This document summarizes Suneel Marthi's presentation on large scale natural language processing. It discusses how natural language processing deals with processing and analyzing large amounts of human language data using computers. It provides an overview of Apache OpenNLP and Apache Flink, two open source projects for natural language processing. It also discusses how models for tasks like part-of-speech tagging and named entity recognition can be trained for different languages and integrated into data pipelines for large scale processing using these frameworks.

1. Large Scale Processing of Text
Suneel Marthi
DataWorks Summit 2017,
San Jose, California
@suneelmarthi

2. $WhoAmI
● Principal Software Engineer in the Office of Technology, Red Hat
● Member of Apache Software Foundation
● Committer and PMC member on Apache Mahout, Apache OpenNLP, Apache
Streams

3. What is a Natural Language?

4. What is a Natural Language?
Is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through
use and repetition without conscious planning or
premeditation
(From Wikipedia)

5. What is NOT a Natural Language?

6. Characteristics of Natural Language
Unstructured
Ambiguous
Complex
Hidden semantic
Ironic
Informal
Unpredictable
Rich
Most updated
Noise
Hard to search

7. and it holds most of human knowledge

8. and it holds most of human knowledge

9. and but it holds most of human knowledge

10. As information overload grows
ever worse, computers may
become our only hope for
handling a growing deluge of
documents.
MIT Press - May 12, 2017

11. What is Natural Language Processing?
NLP is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence and
computational linguistics concerned with the interactions
between computers and human (natural) languages, and, in
particular, concerned with programming computers to fruitfully
process large natural language corpora.(From Wikipedia)

12. ???

14. How?

15. By solving small problems each time
A pipeline where an ambiguity type is solved, incrementally.
Sentence Detector
Mr. Robert talk is today at room num. 7. Let's go?
| | | | ❌
| | ✅
Tokenizer
Mr. Robert talk is today at room num. 7. Let's go?
|| | | | | | | || || | ||| | | ❌
| | | | | | | | || | | | | | ✅

16. By solving small problems each time
Each step of a pipeline solves one ambiguity problem.
Name Finder
<Person>Washington</Person> was the first president of the USA.
<Place>Washington</Place> is a state in the Pacific Northwest region
of the USA.
POS Tagger
Laura Keene brushed by him with the glass of water .
| | | | | | | | | | |
NNP NNP VBD IN PRP IN DT NN IN NN .

17. By solving small problems each time
A pipeline can be long and resolve many ambiguities
Lemmatizer
He is better than many others
| | | | | |
He be good than many other

18. Apache OpenNLP

19. Apache OpenNLP
Mature project (> 10 years)
Actively developed
Machine learning
Java
Easy to train
Highly customizable
Fast
Language Detector (soon)
Sentence detector
Tokenizer
Part of Speech Tagger
Lemmatizer
Chunker
Parser
....

20. Training Models for English
Corpus - OntoNotes (https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/ldc2013t19)
bin/opennlp TokenNameFinderTrainer.ontonotes -lang eng -ontoNotesDir
~/opennlp-data-dir/ontonotes4/data/files/data/english/ -model en-pos-ontonotes.bin
bin/opennlp POSTaggerTrainer.ontonotes -lang eng -ontoNotesDir
~/opennlp-data-dir/ontonotes4/data/files/data/english/ -model en-pos-maxent.bin

21. Training Models for Portuguese
Corpus - Amazonia (http://www.linguateca.pt/floresta/corpus.html)
bin/opennlp TokenizerTrainer.ad -lang por -data amazonia.ad -model por-tokenizer.bin -detokenizer
lang/pt/tokenizer/pt-detokenizer.xml -encoding ISO-8859-1
bin/opennlp POSTaggerTrainer.ad -lang por -data amazonia.ad -model por-pos.bin -encoding
ISO-8859-1 -includeFeatures false
bin/opennlp ChunkerTrainerME.ad -lang por -data amazonia.ad -model por-chunk.bin -encoding
ISO-8859-1
bin/opennlp TokenNameFinderTrainer.ad -lang por -data amazonia.ad -model por-ner.bin -encoding
ISO-8859-1

22. Name Finder API - Detect Names
NameFinderME nameFinder = new NameFinderME(new
TokenNameFinderModel(
OpenNLPMain.class.getResource("/opennlp-models/por-ner.bin”)));
for (String document[][] : documents) {
for (String[] sentence : document) {
Span nameSpans[] = nameFinder.find(sentence);
// do something with the names
}
nameFinder.clearAdaptiveData()
}

23. Name Finder API - Train a model
ObjectStream<String> lineStream =
new PlainTextByLineStream(new
FileInputStream("en-ner-person.train"), StandardCharsets.UTF8);
TokenNameFinderModel model;
try (ObjectStream<NameSample> sampleStream = new
NameSampleDataStream(lineStream)) {
model = NameFinderME.train("en", "person", sampleStream,
TrainingParameters.defaultParams(),
TokenNameFinderFactory nameFinderFactory);
}
model.serialize(modelFile);

24. Name Finder API - Evaluate a model
TokenNameFinderEvaluator evaluator = new TokenNameFinderEvaluator(new
NameFinderME(model));
evaluator.evaluate(sampleStream);
FMeasure result = evaluator.getFMeasure();
System.out.println(result.toString());

25. Name Finder API - Cross Evaluate a model
FileInputStream sampleDataIn = new FileInputStream("en-ner-person.train");
ObjectStream<NameSample> sampleStream = new
PlainTextByLineStream(sampleDataIn.getChannel(),
StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
TokenNameFinderCrossValidator evaluator = new
TokenNameFinderCrossValidator("en", 100, 5);
evaluator.evaluate(sampleStream, 10);
FMeasure result = evaluator.getFMeasure();
System.out.println(result.toString());

26. Language
Detector
Sentence
Detector
Tokenizer
POS
Tagger
Lemmatizer
Name
Finder
Chunker
Language 1
Language 2
Language N
Index
.
.
.

27. Apache Flink

28. Apache Flink
Mature project - 320+ contributors, > 11K commits
Very Active project on Github
Java/Scala
Streaming first
Fault-Tolerant
Scalable - to 1000s of nodes and more
High Throughput, Low Latency

29. Apache Flink - Pos Tagger and NER
final StreamExecutionEnvironment env =
StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
DataStream<String> portugeseText =
env.readTextFile(OpenNLPMain.class.getResource(
"/input/por_newscrawl.txt").getFile());
DataStream<String> engText = env.readTextFile(
OpenNLPMain.class.getResource("/input/eng_news.txt").getFile());
DataStream<String> mergedStream = inputStream.union(portugeseText);
SplitStream<Tuple2<String, String>> langStream = mergedStream.split(new
LanguageSelector());

30. Apache Flink - Pos Tagger and NER
DataStream<Tuple2<String, String>> porNewsArticles = langStream.select("por");
DataStream<Tuple2<String, String[]>> porNewsTokenized = porNewsArticles.map(new
PorTokenizerMapFunction());
DataStream<POSSample> porNewsPOS = porNewsTokenized.map(new
PorPOSTaggerMapFunction());
DataStream<NameSample> porNewsNamedEntities = porNewsTokenized.map(new
PorNameFinderMapFunction());

31. Apache Flink - Pos Tagger and NER
private static class LanguageSelector implements OutputSelector<Tuple2<String, String>> {
public Iterable<String> select(Tuple2<String, String> s) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(languageDetectorME.predictLanguage(s.f1).getLang());
return list;
}
}
private static class PorTokenizerMapFunction implements MapFunction<Tuple2<String, String>,
Tuple2<String, String[]>> {
public Tuple2<String, String[]> map(Tuple2<String, String> s) {
return new Tuple2<>(s.f0, porTokenizer.tokenize(s.f0));
}
}

32. Apache Flink - Pos Tagger and NER
private static class PorPOSTaggerMapFunction implements MapFunction<Tuple2<String, String[]>,
POSSample> {
public POSSample map(Tuple2<String, String[]> s) {
String[] tags = porPosTagger.tag(s.f1);
return new POSSample(s.f0, s.f1, tags);
}
}
private static class PorNameFinderMapFunction implements MapFunction<Tuple2<String, String[]>,
NameSample> {
public NameSample map(Tuple2<String, String[]> s) {
Span[] names = engNameFinder.find(s.f1);
return new NameSample(s.f0, s.f1, names, null, true);
}
}

33. What’s Coming ??

34. What’s Coming ??
● DL4J: Mature Project: 114 contributors, ~8k commits
● Modular: Tensor library, reinforcement learning, ETL,..
● Focused on integrating with JVM ecosystem while
supporting state of the art like gpus on large clusters
● Implements most neural nets you’d need for language
● Named Entity Recognition using DL4J with LSTMs
● Language Detection using DL4J with LSTMs
● Possible: Translation using Bidirectional LSTMs with embeddings
● Computation graph architecture for more advanced use cases

35. Credits
Joern Kottmann — PMC Chair, Apache OpenNLP
Tommaso Teofili --- PMC - Apache Lucene, Apache OpenNLP
William Colen --- Head of Technology, Stilingue - Inteligência Artificial,
Sao Paulo, Brazil
PMC - Apache OpenNLP
Till Rohrmann --- Engineering Lead, Data Artisans, Berlin, Germany
Committer and PMC, Apache Flink
Fabian Hueske --- Data Artisans, Committer and PMC on Apache Flink

36. Questions ???