 8653.08SQ FT

Location and access
Buildingaccessiblethrough
kupondoleroadon thewest
Nepal Rastra Bankon theeast.
Landmarks: The British College, Shikar
InsuranceLimited, Norvichosptial
Site analysis Location view from google map
AHMEDABAD,INDIA
Climate
Hotand Humid : May and June
Coldanddry: Nov-Feb
Wind: SouthWest

About the building
● Centrally Air conditioned
● Business Center, Cafeteria and fitness center
● Abundant organized multi-level parking for
150 cars
● Advanced security and fire fighting systems
● High ceiling and large column free spaces
● central corridors
● Green Sustainable and Energy Efficient
Building

FLOOR PLANS
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
1. Very little front landscaping,
with a triangle-shaped green
area in front of the front entry.
2. entrance is through a spacious
lobby measuring 6000 by 18000,
featuring a reception table.
3. 30,000*12000 horizontal
rectangular rental space on
northern part.

FLOOR PLANS
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
1. Lobby providing immediate
access to restrooms as well as
access to the rental spaces.
2. A lobby that leads to a rental area,
measuring 12,000 by 15,000, that
is being used as an office.
3. In the southern rental space,
there are separate staircases
dedicated for emergency use.
Each staircase has a width of
1300.

FLOOR PLANS
second FLOOR PLAN
● similar layout to the first level
with the addition of a triangular
patio area of
12295*10,00*15850 in the
building's western portion facing
the entrance.

Structure
● Framed rcc structure with curtain exterior walls and brick partition walls
indoor.
● Column used are of dimension 1000*850 and 800*850.
● STAIRS
Type: dog legged
Width: 1200MM
Tread: 300
Rise: 150
● Reinforced concrete wall supporting the lift from 3 sides.
● 300mm thick retaining walls in the basement.

1. Impressive view of building from road
with amazing facade treatments.
1. Large renting spaces available with
fascinating views and ample lighting and
ventilation
1. Height difference creating an interesting
skyline for the building.
1. Insufficient stairs width-only
1200 mm
1. Not so impressive front
landscaping.

Case study on boulevard heights
Location: gulberg, lahore
Year of construction: 2004
Architect: khalid rehman (landmark consultant]
No of storeys: 19 +(4) basements
height: 200ft
Site area : 54000 sq. ft
Covered area : 39578 sq. ft
Purpose: multipurpose (shopping complex, parking, apartments, offices,
hotel)

Location and access
Very central location .
Road access from the south.
Basic facilities within 15-20
mins drive. Entrance
to the
basement
Climatic condition
Hot and Arid:
Temperature : 104 F to 41 F
Wind direction: S-SE
Exit from
the
basement
Exit
from the
site
Entrance
to the site
GULBERG,LAHORE

● 4 Basement floors are for parking purposes, each accommodating 100cars.
● lower ground floorfor shops.
● 14 lifts, 4 staircases and a set of escalators.
● 2 emergency staircases.
● Multipurpose buildingfacilitating different sets of functions like
shopping complex, auditorium, hotel and apartment.
● Splitting the levels of single floor into high and low to segregate flow of
public and vehicles; also facilitating the perfect viewing angle for audiences
in the context of auditorium at the second floor (by locating the stage at a
higherlevel).
Apartments and hotel
Shops and basements

Design concept
The design concept to design building on diagonal
lines was thatthe building was facing main boulevard
and had a view from that.
The upper structure gains good perspective views
from thetwo roads surrounding the site
Each of the apartmentunits can have the view of main
boulevard. This design consideration helped in gaining
maximumnorth light as well.

Front view of
boulevard heights

PLAN AND DESIGN FEATURES
1. Upper portion of structure stands on a number
of columns ; space thus formed in between is
developed into a recreational place with jogging
track, play areas for
children, etc.
1. Voids for visual connection from basement to
the upper portion of the building.
3. 4th and 5th floor parking spaces.
Voids opening up to the sky
View of high rising apartment and hotel

Zoning and circulation
(hoRIZONTAl)
● All the hotspot areas at the core.
● 10’ corridors.
● Two levels of the same floor
connected by stairs thus ensuring
both physical and visual connection
as well.

● small auditoriums on the2nd floor.
● Parking inthe upper level byproviding lifts forcars as well.
● Apartment and hotelon the upper level.
(vertical)

(vertical)
● 19 storied structure with 4 basement.
● Basement used for parkingpurposes each capableof accommodating 100
cars.
● Basement made accessible byproviding a ramp of varying gradient i.e., 1:7
and 1:5.
● Access to thelower basements ensured byproviding ramp at required
locations.

Exterior view
1. form looks like two diamonds arising from the platform punctured by two curvilinear voids.
2. geometrical contrast betweenthe lower public stories and upper private stories.
3. Designed in accordance to visual permeability.
3drendered model of boulevard Puncturedroof of boulevard

Structural overview Exoskeleton to offer resistance
against lateral loads
3drendered models of boulevard
● Two sizes of square pillars i.e., the smaller one is of dimension 2’10” x2’10”and the
bigger one is of dimension 3’x3’.
● circular pillar of radius 1’6”.
● vertical element projecting out of the building ; exoskeleton for providing extra
resistance to lateral loads , actsas a design element as well.
● supportedby square and circular columns.
● Prevalence of circular pillars on the basement and the squarepillars on the upper
levels.
● whole rigid frame structurewith load resisting components both on the exterior part
as well as interior part.

Natural Light and ventilation
FIG: ATRIUM FOR NATURAL LIGHT
FIG: BOULEVARD HEIGHTS
BASEMENT
FIG: VIEW OF BOULEVARD
HEIGHTS PEAK
FIG: CURTAIN WALL OF GLASS

atrium
For natural
light
Plan with open courtyards
For maxnatural light and ventilation
Service core at edges
For maximizing ventilation

1. Mixed use functions
>>more possibilities
to user.
1. Self sustained security
1. Visual permeability
1. Energy efficient
design
1. Good views to and
from street
1. Narrower access to
the parking.
1. Overcrowding of
columns at basement
1. Land use conversion

comparison
TITLE CIVIL TRADE
CENTER
CENTRAL
BUSINESS PARK
BOULEVARD
HEIGHTS
INTERSTELLAR
OFFICE
LOCATION SUNDHARA,KATHMAND
U
KUPONDOLE,KATHMA
NDU
LAHORE AHMEDABAD,INDIA
SITE AREA 32856 SQ.FT. 17461.51SQ.M 39578 SQ.FT. 2506.30 SQ. FT.
PURPOSE SHOPPING
MALL,ARTS AND
ENTERTAINMENT
OFFICES APARTMENTS,HOTEL,
SHOPS
SHOPS,OFFICES
Target groups Mid class - High class -

comparison
TITLE CIVIL TRADE
CENTER
CENTRAL
BUSINESS PARK
BOULEVARD
HEIGHTS
INTERSTELLAR
OFFICE
Special features HELIPAD,REVOLVING
RESTAURANTS
UNIQUE FACADES WITH
TRIANGULAR BALCONY
HYDRAULIC LIFTS, Highlyenergy
efficient,extensive
landscaping
LIGHT CENTRAL ATRIUM FOR
LIGHTINGS
NATURAL AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
POCKETS OF VOIDS
CREATED FOR
LIGHTINGS
NATURAL AND
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
PLANNING SHOPS ARRANGED
AROUND THEATRIUM
MINIMUM PROVISION
OF OUTDOOR SPACES
SHOPS ADJACENT TO
LONGITUDINAL AXIS
SUFFICIENT OUTDOOR
SPACES
PARKING SURFACE AND
BASEMENT
SURFACE AND
BASEMENT
SURFACE AND
BASEMENT
BASEMENT AND
SURFACE

Inferences
1. SITE:
2. -The site should be used to its maximum
retail potential.
3. - The orientation of the site to the road
should be easily accessible.
4. - The visual axis of the site should be
properly studies and utilized in the
design process.
1. PLAZA:
2. •Plaza Space should be inviting and
spacious.
3. •The plaza space should act as a buffer
to the actual building yet should be
accessible.
4. •Demarcation of site boundary
5. •Ample seating spaces in different form
should be provided.
6. •Landscaping and urban furniture
should be used to create semi private
spaces within a public space.

Inferences
1. DESIGN:
2. •The design of the building depends on
the architect but the design should
optimize the retail value of the complex.
3. •It should be cost economic and
maintenance should be easy.
4. •The Building design should be
sustainable and utilize site potential.
1. THEATER:
2. •The theatre should be dark thus
seepage of light should be prevented.
3. •Sound Insulation should be done as per
standard.
4. •Maximum number of seating in a row
should not be more than 25 without a
middle circulation.

Inferences
CAFÉ/Restaurant
1. Transit spaces help in dark & light zone
2. Should provide a variety of space
choices for customers
3. While providing outdoor spaces,
coverings should be planned
4. Connection of spaces should be well
thought of
5. Negative spaces should be avoided
Kid Zone:
1. Safety of children should be given 1st
priority while designing a kid zone
2. Proper floorings should be provided
3. A space should also be designed for the
parents/guardians of the children
4. If its outdoor playing area, no vehicular
access should be provided
5. Pathways should not be confusing

Inferences
Retail Shops:
1. Display windows should be wide and
large
2. Counter area should be free of
obstructions
3. Spotlights (direct) and indirect lightings
should be used
1. Wall spaces should be used for display
rather than windows
2. Mannequins should be placed under
direct lights and should be visible from
the display windows
3. Changing rooms should be of minimum
1.5 sq.m.Area.

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