This document compares two fatigue analysis methods - full stochastic and DNVGL load component stochastic - using a turret-moored FPSO model. Fatigue is an important design criterion for floating structures due to high cyclic loads from waves. The objective is to perform a comparative study between the two methods by calculating the fatigue life of longitudinal members amidships on the FPSO model. The results provide guidance on inspections and the advantages/limitations of different fatigue design approaches are discussed.

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10. 1. Comparative Study on Fatigue Analysis Methods using Turret-moored FPSO Model
Ozgur Ozguc 1
2. Evaluation of Buckling Response on a Semi-Submersible Platform
Ozgur Ozguc 16
3. Q Anisotropy in the Region of Garhwal Himalaya
Gaurav Sharma, Akshat Dimri 25
4. Aqua Search: A New Metaheuristic Modified Firefly Algorithm for Topology
Optimisation of Continuum Structures
K.N.V. Chandrasekhar, T. Muralidhara Rao, Sangu Swapna 32
5. Oil Price Volatility
Sitanshu Tiwari, Kartik Parolia, Pranav Kaila, Gurpreet Singh 38
ContentsJournal of Offshore Structure and Technology

11. JoOST (2016) 1-15 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology
ISSN: 2349-8986(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Comparative Study on Fatigue Analysis Methods using
Turret-moored FPSO Model
Ozgur Ozguc*
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
Floating structures are prone to fatigue due to high cyclic loads mainly caused by waves and
changing loading conditions. Therefore, fatigue is an important criterion during design. The
fatigue life is dependent upon factors such as global and local design, workmanship during
construction, maintenance, corrosion protection, and trade and load history. Different
approaches are applied to the fatigue strength assessment. Longitudinal stiffener end
connections are also important structural elements in the hull structure of ships, floating
production storage and offloading units (FPSOs), semisubmersibles and tension leg
platforms. Further, the wave loads introduce significant dynamic stresses in the side shell
below the mean water level. This has led to a number of fatigue cracks in the welded
connections between side longitudinal stiffeners and transverse frames and bulkheads of hull
structure. The objective of this paper is to perform the comparative study between full
stochastic fatigue analysis methodology and DNVGL load component stochastic fatigue
methodology using the calculated fatigue life of longitudinal members amidships. A turret-
moored FPSO is used as a case study. These fatigue calculations should also be used as
guidance for close-up inspections. Advantages and limitations of the different fatigue design
approaches are discussed based on results from the case study.
Keywords: Fatigue design, S-N curves, FPSO hull structure, Finite element analysis, Turret
mooring
INTRODUCTION
During the last 10–15 years the industry has
put significant focus on fatigue analysis
methodologies for ship-shaped structures. The
reason for this is a large cost consequence
associated with fatigue cracks in these
structures. During these years’ experience has
been gained from classification of ship-shaped
structures, experience from a number of
detailed fatigue analyses of ships and
recommendations have been developed
through joint industry projects. In this paper, a
brief overview of fatigue analysis
methodology used today are presented
together with some of the recent advances in
analysis methodology.
More than 40% of the registered fatigue cracks
in ship structures are observed to occur in the
side shell, more specifically in the connections
of longitudinal to transverse web frames. The
fatigue damage was caused partly by vertical
and horizontal wave-induced hull bending and
partly by outside water pressure on the side
shell. Due to the nonlinear nature of the
outside water pressure the fatigue damage of
the combined stress cannot be solved via a
traditional frequency domain analysis. Hansen
and Winterstein solved the combination
problem by application of a realistic wave
model [1]. The proposed model was used to
analyze a segregated ballast tanker, and the
results are compared to previously registered
fatigue cracks. The analysis showed that it was
very important to include the water pressure in
the fatigue analysis, as this accounts for the
majority of the expected fatigue damage. The
analysis was performed for both I-shaped and
L-shaped stiffeners.
Full-scale fatigue testing of five test specimens
of side longitudinal of ships was carried out by
Lotsberg and Landet at the structural
laboratories of DNV in Oslo [2]. The main

12. JoOST (2016) 16-24 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology
ISSN: 2349-8986(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Evaluation of Buckling Response on a Semi-Submersible
Platform
Ozgur Ozguc*
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
The primary aim of the present paper is to investigate the buckling strength assessment of a
stiffened deck panel on a semi-submersible platform by means of the nonlinear finite element
code ADVANCE ABAQUS. Comparison is performed with the PULS buckling code for
stiffened panels. The cases studied correspond to in-plane bi-axial compression in the two
orthogonal directions. An imperfection sensitivity study is also accounted for. The strength
values from ADVANCE ABAQUS and PULS code are very close. The results and insights
derived from the present work are summarized.
Keywords: Nonlinear FE analysis, buckling strength, stiffened panel, initial imperfection
INTRODUCTION
Stiffened plates is the main structural building
block in ship and offshore hulls and their
structural response subject to combined loads
is a topic of significant practical interest in
ship and offshore structural design. Figure 1
shows an example of such construction where
the stiffened plate spans between girders.
Since the overall failure of a hull is normally
governed by buckling and plastic collapse of
the deck, bottom and sometimes the side shell
stiffened plates, it is of importance to
accurately calculate the ultimate strength of
stiffened panels in deck, bottom and side shell
in order to achieve a more advanced structural
design of ships.
Precise modelling of stiffened panels can be
achieved by means of analysis tools and
computing power. Initial imperfections such as
welding induced residual stress and initial
deflections of the cross section can be
explicitly incorporated into numerical models.
In a series of studies, Grondin et al. have
considered the behaviour of structural
elements under axial compression, both
experimentally and numerically [1, 2]. The
goal of that study was to investigate the
tripping failure mode and validate with
experiments, a sophisticated nonlinear finite
element model that would allow a more
extensive study of the behaviour to be
conducted numerically.

13. JoOST (2016) 25-31 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology
ISSN: 2349-8986(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Q Anisotropy in the Region of Garhwal Himalaya
Gaurav Sharma*, Akshat Dimri
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Abstract
Empirical relations have been found out to describe the decay in amplitude with distance of s-
waves in the region of Garhwal Himalaya. These functions results from the analysis of
spectral amplitudes of three component digital records from 19 local earthquakes obtained
from 12-station seismological network deployed in the Garhwal lesser Himalaya. The events
lie in a magnitude range from ML 2 to ML 4.5, epicentral distance 5 to 120 km and focal depth
from 5 to 50 km. To determine the variations of the quality factor Q in the direction of wave
propagation (Q anisotropy), independent estimates have been made of the attenuation of SV-
and SH-waves using vertically polarized and transversely polarized components, respectively.
Frequency analyzed (1–12 Hz) and in the whole distance range, the frequency dependence of
Q can be approximated as Qsh = 74.3 f 1.0
for the SH-wave and Qsv = 81.5 f 0.95
for the SV-
waves. The small difference between SH and SV spectral decay, suggests that Q anisotropy is
negligible. However, in the distance range of 5–50 km, Qsv tends to be significantly greater
than Qsh at frequency > 8 Hz. So in this distance range we observed Q anisotropy in the
studied region. The dependence of Q value with frequency in this range is Qsh = 110 f 0.94
for
SH- wave and Qsv = 134 f1.0
for SV-waves.
Keywords: Velocity, Anisotropy, Frequency, S-wave
INTRODUCTION
Due to devastating effect of earthquake, its
prediction and estimation is a matter of great
interest for the safety of humans. Earthquake
prediction should be reliable on the basis of
the natural processes and its derivation in such
a way that any other ‘researcher’ would obtain
the same result using the derived
methodology. There are numerous earthquake
precursors ‘exists’ now a days but they are
having their own advantages and limitations. It
has been observed that when events have
occurred, the properties of medium at that
location get changed. The change in properties
of medium is expressed in terms of Quality
factor that is measure of attenuation.
Attenuation is one of the basic properties of
seismic waves from which physical properties
of earth’s interior and its state can be known.
The quality factor Q of shear wave is
considered as an important input parameter for
the assessment of seismic hazard in earthquake
prone areas by studying dependency of
attenuation on frequency of seismic waves and
also the effect on the nearby areas as the
distance increases from the source. It is also
necessary to give seismic estimation of soil.
Many studies related to S-wave attenuation
have been carried out by various researchers in
world, (e.g., Tsukuba (1979) (Japan), Marmara
(2004) (turkey)) as well in India (Garhwal
Himalaya (Sharma et al. (2004)) with the
varying focal depth and interpret the
dependency of attenuation on frequency [1].
Many Recent studies have been carried out on
P-wave and S-wave attenuation’give the idea
about the presence of a strong attenuation zone
beneath the Italian Apennines [2]. They
interpreted that these observations are due to
advection of asthenospheric material in the
uppermost crust mantle.
The area of northern Alpine is characterized as
the area of high heat flow (Ponziani et al.,
1995). They had estimated that beneath the
anisotropic region in Apennines, it is having
thickness of 160 km based on the observed
delay time between split shear-wave phases.
Another study has been carried out across
Tuscan-Umbro-Marchesan region situated in
Italy. Ponziani et al. (1995) found that the
structure is crustal structure. In another study
in Marche region they found that the lower

14. JoOST (2016) 32-37 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology
ISSN: 2349-8986(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Aqua Search: A New Metaheuristic Modified Firefly
Algorithm for Topology Optimisation of Continuum
Structures
K.N.V. Chandrasekhar*, T. Muralidhara Rao, Sangu Swapna
Department of Civil Engineering, CVR College of Engineering, Rangareddy, Telangana, India
Abstract
The focus of the paper is to propose a new search algorithm which requires less
computational effort to perform topology optimisation of continuum structures. The basic idea
is based on performing underwater search operations by a group of divers in a school. This
algorithm is named as Aqua Search (AS). The design domain here is compared to the water
body. The AS algorithm is an improvement over the conventional Firefly algorithm. The diver
makes his decision based on the base station information, his intuition and the field conditions
such as visibility and feasibility. These are represented by relevant Mathematical expressions
which can be used to determine the subsequent step length and the direction. This search
algorithm is tested further using a few benchmark examples from the literature and the
convergence is compared.
Keywords: Aqua Search, Firefly, Topology Optimisation, Continuum Structures,
Metaheuristics
INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of metaheuristics inspired by
nature contributes alongside the computational
technology to provide better and faster means
to identify the optimal solution [1]. This paper
presents a new modified Firefly algorithm an
optimiser that can locate the global optimum
with fewer iterations compared with the
Firefly algorithm [2]. The ability of the
optimiser lies in exploring the local minima
and the algorithm to achieve the optimal
convergence at lower cost, and computational
effort. The knowledge of technology helps to
improve the computational ability at an
affordable cost and when used along with the
optimiser can explore and exploit the search
domain intensely. Next section discusses the
algorithm in detail. The mathematical
formulation is done in the subsequent section
in detail. Later in the paper few problems have
been solved and the performance of the
proposed algorithm is verified with the Firefly
algorithm and the results are presented. The
short comings of the algorithm that has been
observed are discussed in a separate section. In
the last part of the paper, the conclusions and
the future scope are discussed.
THEORY
The inspiration, I would rather name it as need
to reduce the computational effort required by
the algorithms, for lack of access to
computational resources is the primary reason.
One of the possible ways to optimise a given
domain is to improve the algorithm itself and
the other way is to improve the finite element
analysis program improve its efficiency. Alike
other metaheuristic algorithms, this current
algorithm is based on a real time happening in
the nature. The main idea behind this
algorithm is Firefly algorithm, but based on
the search operations conducted by divers
underwater in the deep sea. This modified
search algorithm will be named as Advanced
Aqua Search. Inside the deep sea, it is
completely dark and the diver has to search
based on a set of criteria namely the
interaction of the diver with the base above
using a GPS device, his instinct and visibility
as well. Alike other metaheuristic algorithms,
this algorithm has quite a few parameters. A
group of divers are performing the search
operation. The divers can interact with each
other using an electronic device and can
exchange information between them. The base

15. JoOST (2016) 38-40 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 38
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology
ISSN: 2349-8986(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Oil Price Volatility
Sitanshu Tiwari1,*
, Kartik Parolia1
, Pranav Kaila1
, Gurpreet Singh2
Department of Oil and Gas, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Abstract
Over the last 14 months, the average price of oil has gone down by about 60%. Oil prices
fluctuate for a numerous of reasons. To name few are like, rise in global economic activity
can bring demand and hail prices higher, while increasing production rates can cause prices
to decline as well; although simple economic supply and demand tales are useful in
describing the oil price movements.
Keywords: Oil prices, economic activity, supply and demand
INTRODUCTION
The reasons driving changes are often difficult
to identify reasons. As a result, large ups and
down are experienced in oil prices can bring a
surprise, same is the case with the recent
decline which started in mid-2014 [1]. The
current phase of price imbalance is not unique.
Oil prices were also declined by over 50%
during the recession of 2007–09. However, the
price fall during the recession was primarily
because of the slowdown in global economic
activity during this phase [2]. A slowdown was
experienced in the commodities other than oil
to fall abruptly. Prices for some of the
commodities, such as copper, dipped in 2014,
but nowhere till the extent of oil prices [3].
These types of movements notify that a
portion of the recession in 2014 was likely due
to weak global economic activity. Increasing
supply may be another side of the explanation
for the oil price decline which started in 2014.
Total global oil production increased 3.7%
year over year as of December 2014, via
reports [4]. The increase is on the higher side,
though not remarkable by the standards of the
past five years (Figure 1).

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