First aid

1. First Aid Course
2006
Siw Sandell
First Aid Instructor
First Aid Course
Patricia ruotsalainen
First Aid Instructor
2011

2. Course Outline
• Introduction
• Test your First Aid
knowledge and
skills
• Principals of First
Aid
• Basic Human
Anatomy (Bonus)
• Assess the situation
• Call for help
• Unconscious victim
• Airway obstruction
• CPR
• Shock
• Bleeding &
infections
• Fractures & soft
tissue injuries
• Medical
emergencies

3. Course Outline (2)
• Assess and observe
• Initial observation of the whole scene
• Stay calm

4. Aim:
To provide you with
basic skills and
knowledge in order to
recognize and provide
First Aid for
circulatory and
respiratory
emergencies (CPR)
and to recognize a
range of common
illnesses and injuries.
Learning outcome:
Demonstrate
• knowledge of the
principals of first aid
• knowledge of basic
human anatomy
• ability in the examination
of a victim
• competence in the
provision of CPR
• knowledge of identifying
a
range of common
illnesses and injuries
• First aid management for
a range of common
illnesses and injuries

5. Principals and priorities of First Aid
• To preserve life
____________________________
____________________________
• To prevent the injury or
condition worsening
______________________________________________
___________________________________________`___
• To promote recovery
____________________________
____________________________
Stay calm
Assess the situation
Safety of First Aider
Safety of other people
Safety of victim
Airway – Breathing
Circulation
Use of bystanders to
maintain Safety
Do No Harm

6. What has happened?

7. The Vital Link
Early access Early Defibrillation
Early CPR Early ACLS

10. Calling for help! 112
1. What has happened?
2. Where?
3. How Many?
4. Answer questions.
5. Do not hang up! Wait
for the operator to tell
you when to hang up.
6. Guide the helpers to
the right place.

11. Check the victim for response
Not responding –
Call 112
and
Open Airway

12. Check for normal breathing
•Look for chest movement.
•Listen to the victim‘s
mouth for breath sounds.
•Feel for air on your cheek.

13. Unconscious victim …if breathing
place in Recovery position

14. Recovery position
Tongue

15. Obstructed Airway
Unconscious victim
drug or alcohol abuse
Foreign object
 like food, ice, toys, dentures, broken
teeth, vomits…
Tissue damage
 accident related, poisons, fights…

16. Obstructed airway continues…
Swelling
 Respiratory infections, allergic reaction
Paralyzed airway
 brain damage, damage to spinal cord,
poisoning…
Heart diseases
 may collect liquid in the lungs

17. Obstructed Airway
Deliver 5 back slaps
x 2 between the
shoulder blades
Tell the victim
to cough

18. Heimlich maneuver
If still not breathing –
give abdominal thrusts
5- 6 times

19. First Aid for choking
1. Tell the victim to cough!
2. Deliver 5 back slaps
3. If not breathing  5 back slaps
4. If not breathing  Heimlich maneuver
(abdominal thrusts) 5 – 6 times
5. Finger sweep and check breathing
6. If not breathing repeat abdominal thrusts
 If unconscious  call for help  repeat
steps 1 to 6 x 3  No  CPR

20. Disorders of the Heart
Angina Pectoris
Narrowed coronary arteries
Heart Attack
Obstructed (clot) coronary arteries
Cardiac Arrest
Sudden stoppage of the heart (blood loss,
suffocation, electric shock, anaphylactic shock,
drug overdose, hypothermia…)
Ventricular fibrillation ( VF )
Heart fibrillates – no regular beat

21. Angina pectoris
Reduced blood
supply to the
heart during
times of stress.
Produces pain
in the chest
similar to that
of heart attack

22. Watch CPR DVD

23. Adult Life Support
ADULT CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPR
30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS : 2 BREATHS

24. Child Life Support
CHILD CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION – CPR
under 8 years old
Start with 5 breaths and then continue with
30 chest compressions : 2 breaths

25. ”Every minute counts”
Clinical death:
Heart stops
Biological death:
Brain death

26. Chances of recovery
 CPR must be commmenced
immidiately!
 The time from stoppage of the heart to
permanent death of brain tissue is aprox.
4 minutes.
 The avarage response time by an ambulance is
7 - 8 minutes (whole country 15-20 minutes).
 Someone is needed to sustain life
until the ambulance arrives!

27. Practice CPR

28. Arterieal-Venous-Capillary Bleeding

29. Blood volumes
Patient Total Blood
Volume
Lethal Blood loss if
not replaced (rapid)
Adult male 5 – 6.6 liters 2 liters
Adolescent 3.3 – 4.5 liters 1.3 liters
Child 1.5 – 2 liters 0.5 – 0.7 liters
Infant 300+ milliliters 30–50 milliliters

30. First Aid for bleeding
1. Elevate above heart level
 Blood flow subsides
2. Lie down the victim
 Prevents shock
3. Calm down
 Less oxygen
4. Apply pressure dressing
5. Apply indirect pressure
 Not more than 10 minutes

31. Nosebleed

32. Practice pressure bandage!

33. What is shock?

34. Shock happens when…
There is a problem with your:
Pump: You need to have a functioning
heart to pump blood around
Pipes: You need functioning vessels to
carry the blood.
Plasma: You need adequate blood in the
system. If there is a loss, there will
not be adequate volume
circulating.

35. Signs of shock
Signs Reason
Alerted mental status:
•Anxiety
•Restlessness
•Combativeness
Brain not receiving
enough oxygen
Skin:
•Pale
•Cold
•Clammy
Body tries to correct
problem by diverting
blood from non-vital to
vital organs (from skin to
heart…)

36. Signs of shock continues…
Nausea and
vomiting
Blood diverted from digestive
system
Changes in vital
signs
As body tries to pump more
blood Rapid pulse (>120 =
serious)
Respiration rapid (>24 =
serious)
Other signs:
Thirst, dilated
pupils,
sometimes
cyanosis

37. Treatment of shock
1. Treat any cause of shock you identify.
2. Stay calm and reassure the victim
3. Lay down the victim and slightly elevate his
legs.
4. Maintain normal body temperature
5. Give nothing to drink
6. Check and record breathing, pulse and level of
response.

39. Shock continues…
Anaphylactic shock
Is a massive allergic reaction by the body’s
immune system.
Fainting
Is a self-correcting form of shock resulting from
temporary lack of blood flow to the brain.

41. Musculoskeletal injuries
Fractures
 any break in a bone
Dislocation
 when one end of a bone making up a joint is
pulled or pushed out of place
Sprain
 when a ligament is torn (ankle, knee, finger…)
Strain
 stretching of a muscle or tendon or mild tearing
of muscle (neck, lower back…)

42. R  I  C  E
R  Rest the injured part
I  Apply Ice
C  Compress the injury
E  Elevate the injured part

43. Medical emergencies
Do you know First Aid for
Asthma ?
Diabetes ?
Seizures ?

44. Priorities of Emergency Care
Highest priority for Injuries:
Airway obstruction
Severe breathing difficulty
Burns involving the respiratory tract
Cardiac arrest
Severe bleeding
Shock
Spinal Injury
Severe head injury
Open chest injuries
Open abdominal wounds

45. Priorities for Emergency Care
Highest priority for Medical Problems:
Heart attack
Stroke
Heat stroke
Poisoning
Childbirth
Diabetic emergencies

46. Bonus points
Read through the “Human anatomy
handout and answer study questions.
You have until next week Monday to come
to my office and show me your answers.

47. Thank you !