This is an introduction to Photogrammetry. Lectures prepared for Duhok University's students, surveyign Department.

1. © 2018 Dr. Sarhat M Adam
BSc in civil Engineering
Msc in Geodetic Surveying
PhD in Engineering Surveying & Space Geodesy
Note – Figures and materials in the slides may be the authors own work or
extracted from internet websites, Materials by Duhok or Nottingham
universities staff and their slides, author's own knowledge, or various internet
image sources and books.
Introduction to
Photogrammetry

2. Course overview
 This course introduces photogrammetry as a data acquisition
tool, and provides a general overview of its theory and working
principles. This course covers the factors that influence the
formation of the photographs, and the prcess of reconstructing
the three dimensional model for the real world. Students will
gain the ability to extract data from aerial photography.
 Aims and Objectives
1. Basic concepts of image geometry and measurement of aerial
photograph.
2. To develop understanding of image interpretation and
information extraction
 Assessment Criteria
1. Tutorials, assignment, activities, and laboratory exercise
2. Formal exam, theory and problem solving
3. Work loads, assigning different tasks to students

3. Course Outcomes
1. Be familiar with various Photogrammetric techniques, both modern and
conventional Photogrammetry.
2. To be aware of theory of photogrammetry, photographic methods and
other field considerations.
3. To study the achievable precision or accuracy by a variety of
photogrammetric techniques.
4. To demonstrate how to use various photogrammetry software, lower
cost software (eg EOS Photo modeler, Topcon Image master and Agisoft
Photoscan and their application).
5. plane and ortho rectification of imagery
6. To be able to analyze the obtained results.
7. To be able to deal with a case study

4. Course Contents
 Introduction, brief history of photogrammetry and types of
photography.
 Principle of photography and imaging, optics, Lenses, camera formats,
and Relationship of Aperture and Shutter Speed.
 Geometry of a single image.
 Relative and absolute orientation, analytical and digital plotters.
 Camera and lens calibrations.
 Mapping from aerial photographs.
 Close range photogrammetry.

5. Reading Materials
 Online Help in Photogrammetry, or Web
 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) or ISPRS
 Search engines (Google mostly for any particular subject)
 Example, Stereoscpy, in Google write what is stereoscopy
 If lucky will get the best source or to find the relevant information through pages.
 Books – Ex, Elements of Photogrammetry by Paul R. Wolf & others
 Broad your knowledge further
 Understand better
 Lecture periods,
 taking notes is very crucial
 Practical periods,
 write down any necessary info
 Consultation hours –
 Email – Sarhat@UOD.ac
 Working individually or in pairs ?

6. Introduction
The photogrammetry : has been derived from three Greek words
 Photos: means light
 Gramma: means something drawn or written
 Metron: means to measure
 Photogrammetry
is the “art, science and technology of obtaining reliable information about
physical objects and the environment through the process of recording,
measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of
electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena”
(American Society of Photogrammetry, 1980)

7. Uses of Photogrammetry
 Topographic mapping (earliest and still)
 Vary in scale from large to small
 Used in private engineering and surveying firms
 in planning and designing highways, railroads, rapid transit
systems, bridges, pipelines, aqueducts, transmission lines,
hydroelectric dams, flood control structures, river and harbor
improvements, urban renewal projects, etc.
 Orthophotos and digital elevation models (DEMs) replaced
traditional topographic map
 Valuable tool in land surveying
 As a base maps for relocating existing property boundaries
 planning ground surveys through stereoscopic viewing (Access
routes to remote areas).

8. Uses of Photogrammetry
 For Non Engineering Applications
 The preparation of tax maps, soil maps, forest maps, geologic
maps, and maps for city and regional planning and zoning.
 used also in the fields of astronomy, architecture, archaeology,
geomorphology, oceanography, hydrology and water resources,
conservation, ecology, and mineralogy.
 In traffic management and traffic accident investigations.
 in the fields of medicine and dentistry, measurements from X-
ray and other photographs and images have been useful in
diagnosis and treatment.
 In military intelligence

9. Applications
 3D face construction

10. Applications
 Crime Scene Recreation

11. Applications
 Accident Scene Response

12. Applications
 Archeological Documentation

13. Applications
 Volume Calculation
(Quarry)

14. Applications
 Self Driving or autonomous Car

15. Applications
 Dyson 360 Eye robot Vacuum
cleaner

16. 2D images to 3D models

17. History of Photogrammetry
The first survive photograph- 1838
1903

18. History of Photogrammetry
First aerial photographs
Boston from 2,000 feet-1860
By James Wallace Black

19. Historical Development
Divided into three general stage:
Analog Photogrammetry
Analytical Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry
1851
1960-1980
1980-current

20. Analog Photogrammetry
 First-generation stereoplotters.
 Into two types (1) direct optical projection instruments, (2)
instruments with mechanical or optical-mechanical
projection.
 Create true 3-D stereomodel by projecting transparency
images through lenses.
 The model formed by intersections of light rays (L & R).
 Direct projection of light rays by mechanical or optical-
mechanical is aimed in (2).
 The output from this process was topographic maps

21. Analog Photogrammetry
 First-generation stereoplotters.
 Into two types (1) direct optical projection instruments, (2)
instruments with mechanical or optical-mechanical
projection.
 Create true 3-D stereomodel by projecting transparency
images through lenses.
 The model formed by intersections of light rays (L & R).
 Direct projection of light rays by mechanical or optical-
mechanical is aimed in (2).
 The output from this process was topographic maps

22. Topographic maps
Show both natural and man-made features

23. Analytical Photogrammetry
 Rigorous mathematical calculation involved.
 Rigorously accounts for any tilts that exist in the photos
 Solution of large, complex systems of redundant equations
by least squares.
 The 3-D models are mathematically created (not via
recreating) as in previous method.
 Measurement are made in 2-D images.
 Outputs are digital terrain model generation, orthophoto
production, digital photo rectification, and aerotriangulation.

24. Digital Photogrammetry
 Digital image stored and processed on a computer and could be
scanned from Photographs or directly captured by digital camera.
 Each picture element (pixel) has
 its known position
 and measured intensity value.
 x and y photo coordinate pair must be related to the principal point
as the origin.
 Correct measured photo coordinates for distortion effects
 Digital image matching between pair of photos
 Orientation and Triangulation process applies as in other
photogrammetric process but in digital sense.
 Output same topographic maps, or product in digital form such digital
maps, DEMs and digital orthophotos saved on computer.