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Journal of Water Pollution and Purification Research
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9. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3 Issue 3] of our Journal of Water
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STM JOURNALS

10. 1. Effects of Introducing Cylindrical Ceramic Packing into a Single Slope Solar Distillation Unit
P. Vamsi Krishna, V. Sridevi, B. Sri Hari Priya 1
2. Evaluation of Oil-Sorption Properties of Kapok Fiber for Cooking Oils: A Potential Check for Oil-ridden
Wastewater from Restaurants
Vidyashree S., Vijaya Holla, Vivek A., M. S. Krupashankara, Nagashree N. Rao 15
2 2 2
3. Biosorption of Cd +, Cu + and Pb + Using Immobilized Moringa oleifera Leaves
Osemeahon S.A., Nkafamiya I.I., Anioke D., Akinterinwa A., Adebayo I.T. 23
4. Decentralised Wastewater System and Enhancing Green Cover
Sagar D. Tingare, Kamini S. Gholap, Sanjay P. Sawant, Angad S. Shelke 29
5. Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Inactivation of Escherichia coli by
Spray Deposited Au:ZnO Thin Films
R.T. Sapkal 37
ContentsJournal of Water Pollution and Purification Research

11. JoWPPR (2016) 1-14 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
ISSN: 2394-7306(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Effects of Introducing Cylindrical Ceramic Packing into a
Single Slope Solar Distillation Unit
P. Vamsi Krishna*, V. Sridevi, B. Sri Hari Priya
Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Water is important for all life forms on earth-plants, animals and human being, etc. For fresh
water necessities, humanity relies on rivers, ponds, lakes and underground water reservoirs.
The available fresh water on earth is mounted; however, the demand of fresh water is
exaggerated owing to growth and speedy industrial enterprise. Therefore, there is a great
need of proper water purification technique with less price. During this situation, solar
distillation plays an awfully vital role. This method is analogous to natural water cycle but
processed beneath closed and controlled conditions. The basin area of the still, free surface
area of water, inlet temperature of water, wind velocity, solar radiation, depth are some of the
factors that affect the productivity of the solar still. In the present work, the effects of
introducing cylindrical ceramic packing into the basin of a solar distillation unit to increase
the area of the basin were studied and compared with the results of solar distillation unit
without packing. The maximum efficiency for copper electroplated aluminium basin with
cylindrical ceramic packing and black painted basin with cylindrical ceramic packing at three
litres of wastewater are 54.86 and 64.64% respectively.
Keywords: Solar distillation, copper electroplated Al basin, Al basin with black paint,
cylindrical ceramic packing
INTRODUCTION
Water and energy are two of the most
important topics on the international
environment and development agenda on the
globe. Water is available in different forms
such as seawater, underground water, surface
water and atmospheric water [1]. The lack of
pure drinking water has been a great challenge
for humanity and it is directly related to 80%
of the world’s illnesses and to 50% of total
infantile death. In the urban area especially,
the water undergoes lots of water treatment
process but in rural area, there is significant
shortage of water and its treatment [2].
Popular methods are filtering with sand, which
only removes undissolved material while
chlorination and boiling kill harmful microbes
only. Solar distillation does all these three
functions [3]. Distillation is the one of the
processes that can be used for water
purification. Distillation refers to the process
of removing salt and other minerals from
water. Water is distilled in order to convert
wastewater to fresh water, which is suitable
for human consumption or irrigation. Most of
the research in desalination was focused on
developing cost effective ways of providing
fresh water for human use [4]. Solar still
having the advantage of low capacity and self-
reliance is best suited, as it can produce pure
water by using solar energy only, and does not
need other expensive energy sources such as
fuel or electricity. Among the various types of
solar stills, the single passive solar distillation
system is the most simple and least expensive.
This system is complete and requires no
additional infrastructure except the necessary
raw water and sufficient sunlight. Various
research works are being carried out to
improve the performance of the still. The basin
area of the still, free surface area of water,
inlet temperature of water, wind velocity, solar
radiation, depth are some of the factors that
affect the productivity of the solar still.
Experimental investigations have been done
by Moustafa on stepped solar still and wick
type evaporator still, and the efficiency of the
still improved by reducing the radiation losses

12. JoWPPR (2016) 15-22 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
ISSN: 2394-7306(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Evaluation of Oil-Sorption Properties of Kapok Fiber for
Cooking Oils: A Potential Check for Oil-ridden
Wastewater from Restaurants
Vidyashree S.1,
*, Vijaya Holla2
, Vivek A.2
, M. S. Krupashankara2
, Nagashree N. Rao1
1
Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Abstract
Sewage is one of the leading sources of water pollution. The untreated water released from
restaurants is the major contributor of oil pollution having devastating impact on aquatic life.
Oil in water clogs pipelines, pumps and treatment equipment, decreases the efficiency of the
plant and results in high maintenance and operation costs. The natural material, kapok fibers
have the capability to significantly separate oil from water by entrapping oil droplets in its
fibrous network. In the present work, kapok fibers were used in separation of cooking oils
from restaurant wastewater to study the oil-sorption properties namely sorption capacity,
dripping rate, retention capacity and reusability with several variables. The results indicate
that kapok fibers adsorb cooking oil up to 55%. The adsorbed oils can be easily recovered
from the fibers by manual squeezing and the recovered fibers can be used for several
sorption-desorption cycles without loss in sorption capacity. The results suggest that kapok
fibers can be used as a sorbent in effective filtration of oil from wastewater.
Keywords: Oil pollution, kapok fibers, adsorption, oil-sorption capacity
INTRODUCTION
Sewage is the major source of water pollution.
It mainly consists of suspended particles in
wastewater such as toxic chemicals and solid
aggregates. Oil-water is common in
wastewater discharges from industries such as
steel, aluminium, food, textile, leather,
petrochemical, gas and oil production,
transportation. The oil and grease
concentration in these wastewater are in the
order of 10–10,000 mg/l [1]. Cooking oils are
discharged from different sources such as food
industries, restaurants and residences. Cooking
oils have the same physical properties and
produce similar environmental effects like
petroleum oils. The oils discharged to
drainage, and water treatment facility clog
water treatment plants and pipelines, and the
products damage the pipeline quality.
Importantly, they are detrimental to
environment as they result in high biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), thereby killing aquatic
life [2]. Hence, it is required to remove the oil
from wastewater discharge in restaurant, food
processing and residences. Though the
government has installed water treatment
facilities to filter the water before discharging
into river, they are not adequate and existing
facilities lack the technology to treat large
quantity of wastewater. Most of the restaurant
and food processing industries, which
discharge vegetable oil with water into
sewage, have not installed effective oil-
filtration system in spite of government
regulation on pH and BOD level in the water
discharged into sewage [3]. Existing
technology such as grease interceptors are not
affordable, demand large installation space and
cause odour nuisance [4]. Hence, there is a
need to find an effective oil-sorbent material
for oil filter membrane, which can filter oil
from large amount of water.
India has imported 6,461,862 t of vegetable
oils in 2014–15 [4]. Large amount of oil
spillage during loading and unloading is

13. JoWPPR (2016) 23-28 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23
Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
ISSN: 2394-7306(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Biosorption of Cd2+
, Cu2+
and Pb2+
Using Immobilized
Moringa oleifera Leaves
Osemeahon S.A.1
, Nkafamiya I.I.1
, Anioke D.1
, Akinterinwa A.1
, Adebayo I.T.2
1
Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Abstract
In demonstration of the effectiveness of immobilized Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves
(IMOL) for the removal of metal ions from wastewater, the leaves of M. Oleifera were
immobilized by entrapping them within a polymeric matrix of calcium alginate. The
concentration of residual metal ions after sorption was determined using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS). The result of sorption capacity of Cd2+
, Cu2+
and Pb2+
were found
to be 99.59±0.061, 99.58±0.063 and 46.15±0.032% respectively. There was an increase in
sorption capacity as contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration increased, and
decrease in sorption capacity as ionic strength increased. The possibility of M. oleifera leaves
to absorb Cd2+
, Cu2+
and Pb2+
proved the result as an effective technology for wastewater
treatment and cheaper means of metal ion removal from wastewater compared to other
standard methods.
Keywords: M. oleifera leaves, immobilization, sorption capacity, metal ions
INTRODUCTION
Our environment is an open and wide place
made naturally. It includes mutual relationship
between man, living and non-living things. A
healthy environment is an integral part of
many human needs for a healthy life. Still, our
environment itself can be made up of some
health hazards due to pollution [1].
An increase in the population which led to
increase in the usage of heavy metals in
industrial activities has caused the existence of
them in wastewater [2]. Not all the metals are
toxic. However, the metals of most immediate
concern are cadmium, copper, lead, zinc,
cobalt, mercury and nickel [3].
Metals such as lead and cadmium are
contained in the wastewaters of industries such
as electroplating, plastics, paint
manufacturing, mining, petrochemical
processes, batteries, papers and pulp industries
[2]. Therefore, removal of these heavy metals
from streams represents significant industrial
waste problems (Kim and Yi, 2000); (1).
Normal good health can be maintained by
various inorganic salts and trace elements, but
they can be toxic when present above
threshold levels. Toxicity generally results
when an excessive concentration is presented
to an organism over a prolong period of time
and when the metal is present in an unusual
biochemical form [1].
Researchers over a period of time have raised
concerns over widespread cumulative toxicity
and environmental impact of the heavy metals
such as Cd2+
, Fe2+
, and Zn2+
. These led to
extensive research into developing alternative
technologies for the removal of these potential
damaging substances from effluents and
industrial wastewaters. Osemeahon and co-
workers in 2008 successfully removed Cd2+
,
Fe2+
, and Zn2+
using konkoli seed gum from
Mesopsis eminii plant [1]. In our continuous
effort to make our wastewater free from these
metals, we used immobilized Moringa oleifera
leaves to find out which could best remove
these metal ions.
M. oleifera plant is the most cultivated specie
of the genus Moringa in the family and also
sometimes grown in the wild. The fruits are
consumed all over the world. The leaves are
highly enriched in protein and some amino
groups but the leaves are not consumed

14. JoWPPR (2016) 29-36 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 29
Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
ISSN: 2394-7306(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Decentralised Wastewater System and Enhancing Green
Cover
Sagar D. Tingare, Kamini S. Gholap*, Sanjay P. Sawant, Angad S. Shelke
TSSM’s Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Department of Civil Engineering, Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all living beings on earth. The availability
and quality of water always have played an important part in determining not only where
people can live, but also their quality of life. On the other hand, wastewater is generated from
various industries and from domestic use. The capacity of sewage treatment is much lesser
than production, so, remaining sewage is directly discharged into streams or rivers resulting
towards increase in pollution of water, which directly or indirectly affects the human and
aquatic life as well as crop cultivation in agriculture. The root zone treatment system is one of
the low cost methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system, we can treat the
wastewater with best results. The root zone system is the best possible alternative to
centralized wastewater treatment system. Because of treatment at production level, the load
on conventional STP is reduced by a huge amount. In addition, there is considerable saving in
energy due to elimination of collection, transportation and treatment processes required in
case of decentralized treatment method. To achieve this goal, we implemented a model in our
campus to study the various aspects such as temperature effect, water quality; and related this
study with our collage building. We had set up a reactor in which we implemented root zone
technique and carried out lab analysis of reactor outlet sample for number of parameters. We
considered flow rate as the main factor for designing our system. Therefore, keeping the
detention time constant and changing flow rate we found out the change in different
parameters. The optimum values are those when we get best results with maximum flow. After
the results, we conclude that this model can be installed on domestic, commercial and
institutional buildings. In addition, after the treatment, the treated water can be used for
flushing, gardening, etc.
Keywords: Sewage, nonpoint source, wetland, ecofriendly
INTRODUCTION
Root zone systems are artificially prepared
wetlands comprising of clay or plastic lined
excavation and emergent vegetation growing on
gravel/sand mixtures and is also known as
constructed wetland [1]. This method combines
mechanical filtration, chemical precipitation
and biological degradation in one-step for the
treatment of wastewater [2]. A number of
factors like low operating cost, less energy
requirement and ease of maintenance attribute
to making root zone system an attractive
alternative for wastewater management. The
process in a root zone system to treat the
sewage begins with passing the raw effluent
horizontally or vertically through a bed of soil
having impervious bottom [3-4]. The effluent
percolates through the bed that has all the roots
of the wetland plants spread very thickly, nearly
2,500 types of bacteria and 10,000 types of
fungi, which harbor around roots, get oxygen
form the weak membranes of the roots and
aerobically oxidize the organic matter of the
effluent [5]. The characteristics of plants of
absorbing oxygen through their leaves and
passing it down to roots through their stems
which are hollow, is utilized as a bio-pump [6].
Away from the roots, anaerobic digestion also
takes place. The filtering action of the soil bed,
the action with fungi etc. and chemical action
with certain existing or added inorganic
chemicals help in finally obtaining very clear
and clean water. The system of plants

15. JoWPPR (2016) 37-47 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 37
Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
ISSN: 2394-7306(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and
Inactivation of Escherichia coli by Spray Deposited
Au:ZnO Thin Films
R.T. Sapkal*
Department of Physics, Nano-Materials Laboratory, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati,
Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Spray deposited Au-doped ZnO thin films were successfully prepared by using zinc acetate as
precursor onto the glass and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates at 4000
C.
In this study, the polycrystalline Au:ZnO films were prepared with the different Au
concentration in the starting solution varying from 0 to 4%. The optimized Au doping
concentration was 3%. The direct optical band gap of the Au:ZnO film (3% Au doping) was
3.10 eV. The photoelectrocatalytic activity of the prepared thin films was evaluated by
measuring the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methylene blue; 94% degradation of MB
with rate constant k=0.0555/sec. Inactivation studies of suspensions of E. coli in a parallel
plate reactor showed that the bacterial count can be reduced by a factor of 100 by direct UVA
illumination, by a factor of 107
with a ZnO electrode with applied external bias of 1.5 V versus
a stainless steel counter electrode, and by a factor of 1012
under a photocurrent of 18 mA
across the Au:ZnO electrode with applied external bias of 1.5 V versus a stainless steel
counter electrode. The high antibacterial activity in the latter case is ascribed to the
suppression of charge carrier recombination and auxiliary radical reactions occurring at the
surface of bacteria adsorbed on the Au:ZnO electrode. The Au:ZnO improved
photoelectrocatalytic degradation of MB and inactivation efficiency of E. coli.
Keywords: Au:ZnO thin films, photoelectrocatalysis, degradation, methylene blue, E. coli
INTRODUCTION
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is II-VI semiconductor of
wurtzite structure and has a large direct band
gap of 3.3 eV [1]. ZnO based materials have
been widely used in a variety of applications,
such as, optical waveguides [2], ultraviolet
(UV) light emitters [3], transparent conductive
oxides [4], chemical and gas sensors [5] and
photocatalysts [6]. Among these applications,
photocatalysis of ZnO has been intensively
studied due to its environmental eco-friendly
applications. By illumination with UVA light
(λ‹385 nm), will excite electrons from valence
band to the conduction band, producing an e-
-
h+
pair. If the adsorbed couples are considered
to be water and dissolved oxygen, then water
gets oxidized by positive holes and it splits
into HO and H+
. As oxygen is easily reducible,
reduction of oxygen by photoelectrons of the
conduction band results in generation of
superoxide radical anions (O-
2), which in turn
reacts with H+
to generate HO2. On subsequent
reaction with electron to produce hydrogen
peroxide (HO-
2), and then with hydrogen ion, a
molecule of H2O2 is produced [7]. However,
the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO is always
affected by the quick recombination of the
photo excited electrons and holes.
To retard the recombination of the excited
electrons and holes, one possible strategy is to
dope ZnO with metal [8, 9]. The excited
electrons in ZnO are supposed to transfer to
the metal if the interface between ZnO and
metal is optimized and the work function of
the metal is greater than that of ZnO. The
electron transfer will greatly suppress the
electron–hole recombination and then improve
the catalytic efficiency of ZnO. Until now,
many kinds of noble metals have been
combined with semiconductors, such as Au-
TiN [10], Comet-like superstructures of Au-
ZnO [11], Au-doped iron oxide thin films [12]
and Au-doped mesostructured SnO2 [13].

16. conducted
Ch Instrumentation/ /
/
Energy Science/ /
22
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