By 吉隆坡循人中学圣约翰救伤队

1. LESSON 4 – Disorders of Circulatory System
Definition of Wound: A wound is an abnormal break in the skin or other
body tissues that can cause infection.
Types of Wound:
(1) Gunshot 枪伤
(2) Incised 割伤
(3) Laceration 抓伤/撕裂
(4) Abrasion 烧伤/擦伤
(5) Contusion 内出血/黑青
(6) Puncture 刺伤

2. When there is a foreign body in a wound, use a ring pad.
I. Press edges of wound together(until bleeding stops, DO
NOT REMOVE THE FOREIGN OBJECT) – Place ring
pad over gauze encircling foreign body – Bandage the ring
pad firmly(Avoid foreign body).

3. Pressure Points:
 Carotid
 Brachial
 Femoral
 Radial

4. The Causes of Internal Bleeding:
 Broken bone 骨折
 Blow 被打(Contusion)
 Bullet （子弹）伤 （Gunshot)
 Stab wound 刺伤
 Certain medical condition 某种药物

5. Sign and Symptoms of Severe Blood Loss
 Face and lips become pale.
 Cold and clammy skin.
 Rapid pulse rate, weaker strength.
Casualty becomes thirsty.
 Casualty may gasp for air.

6. Definition of Shock
Shock is a condition producing an insufficient supply of blood to the brain
and other vital organs.
Types of shock:
 Cardiogenic Shock 心因性休克
 Hypovolemic Shock 低血容量性休克
 Anaphylactic Shock 过敏性休克
 Neurogenic Shock 神经性休克
 Psycogenic Shock 精神性休克
 Septic Shock 败血性/感染性休克

7. The Functions of Dressing
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection
• Absorb discharge
• Avoid further injury
Types of dressings
 Adhesive dressings 粘性
 Non-adhesive dressings 无粘性
Blood Volume
• 0.3-0.5 L
• 3-3.3 L
• 6-6.6 L

8. The Functions of a Bandage:
 To maintain direct pressure over a dressing to control bleeding.
 To retain dressings and splints in position.
To prevent swelling.
 To provide support for a limb or joint.
 To restrict movement.
To assist in lifting and carry casualty.

9. Sign and symptom indicate that a bandage is too tight
• Blue tinge of the finger or toe nails.
• Pallor of the extremities.
• Tingling or loss of sensation.
• Coldness of the extremities.
• Inability to move the fingers or toes.

10. Types of bandage
o Arm sling
o Elevation sling(St. John sling)
o Foot bandage
o Hand bandage(Palm, Fist)
o Head bandage
o Ring pad

11. LESSON 6 –Respiratory System 人体呼吸系统
Heartbeat
• 60-80/min – Adults
• 80-100/min – Child
•100-120/min – Infant
Breathing Rate
• 12-18/min – Adults
•18-24/min – Child
•24-30/min – Infant

12. Gas 气体 Inhale 吸气
(Inspiration)
Exhale 呼气
(Expiration)
Oxygen 21% 16%
Carbon
dioxide
0.03% 4%
Nitrogen 78% 78%

13. LESSON 7 – Respiratory System Disorder 人体系统受损
Causes of Asphyxia
o Obstruction
o Suffocation
o Fluids, gas or smoke in the air passages
o Compression of the windpipe
o Compression of the chest
o Continuous fit 抽搐

14. Sign and Symptoms of ASPHYXIA
oBreathing : Rapid--noisy with frothing—stop
o Congestion: Flushing and cyanosis of the head, neck, lips
o Consciousness: Gradually lost (Difficulty in speaking)

15. Management of ASPHYXIA
 Remove the casualty from the cause
 Ensure open airway
 If not breathing, start artificial ventilation (Artificial ventilator is a
device that replace the function of inspiratory muscles, providing
necessary energy to ensure the flow of gas into the alveoli during
inspiration.
Breathing restored– Recovery position

16. LESSON 8 – CPR 心肺复苏术
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CPR Chain
Early Access– Early CPR– Early
Defibrillation – Early Advanced Care
CPR流程
o Danger
o Respond
o Shout for help
o Airway
o Breathing
o Circulation
o Defibrillation

17. Depth of ECC Hand Use Breathing Rate Heartbeat Blood Volume
Infant 0.5-1 inch 2 fingers 24-30/min 100-120/min 0.3-0.5L
Children 1-1.5 inch I hand 18-24/min 80-100/min 3-3.3L
Adult 1.5-2 inch 2 hands 12-18/min 60-80/min 6-6.6L

18. Common Causes of Sudden Death
1. Ventricular fibrillation
2. Accidental Electric Shock
3. Drowning
4. Drug Overdose
5. Suffocation
6. Severe Allergic Reactions
7. Trauma
8. Stroke
AED 全名？
Ans:………………….

19. When you may stop CPR?
a. The victim recovers.
b. An another trained individual takes over.
c. When another first aider replace you
d. When the ambulance arrived
e. When you have AED at the time
f. When you have already done six times of the 5
cycles CPR

20. LESSON 9 – Injuries to Bone/ Soft Tissue 骨骼及关节受损
Definition of Fracture
o Fracture is a break and crack in the bone.
Types of fracture
o Closed or simple fracture
o Open or compound fracture

21. Sign and Symptom of fracture
o Difficulty in moving a limb
o Pain near the injury
o Tenderness over a bone
o Swelling, bruising, distortion
o Sign of SHOCK: if the fracture is to the thigh bone, rib cage
or pelvis

22. Types of bandage
Arm sling
Elevation sling (St John sling)
Foot bandage
Hand bandage (Palm)
Hand bandage (Fist)
Head bandage
 Ring pad

23. LESSON 10-Nervous System 人体神经系统
• The purposes of the nervous system
 Control movement
 Control the functions of the body
 Control the levels of responsiveness
• Definition of unconscious: Unconscious is the result of an
interruption of the normal activity of the brain, the casualty may not be
aware of its surrounding.

24. • Causes of unconscious
 Fainting
 Infantile convulsions
 Shock
 Head injuries
 Stroke
 Heart attack
 Asphyxia
 Poisoning
 Epilepsy
 Diabetic emergency
( hypoglycaemia)

25. • The levels of responsiveness
Alert (Eyes, movement)
Voice (Speech)
Pain
Unresponsive

26. • Sign and symptom of fainting
1. May be some warning before fainting
2. May yawn or sway
3. May feel unsteady and become giddy
4. becomes pale
5. Sweat on face, neck and hands
6. consciousness is clouded

27. • Management
 Reassure casualty and urge him to breathe deeply
 Lay him down, lower his head between his knees
 Loosen tight clothing at neck, chest, waist
 Sips of water

28. When to do RECOVERY POSITION?
 If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-
threatening conditions.
Why do we need to do RP?
 Keep the airway clear and open.
 Ensures that any vomit or fluid won’t cause them to choke.