installation part of water supply system. in this ppt you will also get the detail about laying of pipe lines into ground. this one is our college report

1. L J POLYTECHNIC
SUBJECT : WATER SUPPLY &
SANITARY ENGINEERING
TOPIC: PIPES , PIPE FITTINGS,PIPE JOINTS &
LAYING OF PIPELINES
MADE BY:
DHWANIK DESAI
MEHUL GOHIL
JAGDISH BHARWAD
DHAVAL DESAI
AMIT MUNJANI

2. PIPES:
 IN A HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM, A PIPE MAY HAVE THE
FOLLOWING DESIGNATIONS,DEPENDING UPON THE
FUNCTIONS IT CARRIES :
 SOIL PIPES:
 IT IS THE PIPE CARRYING SEWAGE FROM URINALS ,
WATERCLOSETS ETC. ,I.E. IT CARRIES HUMAN EXCRETA.
 ITS DIAMETER IS OF 100MM .

3. WASTE PIPE :
•It is the pipe carrying discharges from bath rooms , kitchens , sinks , etc. It
doesn’t carry human excreta.
 VENT PIPE :
 The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation of the system is known as vent pipe . It is
open at the top and bottom .It is carried at least 1m above the roof level.
 RAIN WATER PIPE :
•It is a pipe which carries only rain water .
 VENTILATING PIPE :
The ventilating pipe enables the foul gases of sewers to be safely discharged into
the atmosphere .

4. PIPE FITTINGS
 FOR JOINING , LAYING AND FIXING OF SOIL PIPE ,WASTE PIPE ,VENT PIPE ,RAIN WATER PIPE
,ETC. VARIOUS TYPES OF FITTINGS ARE REQUIRED :
I. SINGLE SOCKETED PIPE
II. PLANE BEND PIPE
III. SANITARY BEND PIPE
IV. LONG ARM BEND PIPE
V. SINGLE EQUAL JUNCTION
VI. DOUBLE EQUAL JUNCTION
VII. SWAN NECK PIPE
VIII. W.C. CONNECTOR PIPE
IX. SINGLE UNEQUAL PIPE
X. DOUBLE UNEQUAL PIPE
XI. SLOTTED VENT COWL. PIPE
 FIGURE SHOWS COMMON SOIL AND RAIN WATER PIPE FITTINGS

5. PICS OF SOME PIPE FITTINGS

6. PIPE JOINTS
 THE PIPES ARE MANUFACTURED IN SMALL LENGTH VARYING FROM 2 TO 5M.
BUT AT THE TIME OF LAYING , THE PIPES ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO MAKE
THEM CONTINUOUS . THE SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF THE PIPE DEPENDS ON
THE PIPE MATERIALS , INTERNAL PRESSURE , SITE CONDITIONS , ETC.
 VARIOUS PIPE JOINTS :
 BELLAND SPIGOT JOINT
 FLANGED JOINT
 FLEXIBLE JOINT
 EXPANSION JOINT
 COLLAR JOINT

7.  BELL & SPIGOT
JOINT
1. THIS IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED JOINT .THE C.I. PIPES
WHICH ARE TO BE JOINED BY THE SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT,
ARE MADE IN SUCH A WAY THAT ONE OF THEIR END IS
ENLARGED WHEREAS THE OTHER END IS NORMAL. THE
ENLARGED END IS CALLED “SOCKET ”, WHICH THE NORMAL
END IS CALLED “SPIGOT”. THE SPIGOT IS FITTED INTO THE
SOCKET . THE REMAINING SPACE BETWEEN THE SOCKET AND
SPIGOT IS FINALLY FILLED WITH MOLTEN LEAD .
2. THE QUANTITY OF LEAD REQUIRED PER JOINT VARIES FROM
3.5 TO 4KG FOR 15CM DIA.PIPE , TO ABOUT 45 TO 50 KG FOR 1.2
M DIA.PIPE. THIS IS SOMEWHAT SLIGHTLY FLEXIBLE JOINT AND
ALLOWS THE PIPES TO BE LAID ON FLAT CURVES WITHOUT THE
USE OF PIPE SPECIALS .

8. BELL & SLOGETJOINT

9. FLANGED JOINT
1. THIS JOINT IS MOSTLY USED FOR TEMPORARY PIPELINES ,
BECAUSE THE PIPE LINE CAN BE DISMENTED AND AGAIN
REUSED AT SOME OTHER PLACE.
2. THE PIPE IN THIS CASE HAS FLANGES ON ITS BOTH ENDS ,
CAST, WELDED OR SCREWED WITH THE PIPE . THE TWO ENDS
OF THE PIPES WHICH ARE TO BE JOINED TOGETHER ARE
BROUGHT IN PERFECT LEVEL NEAR ONE ANOTHER , A HARD
RUBBER GASKET OR WASHER IS PLACED BETWEEN THE
FLANGES ARE THEN BOLTED . THIS JOINT IS STRONG BUT RIGID
, AND HENCE CANNOT BE USED AT SUCH PLACES WHERE IT
HAS TO BEAR VIBRATIONS OR DEFLECTIONS OF PIPES .

10. FLANGED JOINT

11. FLEXIBLE JOINT
 FLEXIBLE JOINTS ARE USED WHERE LARGE SCALES FLEXIBILITIES
ARE REQUIRED . THIS JOINT IS ALSO CALLED BELLAND SOCKET JOINT
OR UNIVERSAL JOINT .
 THIS JOINT IS USED AT PLACES WHERE SETTLEMENT IS LIKELY TO
OCCUR AFTER THE LAYING OF THE PIPES . THIS JOINT CAN BE ALSO
USED FOR LAYING PIPES ON CURVES , BECAUSE AT THE JOINT THE PIPE
CAN BE LAID AT ANGLE .
 THE SOCKET IS SPHERICALAND THE SPIGOT , THOUGH PLAIN, IS
HAVING A “BEAD”AT THE END . A RETAINER RING IS PLACED OVER THE
BEAD WHICH KEEPS THE RUBBER GASKET IN POSITION . A SPLIT CAST
IRON “GLAND” RING IS THEN PLACED OVER IT . THEYARE THEN
TIGHTENED BY MEANS OF NUTS AND BOLTS .

12. FLEXIBLE JOINTS

13. EXPANSION JOINTS
• EXPANSION JOINTS ARE PROVIDED AT SUITABLE INTERVALS
IN THE PIPELINES , SO AS TO COUNTERACT THE STRESSES
PRODUCED DUE TO TEMOERATURE VARIATIONS . FOR
PROVIDING EXPANSION JOINTS IN CAST IRON PIPES . THRE
SOCKET END IS CAST FLANGED AND THE SPIGOT END IS PLAIN
. THE SOCKET END IS CONNECTED RIGIDLY TO AN ANNULAR
RING WHICH CAN BE SLIDE FREELY OVER THE SPIGOT END . A
RUBBER GASKET IS PROVIDED BELOW THE SOCKET AND
OVER THE SPIGOT END . THE FLANGES ARE THEN TIGHTENED
BY MEANS OF NUTS AND BOLTS .

14. EXPANSION JOINTS

15. COLLAR JOINT
 COLLAR JOINTS IS RECOMMENDED FOR JOINING THE R.C.C.
PIPES AND CEMENT PIPES . GROOVES ARE PROVIDED AT THE
BOTH ENDS OF THESE PIPES . BEFORE JOINING, THE PIPES ARE
BROUGHT FACE TO FACE AND AT THE SAME LEVEL . THE SPACE
BETWEEN THE PIPES AND THE COLLAR IS FILLED UP WITH
CEMENT MORTAR(1:1) AND THE SURFACE IS FINISHED AT AN
ANGLE OF 45*.

16. COLLAR JOINTS

17. LAYING OF PIPELINES
 PIPES ARE LAID EITHER ON THE GROUND OR BELOW THE GROUND . GENERALLY , THE PIPES
BRINGING WATER FROM THE SOURCE TO THE CITY , ARE LAID ON THE GROUND , WHEREAS THE
DISTRIBUTING MAINS TAKING THE WATER WITHIN THE LOCALITIES , ARE LAID BELOW GROUND .
THE PIPELINE IS LAID IN THE FOLLOWING STAGES :
 STAGE 1 : MARKING OF CENTRE LINE :
 THE CENTRELINE OF THE PROPOSED PIPELINE SHOULD BE MARKET ON THE GROUND BY THE
PEGS AT AN INTERVAL OF 20 CM WITH THE HELP OF THEDOLITE . THE WIDTH OF GENERAL
EXCAVATION SHOULD BE 30CM MORE THAN THE EXTERNAL DIAMETER OF THE PIPE. THE
EXCAVATION WIDTH IS MARKED O THE GROUND BY A SPADE . AT THE LOCATIO OF JOINTS , THE
WIDTH OF EXCAVATION(W2)SHOULD BE 30CM MORE THAN THE NORMAL WIDTH AND DEPTH OF
EXCAVATION SHOULD BE 15CM MORE THAN THE NORMAL DEPTH. THE CLEAR LENGTH (L) AT
JOINT SHOULD BE DOUBLE THE LENGTH OF JOINT .
 D=EXTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE
 W1= NORMAL WIDTH OF TRENCH
 = D+30CM

18. MARKING OF TRENCH

19. Stage 2 : Side Protection of Trench :
 When excavation is done in hard soil , the side
protection is not necessary . But ,when excavation
run along the loose soil,the side protection of
trench is required . The timbering to the trench
may be done by vertical sheet piles supported by
struts , wooden blocks and wedges .

20. SIDE PROTECTION OF
TRENCH

21. STAGE 3: EXCAVATION OF
TRENCH
 THE EXCAVATION OF TRENCH IS CARRIED OUT
ACCORDING TO THE MARKING ON THE GROUND . THE
EXCAVATION MAY BE DONE MANUALLY OR BY USING
TRENCHING MACHINE . THE DEPTH OF TRENCH
SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 90CM TO PROTECT THE
PIPELINE FROM BEING DAMAGED BY EXTERNAL
LOADS . WHILE DOING EXCAVATION,CARE SHOULD BE
TAKEN SO THAT UNDERGROUND CABLES AND OTHER
SYSTEMS ARE NOT DAMAGED.

22.  STAGE 4:PREPARATION OF
SUBGRADE
 FOR SMALL DIAMETER PIPES THE SUBGRADE IS PREPARED BY
RAMMING A LAYER OF SAND OR MOORUM TO A THICKNESS OF
ABOUT 15 TO 30CM . SOMETIMES A SINGLE LAYER OF FLAT BRICK
SOILING IS PROVIDED OVER THE COMPACTED SAND LAYER .
 IN CASE OF LARGE DIAMETERS PIPES THE SUBGRADE IS PREPARED
BY CEMENT CONCRETE FOUNDATION (1:3:6) OVER A LAYER OF
FLAT BRICK SOILING . CONCRETE BENCHING SHOULD BE
PROVIDED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE PIPE TO HOLD THE POSITION .
GROOVES SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN CONCRETE FOUNDATION AT
THE PLACES OF JOINTS .

23. PREPARATION OF
SUBGRADE

24. STAGE 5: LOWERING &
JOINING OF PIPES
 SIDE . PIPES SHOULD BE LOWERED IN THE TRENCH
CAREFULLY. SMALL DIAMETERS PIPES MAY BE
LOWERED IN THE TRENCH BY MANUAL LABOURS . BUT
THE LARGE DIAMETERS PIPES SHOULD BE LOWERED BY
CRANE OR OTHER MECHANICAL DEVICE .
 THE JOINING OF PIPES SHOULD BE STARTED FROM THE
LOWER LEVEL . THE SOCKET END OF PIPES ARE KEPT
TOWARD THE HIHER

25. STAGE 6: TESTING OF
PIPELINE :
 AFTER THE COMPETION OF THE PIPE JOINING ,THE PIPE INE SHOULD
BE TESTED FOR WATER TIGHTNESS . THE FOLLOWING TESTS ARE
GENERALLY PERFORMED :
 PRESSURE TEST :
 A SECTION OF PIPE LINE SHOULD BE FILLED WITH WATER AND
PRESSURE SHOULD BE APPLIED BY PUMP . THE PRESSURE IS NOTED
ON THE PRESSURE GAUGE . IF THE PRESSURE ON THE GAUGE FALLS
GRADUALLY,THEN IT INDICATES THE LEAKAGE IN THAT SECTION OF
PIPE LINE. THE LEAKAGE SHOULD BE DETECTED AND RECTIFIED
ACCORDINGLY.

26.  LEAKAGE TEST BY EMPERICAL FORMULA:
 THE ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE IS GIVEN BY RELATION , L=NDP/3.3
 WHERE:
 L= ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE IN CM^3/HR
 N = NUMBER OF JOINTS
 D = DIAMETER OF PIPE IN MM
 P = APPLIED PRESSURE IN KG/CM^2

 IF THE ACTUAL LEAKAGE IS MORE THAN THE ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE
, THE LEAKAGE POINT SHOULD BE DETECTED AND RECTIFIED
ACCORDINGLY.

27. STAGE 7: BACKFILLING THE
TRENCH
 AFTER TESTING AND RECTIFICATION , THE EXCAVATED
EARTH FROM BOTH SIDES IS BACKFILLED IN THE
TRENCH IN LAYERS 15 CM THICKNESS. EACH LAYER
OF BACKFILL IS TAMPED LIGHTLY BY TAMPING ROD.
FINALLY ,THE TOP SURFACE IS WELL RAMMED WITH
EXTRA EARTH IN SHAPE OF RIDGE WHICH GETS
LEVELLED IN COURSE OF TIME .