Full paper proceeding

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
Organized By:
Civil Engineering Department
S. N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre,
Vidyabharti Campus,
At & Po Umrakh, Ta: Bardoli, Dist.: Surat, Gujarat, India, Pin: 394345
Ph.: +91-2622-224581, 220581 Fax: +91-2622-225458
Web site: www.snpitrc.ac.in
National Conference:
“TRENDS & CHALLENGES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN TODAY’S TRANSFORMING WORLD”
29th March, 2014
CD Contains:
 Key Note Address (PPT)
 Full-Text Papers

BACK COVER OF WRITING PAD
National Conference:
“TRENDS & CHALLENGES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN TODAY’S
TRANSFORMING WORLD”
Under the banner of ISTE Chapter
In Association with Gujarat Technological University
Saturday, March 29, 2014
Organized by,
Civil Engineering Department,
S. N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre,
Umrakh
(A Vidyabharti Trust Institution)
DISCLAIMER
AS AN AUTHOR OF PAPER, AUTHOR(S) HAVE ASSURE THE INTEGRITY AND ORIGINALITY OF
RESEARCH/TECHNICAL PAPER AND IF ANY PLAGIARISM FOUND, AUTHOR(S) SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE,
WHERE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE OR HOST INSTITUTE WILL NO WHERE
RESPONSIBLE IN THIS REGARD.

S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH
(A VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTION)
2014
I
CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE
It gives me an immense pleasure to welcome you to the National
conference on „TRENDS & CHALLENGES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN TODAYS‟ TRANSFORMING WORLD‟ on 29th
March, 2014, a
national conference to be organized at the S. N. Patel Institute of
Technology and Research Centre.
I am sure that the present Conference will provide an opportunity
for academicians, students, and researchers to meet and share their
contributions to the Civil Engineering profession, guide the future of the
profession and find out the latest industry breakthroughs.
I would like to convey my thanks to all authors for their notable
contributions and also to all persons involved with the National
conference, for their effort put in the splendid accomplishment of the
event.
SHRI JAGDISHCHANDRA. N PATEL
Chairman, Vidyabharti Trust

2014
II
DIRECTOR’ S MESSAGE
There is growing realization that our expanding population and
yearning for industrial and technological development has brought socio-
economic transformation of our country during the last two decades. Civil
engineering has played crucial role in bringing about a change in the
infrastructure development and industrial growth.
The biggest challenge today before civil engineers is to see how the
best development can take place with the least amount of the negative
impact on the environment creating and bring about sustainable
development options – sustainable not only for the present generation but
also to the emerging future generations.
Civil engineering department is organizing the conference with the
theme „TRENDS & CHALLENGES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
TODAY‟S TRANSFORMING WORLD‟ with respect to shaping the
future trends challenges. I express my best wishes to all the delegates;
distinguish faculties and researchers for attending this conference.
Dr. H. R. PATEL
Director, S.N.P.I.T & R.C, Umrakh

2014
III
CAMPUS DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE
Our National progress is not warranted by its stock of natural
resources alone. On the other hand, deficiency of natural resources also
does not close the gates of prosperity. The development status of a nation
is determined by its technological wherewithal. We have to leverage our
knowledge to develop growth-inducing technologies. I appeal the
community of scientists and engineers to collaborate and provide the
requisite technology.
The aim of the conference is to bring academics, research workers,
and professional engineers together to deliberate and provide solutions to
the future challenges of civil engineering in particular. I convey my best
wishes to all the authors; distinguish faculties and students for attending
this conference.
Dr. J. A. Shah
Campus Director, Vidyabharti Trust, Umrakh

2014
IV
COORDINATOR’S MESSAGE
I am delighted to co-ordinate the one day conference on
“TRENDS & CHALLENGES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN TODAY'S
TRANSFORMING WORLD”, to be organized and conducted by Civil
Engineering Department on 29th March-2014 at S. N. Patel institute of
Technology & Research Centre , Umrakh which is going to flash on
various streams and their allied challenges of Civil Engineering.
Such conference is an attempt to bring the technocrats of Civil
Engineering on the platform of technical thinking and to prepare the
mindsets ready in the direction of solutions. Conference has attempted to
assemble the innovations from expert group of academicians as well as
researchers.
I heartily appreciate the Organizing Committee, Authors,
Management of S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre,
for their kind co-operation during co-ordination of this conference.
Dr. Neerajkumar D. Sharma
Coordinator & Head,
Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC- Umrakh

2014
V
About Vidyabharti Trust
About Trust
The Vidyabharti Trust was registered as Public Education Trust under the Bombay
Public Trust Act, 1950 in 18/09/1980, registration no. E-1852-Surat with a pious aim
to impart quality education and training to the children from Jr. K.G. onwards to the
terminal of higher education and allied research. The trust also received exemption
under section 80(G) of the income-tax act for accepting donations.
The Vidyabharti Trust campus is in the vicinity of Bardoli, the nucleus of the political
activity during our freedom struggle and ship anchor of the well known Bardoli
Satyagraha of Shri Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The campus is situated in an area of 38
acres of land. It catalyses and manifests educational activities in a solitude natural
places like Gurukuls.
At Vidyabharti Trust, we believe that the greeneries can play a vital role in
conducting the required educational activities qualitatively and quantitatively. The
Vidyabharti Trust has fulfilled his many motives pertaining to education in the present
arena. Currently, the Trust has obtained recognizable position in the society.
Vision
The Trust aspires to achieve best institute status with excellence in teaching,
infrastructure and processes for delivering higher professional education. The Trust
aspires to create campus environment conductive to effective learning and quality of
life for all members of academic community. The Trust also wish to provide quality
Technical Education to the young generation to make them an efficient technocrat
with complete and matured human being who can attribute to development of the
nation by knowledge, skills he/she acquired during his/her studies.
Mission
To equip young men and women with knowledge, skills and personal attributes
consistent with the needs of a technologically advanced and globally competitive
economy.

2014
VI
About SNPIT & RC
The Vidyabharti Trust was registered as Public Education Trust under the Bombay
Public Trust Act, 1950 in 18/09/1980 registration no. E-1852-Surat with a pious aim
to impart quality education and training to the terminal of technical education and
allied research. The trust also received exemption under section 80(G) of the income-
tax act for accepting donations. in vicinity of Bardoli, the nucleus of the political
activity during our freedom struggle and ship anchor of the well-known Bardoli
Satyagraha of Shri Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
 S N Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre (Degree College) is a
premier institution imparting technical education offering various courses:
1) Mechanical Engineering,
2) Civil Engineering,
3) Electrical Engineering,
4) Computer Science & Engineering,
5) Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Post-graduation course :
1) MBA with specialization in HR and Finance,
2) M.E. (Civil - Construction Management),
3) M.E. (EC - Signal Processing & Communication).
 The Institute is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education
(AICTE), New Delhi and affiliated with Gujarat Technological University (GTU),
Gujarat.
Mission:
 To provide high quality, innovative and globally competitive learning experience
in the major engineering disciplines in undergraduate through creative balance of
academic, professional and extra curriculum programs.
 To provide sustainable, resilient and forward looking technical education to meet
ever changing spectrums of demand with human face.
 To provide learning environment that celebrates ethnic and gender diversity,
respects experiences, and encourages problem solving through team work.

2014
VII
Vision:
 Attain regional and international recognition among peer institutions for excellence
in both teaching and research.
 Maintain state of the art laboratories and infrastructure to support the education
and research for effective learning and research.
 Assemble dynamic body of faculty who exemplify excellence and innovation in
the pursuit and delivery of knowledge and will perpetuate the highest standards of
engineering education for future generations.
 Promote community synergy by providing a quality education for the students of
diverse backgrounds by education and research cooperation with other college
within Gujarat Technical University and maintain our ties to the community by
emphasizing, accommodating and encouraging lifelong learning.

2014
VIII
About Civil Engineering Department
About Department
The Civil Engineering Department administers a Civil Engineering programme that
will produce Graduates and Post Graduate Engineers with innovative, research based ,
skilled and hardworking qualities and professionalism in nature since the year of 2009
and achieved the admirable grip in the academic field of Civil Engineering. This
branch imparts the wide range of technical education tracks starting from
fundamentals to advanced methodologies of civil engineering field It offers a wide
reach in bright and promising career opportunities and professional advancement.
The department of Civil Engineering ensures that the students have the opportunity to
work with latest technologies and equipments along with innovative thinking and to
get exposed to prevailing civil engineering projects on field as well as in industries.
The department conducts:
 Undergraduate Programmes – B.E (Civil Engineering)
 Postgraduate Programmes – M.E (Civil Engineering) with Specialization in
Construction Management
Department Activities
1. Imparting technical knowledge as per curriculum along with intentive focus on
practical aspects of Civil Engineering
2. Vigorously associated with consultancy work of:
 Civil Material Testing ( ISO Certified)
 Environmental Audit Cell ( ISO Certified)
3. Continuous development of Department Staff with most advanced skills including
Technical & Non-Technical.
4. Promoting the staff members for further study.
5. Promoting and encouraging the students to participate in National and Regional
Technical Competitions
6. Providing exposure of computer science as applications.

2014
IX
Department Resources
 Fully equipped modern labs (Material testing lab, Applied Mechanics Lab, Fluid
Mechanics Lab, Transportation Engg. Lab, Soil Mechanics)to enable the students
for grasping ,analyzing and experiencing regarding knowledge.
 A well facilitated and furnished computer/departmental research lab to provide the
computational knowledge backbone in addition of civil engineering conventional
fundamentals.
 Full spaced drawing Hall.
 ISO Certified Material Testing Laboratory with all modern equipments
 ISO certified Environmental Engineering Laboratory for carrying out the analysis
of Air, Water and Solid samples.

2014
X
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chief Patron
Shri J. N. Patel
Managing Trustee, Vidyabharti Trust, Umrakh
Patrons
Er. Kashyap J. Patel
Trustee, Vidyabharti Trust, Umrakh
Dr. H. R. Patel
Director, S.N.P.I.T & R.C, Umrakh
Dr. J. A. Shah
Campus Director, Vidyabharti Trust, Umrakh
Coordinator
Dr. Neerajkumar D. Sharma
Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Department,
S.N.P.I.T & R.C, Umrakh
Co-Coordinator
Prof. Rushabh A. Shah
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., S.N.P.I.T & R.C, Umrakh
Prof. Bhavin K. Kashiyani
Prof. Hiren A. Rathod

2014
XI
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Dr. J. N. Patel, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat
Dr. C. D. Modhera, Head, Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT,
Surat
Dr. L. B. Zala, Head, Civil Engineering Department, BVM Engineering
College, V. V. Nagar
Prof. J. J. Bhavsar, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
BVM Engineering College, V. V. Nagar
Dr. Indarajit N. Patel, EC Member, ISTE
Dr. Jayesh A. Shah, EC Member, ISTE
Prof. K. M. Bhavsar, EC Member, ISTE
Dr. Dhiren Shah, Principal, Vidyabharti Trust College of Pharmacy,
Umrakh
Prof. B. V. Modi, Principal, B. V. Patel Institute of Technology, Umrakh
Dr. A. V. Shah, Head, ASH Department, B. V. Patel Institute of
Technology, Umrakh
Dr. Anand Bhatt, Principal, B.Ed. College, Vidyabharti Trust, Umrakh

2014
XII
REVIEW COMMITTEE
Dr. J. N. Patel, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat
Dr. C. D. Modhera, Head, Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT,
Surat
Dr. L. B. Zala, Head, Civil Engineering Department, BVM Engineering
College, V. V. Nagar
Dr. Narendra Shrimali, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, Faculty of Technology, M.S. University, Vadodara
Prof. J. J. Bhavsar, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
BVM Engineering College, V. V. Nagar
Prof. Mehali Mehta, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
SCET, Surat
Prof. Chetna Vyas, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
ADIT, New V. V. Nagar
Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, BVM Engineering College V. V. Nagar
Prof. Vinay Rana, Head, Civil Engineering Department, B.V.Patel Institute
of Technology, Umrakh
Dr. S. K. Dave, Head, Civil Engineering Department, BBIT, V. V. Nagar

2014
XIII
STEERING COMMITTEE
Prof. R. J. Motiyani, Head, Electrical Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Dr. P. S. Jain, Head, Mechanical Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Dr. Y. C. Rotliwala, Head, Environmental Audit Cell, SNPIT&RC,
Umrakh
Prof. P. J. Shah, Head, ASH Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. Vinesh Kapadia, Head, Electronics & Communication Department,
SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. D. J. Jadhav, Head, Computer Science & Engineering Department,
SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. Axay Gupta, Head, Management Studies, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
EDITORIAL BOARD
Prof. U. N. Barot, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. V. B. Pathak, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. B. R. Joshi, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. H. B. Chaudhari, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. K. P. Shah, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh

2014
XIV
REGISTRATION COMMITTEE
Prof. S. K. Mistry, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Prof. G. N. Rana, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Mr. Jignesh Patel, Computer Science Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Miss Z. P. Shah, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Miss S. G. Javiya, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh
Mr. R. S. Khubchandani, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC,
Umrakh
Mr. J. M. Mistry, Civil Engineering Department, SNPIT&RC, Umrakh

2014
XV
STUDENT VOLUNTEER
GAUD DIPAK DANGROCHIYA NENCY
SHAH CHIRAG DHYEY SHAH
TIJORE NIMITA GAJERA VISHALKUMAR
GOPANI HARIKRISHNA KANANI MAYANKKUMAR
PATEL HIRAL MADHAV KUSHALKUMAR
KATARIYA BHAVESHKUMAR MISTRI PARESHKUMAR
PATEL ABHIYAN MISTRY KRUNAL
KACHA RAKESH MISTRY NISARG
PATEL AJAYKUMAR MISTRY RAJENKUMAR
VAGHANI MANTHANKUMAR NAIK MIHIRKUMAR
YADAV NEETU PAREKH VARUNKUMAR
PAGHDAR DHIREN PATEL RAVIKUMAR
AGOLA JAYDEEP PATEL VIVEK
BALAR KARM PONKIYA KRUSHIL

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
National Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
XV
29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department, S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
CONTENTS
Group - A
(Theme: Concrete)
Sr
No
Paper ID Title Authors
1 14SNPIT03 MECHANICAL COMPACTION OF CONCRETE: A
GOVERENING FACTOR FOR DURABILITY AND
SERVICEABILITY OF THE CONCRETE
Ranchhod Mata, Prof.
Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Prof.
J. J. Bhavsar
2 14SNPIT04 SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE: QUALITATIVE GROWTH
FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Ronitkumar Patel, Prof.
J.J. Bhavsar
3 14SNPIT06 READY MIX CONCRETE : ECONOMIC AND QUALITATIVE
GROWTH FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Abhishek Shah, Prof.
J. J. Bhavsar
4 14SNPIT10 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES: A MAJOR ROLE IN MODERN
CONCRETE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Darshan S. Shah, Meet P.
Shah, Prof. Jayeshkumar
Pitroda
5 14SNPIT17 EFFECT OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT WITH CEMENT IN CONCRETE & MORTAR
Chirag J. Shah, Vyom B.
Pathak, Rushabh A. Shah
6 14SNPIT18 A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
MORTAR BY UTILIZING MICRO SILICA
Zalak P. Shah, Rushabh A.
Shah
7 14SNPIT19 COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR
CONVENTIONAL AND FLY ASH PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Neetu B. Yadav, Jayesh A.
Shah, Rushabh A. Shah
8 14SNPIT32 SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE BY USING MANUFACTURED
SAND AND MINRAL ADMIXTURE
Bhaveshkumar M. Kataria,
Dr. Jayesh A. Shah, Vyom
B. Pathak
9 14SNPIT52 A REVIEW PAPER: DURABILITY STUDY ON CONCRETE B. G. Patel, L. E. Mansuri
10 14SNPIT53 EXPERIMENTALLY OPTIMIZATION OF AGGREGATE
GRADATION COMBINATIONS FOR SELF COMPACTING
CONCRETE
Bhavin G. Patel, Dr. Atul K
Desai, Dr. Santosh G. Shah
11 14SNPIT58 STUDY ON EFECT OF RICE HUSK ASH ON COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Rajesh S. Khubchandani
12 14SNPIT60 STUDIES ON CONCRETE CONTAINING CHINA CLAY
WASTE
Prof. Priyank D Bhimani,
Prof. Chetna M Vyas
13 14SNPIT61 UTILIZATION OF USED FOUNDRY SAND FOR
ECOFRIENDLY LOW COST CONCRETE
Dushyant R.Bhimani,
Bhavik K. Daxini
14 14SNPIT72 BEHIVOURAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE PROPERTY BY
USING ADDITIVES
Karm P. Balar
15 14SNPIT73 STUDY ON SMART TRANSPARENT CONCRETE Nency Dangrochiya
16 14SNPIT75 BACTERIAL CONCRETE: NEW ERA FOR CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
Mayank A. Kanani
17 14SNPIT80 A TECHNO-ECONOMICAL STUDY ON GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Rajen B. Mistry
18 14SNPIT81 AN EXPERIMENTAL WORK TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PASTE
VOLUME ON FRESH AND HARDENING PROPERTY OF SCC
Mihir B. Naik
19 14SNPIT85 EVALUATION OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FIBRE
REINFORCED CONCRETE USING WASTE MATERIALS
Gaud Dipak, Dr. Sharma
Neeraj, Mr. Barot Urvesh
20 14SNPIT88 EFFECT OF FLY ASH (CLASS F AND CLASS C) AS PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT WITH CEMENT IN MORTAR
Rakesh S. Kacha, Vyom B.
Pathak, Rushabh A. Shah
21 14SNPIT90 EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE.
Abhishek A. Sapre, Mr.
Urvesh N. Barot and Mr.
Keyur P. Shah

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
XVI
Group - B
(Theme: Advanced Construction Techniques)
Sr No Paper ID Title Authors
1 14SNPIT02 RIBLOC TECHNOLOGY: NEW ERA OF
ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY AND
POLLUTION FREE TECHNIQUE IN
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Iliyaskapadiya, Prof.
Jayeshkumarpitroda, Prof. J. J.
Bhavsar
2 14SNPIT05 LASER SCREED TECHNOLOGY: AN
OPPORTUNITY TO EASE IN CONSTRUCTION
SECTOR
Hardiklokhandwala, Prof.
Bhavsar
3 14SNPIT08 A STUDY ON TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY:
ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR EXCAVATION
Hemishkumar Patel, Prof.
Bhavsar
4 14SNPIT09 WELL-POINT SYSTEM AND FREEZING
TECHNIQUES FOR DEWATERING
Jigar Patel, Prof.
Bhavsar
5 14SNPIT13 A REVIEW ON TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY:
STATE OF ART TECHNOLOGY FOR
UNDERGROUND UTILITY SERVICES
Darshbelani , Prof.
Bhavsar
6 14SNPIT15 INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF
TODAY’S WORLD
Darshbelani, Ashish H. Makwana,
Jayeshkumarpitroda, Chetna M. Vyas
7 14SNPIT16 DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED
NOVEL APPROACH
Hardik Patel, Ashish H. Makwana,
Jayeshkumarpitroda, Chetna M. Vyas
8 14SNPIT23 ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Nareshkumarprajapati, Ashish H.
Makwana, Jayeshkumarpitroda,
Chetna M. Vyas
9 14SNPIT24 EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL &
TECHNIQUES
Farhana M. Saiyed , Ashish H.
Makwana, Jayeshkumarpitroda,
Chetna M. Vyas
10 14SNPIT35 STUDIO APARTMENTS: AFFORDABLE
RESIDENTIAL ALTERNATE FOR LOW INCOME
GROUP
Lukman E. Mansuri
11 14SNPIT36 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LINEAR STATIC,
DYNAMIC AND NONLINEAR STATIC
ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER ANALYSIS) ON HIGH
RISE BUILDING USING SOFTWARE E-TABS.
Dhavan D. Mehta
12 14SNPIT31 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION: GREEN
BUILDING CONCEPT – A CASE STUDY
Mitali P. Makhania, Mazhar Y.
Multani Prof. Mitali J. Shah
13 14SNPIT40 GREEN TECHNOLOGY- AN OVERVIEW Dhartisoni, Sowmiyaiyer,
Devanshigosai
14
14SNPIT71
GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND
ENVIRONMENT
Agola Jaydeep
15
14SNPIT77
AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN
CONSTRUCTION
Mr. Paresh S. Mistri
16
14SNPIT79
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR ERECTION OF
SPATIAL STRUCTURES
Nisarg M. Mistry, Dhyey K. Shah
17
14SNPIT83
APPLICATION OF INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Ravi N Patel

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
XVII
Group – C
(Theme: Water Resources/GIS/ GPS/Disaster
Management)
1 14SNPIT11 WATER FILLED COFFERDAMS – A NEW ERA
OF PORTABLE AND ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLY
COFFERDAM
Nareshkumar Prajapati, Prof.
Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Prof. J. J.
Bhavsar
2 14SNPIT14 ANALYSIS OF FLOOD USING HEC-RAS: A
CASE STUDY OF SURAT CITY
D J. Mehta, Mrs. S. I. Waikhom
3 14SNPIT22 HYDRAULIC JUMP TYPE (HJT) STILLING
BASIN AS AN ENERGY DISSIPATOR AND
INTRODUCTION TO HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN
OF SPILLWAY FOR HJT STILLING BASIN
Utkarsh Nigam, Kaoustubh Tiwari,
Dr. S. M. Yadav
4 14SNPIT25 ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR AND
RECTANGULAR OVERHEAD WATERTANK
Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr. K. B.
Parikh
5 14SNPIT26 ANALYSIS OF INTZE ELEVATED WATER
TANKS
Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr. K. B.
Parikh
6 14SNPIT39 ANALYSIS OF FLOOD USING HEC-RAS Mr.A.R.Patel, Dr.S.M.Yadav,
Mr.R.B.Khasiya,
Mrs.S.I.Waikhom
7 14SNPIT41 FUZZY LOGIC BASED OPERATION OF GATED
SPILLWAY
Utkarsh Nigam, Dr. S. M. Yadav
8 14SNPIT43 COMPARISON OF MONTHLY AND ANNUAL
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FOR SUKHI
RESERVOIR INFLOW
Rahul Solanki, Dr. S. M. Yadav, Prof
B. M. Vadher
9 14SNPIT47 DESALINATION – AS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD
TO GET FRESH WATER FROM SEA
Parth P. Desai, Jigna K. Patel, Prof.
Mehali J. Mehta
10 14SNPIT51 DEVELOPMENT OF STAGE-DISCHARGE
MODELS FOR DEHLI GAUGING STATION OF
KIM RIVER USING ANN AND MLR TECHNIQUE
T.Venkateswarlu, Dr. S.M.Yadav,
Vijendra Kumar, Priyanka Zore, Dr.
P.G.Agnihotri And Dr.V.L.Mankar
11 14SNPIT64 DIFFERENT METHODS FOR RESERVOIR
OPERATING POLICY
Balve Pranita N.,Patel J. N.
12 14SNPIT65 CANAL LINING AND ITS ECONOMICS Ms. K.D. Uchdadiya, Dr. J.N.Patel
13 14SNPIT66 MODERNIZATION OF KAKRAPAR RIGHT
BANK MAIN CANAL
B.J.Batliwala , J.N.Patel, P.D.Porey
14 14SNPIT68 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PIPE
MATERIALS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
Ms. P.N.Sheth, Dr. J.N.Patel
15 14SNPIT92 AN EFFECTIVE DRINKING WATER
DISINFECTION BY USING COPPER POT AT
POINT OF USE
Darshana Patel , Dr. P.K.Shrivastava
16 14SNPIT44 SPATIAL MAPPING OF SHALLOW AQUIFER
USING DRASTIC MODEL
Mr. Bankim R Joshi, Dr. Neeraj D
Sharma, Dr. H. R. Patel
17 14SNPIT70 MONITORING DISPLACEMENT OF BRIDGE
DECK WITH THE USE OF GPS
Nisarg M Mistry, Ritika U Srivastav
18 14SNPIT74 DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: YEAR
2013: A CASE STUDY
Dhyey K. Shah, Nisarg M Mistry,
DR. H. R. Patel

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
XVIII
Group - D
(Theme: Environment Engineering/ Transportation
Engineering)
1 14SNPIT20 REMOVAL OF COPPER CU+2 FROM
SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING
SULPHURIC ACID TREATED SUGARCANE
BAGASSE
Kamal Rana, Mitali Shah
2 14SNPIT27 PRINCIPLE AND CONCEPT OF GREEN
CHEMISTRY & CASE STUDY OF DYEING
INDUSTRY
Mazhar Y. Multani , Prof. Mitali J.
Shah
3 14SNPIT28 CRITERIA FOR NON POTABLE WATER Kamal Rana, Mitali Shah
4 14SNPIT29 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SAFE AND
ECONOMICAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
THROUGH VARIOUS DISPOSAL METHODS
Sarika G. Javiya
5 14SNPIT38 VERMICOMPOSTING: A SUSTAINABLE
SOLUTION TO KITCHEN WASTE
KartikGonawala,
KarishmaChorawala, Mehali Mehta,
Sanjay Parekh
6 14SNPIT42 SIMULATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL
MODELING OF SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES
ON LOWER SIANG H.P PROJECT, ARUNACHAL
PRADESH, INDIA
KaoustubhTiwari , Dr.S.MYadav ,
Dr P.D Porey , Mrs. Neena Isaac
7 14SNPIT45 RECLAMATION OF WASTEWATER FOR
INDUSTRIAL & DOMESTIC PURPOSES AND
IT’S CASE STUDY
Kiran G. Panchal, Ankita A. Parmar
8 14SNPIT48 DEVELOPMENT ON SALINE LAND BETWEEN
SURAT–NAVSARI REGION IN CONTEXT TO
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
NAVSARI AS A TWIN CITY
Udit M. Patel, Krunal R. Savani,
Sanket K. Solanki&Mrugesh J.
Solanki
9 14SNPIT50 NEED FOR POPULATION PROJECTION
APPROACH: THE SURAT CASE
Naresh Batukbhai Rokad, Bhasker
Vijaykumar Bhatt
10 14SNPIT54 UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
Bansari M. Ribadiya, Mehali J. Shah
11 14SNPIT59 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
ACTINOMYCETES FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE TRANSFER STATION
RanaGaurang N
12 14SNPIT69 MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO FIND
SUSTAINABILITY RANKING OF ANY REGION
Palak Shah, Sejal Bhagat
13 14SNPIT87 TREATABILITY STUDY FOR CHEMICALLY
IMPROVED PRIMARY TREATMENT: CASE OF
FINAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT, BEAIL,
ANKLESHWAR
Sandip Mistry
14 14SNPIT33 ANALYSIS OF BED LOAD FOR STEEP SLOPE
CHANNEL
Ms.P.R.Khokhar, Dr.S.M.Yadav,
Mrs.S.I.Waikhom
15 14SNPIT34 URBAN ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE AND ITS
AUDITORY HEALTH IMPACTS OF SURAT CITY
Prof.Amita P Upadhyay, Reshang B
Patel, Keyur M Patel
16 14SNPIT49 CRITICAL REVIEW OF PARKING COMPONENT
IN TOWN PLANNING SCHEME - A CASE
STUDY OF SURAT
Sagar H. Vanparia, Jitesh C.
Sapariya, Hemant N. Chaudhari,
Vishal M. Tank
17 14SNPIT89 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF SEWAGE
TREATEMENT PLANT
Jenish Mistry, Dr. Neeraj Sharma

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
XIX
Group - E
(Theme: Construction management/Structural
engineering/Material Management/Advance
Construction Materials)
Sr
No
Paper ID Title Authors
1 14SNPIT55 CRITERIA RANKING FOR SUPPLIER SELECTION
PROCESS THROUGH ANALYTIC HIERARCHY
PROCESS: CASE STUDY OF GUJARAT STATE OF
INDIA
Dr. Rajiv Bhatt, Prof. Vatsal Patel,
Prof. Bhavik Daxini
2 14SNPIT67 RISK IDENTIFICATION IN CONSTRUCTION
PHASE & MANAGEMENT PHASE: A CASE STUDY
OF SURAT DISTRICT
Nimitta A. Tijore, Dr. Neeraj D.
Sharma
3 14SNPIT76 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT AND
COMMUNICATION
Kushal Madhav
4 14SNPIT84 A SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FACTOR FORCING
TO PROJECT DELAYS USING R.I.I. TECHNIQUE
Manthankumar K. Vaghani, Mr.
Vyom B. Pathak, Mr. Keyur P.Shah
5 14SNPIT86 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF DRY WALL FOR A
SURAT CITY: A VIEW POINT OF CONSULTANTS
Paghdar Dhiren , Dr. Sharma Neeraj
6 14SNPIT91 COMPARISON OF COSTOVERRUNS CAUSES
USING AHP AND RII TECHNIQUE
Hiral H. Patel, Dr. Neeraj D. Sharma,
Rushabh A. Shah
7 14SNPIT46 INFLUENCE OF MASONRY INFILLS ON SEISMIC
RESPONSE OF RC FRAME WITH VARIOUS
MODELING APPROACH
H. S. Majmundar, J. A. Amin
8 14SNPIT57 ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTHENING SCHEMES
OF RC FRAME USING NON-LINEAR STATIC
ANALYSIS
Darpan B. Doshi, J A. Amin, G.M.
Tank
9 14SNPIT01 SLIP FORMING: THE NEW ERA OF FORMWORK
OF UNUSUAL STRUCTURE
Hardiksuthar, Prof.
Bhavsar
10 14SNPIT07 PLASTIC FORMWORK : NEW ERA FOR
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Rajuprajapati, Prof.
Jayeshkumarpitroda, Prof.J.J.Bhavsar
11 14SNPIT12 SCAFFOLDING: SAFETY AND ECONOMICAL
ASPECT FOR SCAFFOLDINGS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Jaydeep Desai, Prof.
Bhavsar
12 14SNPIT30 MEMBRANE FILTRATION PROCESS – A CASE
STUDY
Swati A. Parekh, Mazhar Y. Multani,
Prof. Mitali J. Shah
13 14SNPIT56 FLY ASH: 21ST CENTURY GREEN BUILDING
MATERIAL
D.K.Parmar, Dr. S.K.Dave
14 14SNPIT62 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY: UTILIZATION OF
FLYASH & POND ASH OF UKAI THERMAL
POWER STATION IN FLYASH BRICK
Ajaykumar R. Patel , Dr. Hasmukh
R. Patel
15 14SNPIT63 A STUDY ON CRITERIA REGARDING SAFETY IN
FORMWORK MANAGEMENT FOR REAL ESTATE
Abhiyan S Patel, Dr. Neeraj D
Sharma , Bhavin K Kashiyani
16 14SNPIT21 APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIAL IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Sunil Kakwani, Visheshkakwani
17 14SNPIT37 BAGASSE ASH AS AN EFFECTIVE PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT IN FLY ASH BRICKS
Samruddha Raje, Apurva Kulkarni,
Mamata Rajgor
18 14SNPIT78 A REVIEW ON NATURAL FIBRES: AN EMERGING
MATERIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Krunal V Mistry
19 14SNPIT82 A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON IMPORTANCES OF
FLY-ASH BRICKS AND CLAY BRICKS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY THROUGH SPSS
SOFTWARE
Varunkumar Parekh

2014
XX
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
ABSTRACT
This presentation is about types of rocks and their anchoring as
per the various needs of civil engineering, especially ground projects to
satisfy the needs of transportation and surface means of communication
of today’s rapidly growing and transforming world. The presentation is
included with detail of installation and execution function and quality
check. There is an explanation of supporting systems of soft ground,
medium hard tunnelling and hard rock.
There is various kind of rock defined by rock quality designation
known as (rqd). Steel ribs, steel arches, Timber these are various types of
supports. In tunnelling operation cycle there are eight sequential
operations. First are investigation then, drilling, blasting, scaling,
mucking, bolting, shotcreting and controlling. The presentation deals
with all sequential.
Er. H.M. Patel,
Managing Partner, Dhorajia Construction Company, Ahmedabad
(Specialized in Underground Civil Engineering Projects)

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
National Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming W o r l d ”
29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
SLIP FORMING: THE NEW ERA OF FORMWORK OF
UNUSUAL STRUCTURE
Hardik Suthar1
, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda2
, Prof. J. J. Bhavsar3
1
Student of first year M.E (Construction Engineering & Management), B.V.M Engineering College, Vallabh
Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
2
Assistant Professor and Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
3
Associate Professor, P.G. Coordinator of Construction Engineering & Management, B.V.M Engineering College,
1
hardik.suthar2312@gmail.com
2
jayesh.pitroda@bvmengineering.ac.in
3
jaydev_2004@yahoo.com
Abstract: Slip forming is the best techniques which carried out fast and rapid construction in
an unusual structure like cooling towers, chimneys, silo and also in roadway construction
bridge construction. Slip formwork techniques carried out with more than 16 m height
structure and its very rapid and time saving erection techniques and also economical. Slip
forming considers mainly 7.2 m per day which is fastest erection procedure. They content
various components and after the completion of curtain height concreting by the hydraulic
jack it lifted up and further concreting could be done. Hence these methods are rapid, time
saving; economical and less labor force is required.
Keywords: Cooling Towers, Rapid Construction, Slip Forming
I. INTRODUCTION
Slip forming is an economical, rapid and accurate form of construction that can be used to
build concrete, reinforced concrete, or pre-stressed concrete structures. Although slip forming
is not suitable for all types of structures, it can be used to construct a wide variety of
structures such as silos, chimneys, building cores, bridge piers, and cooling towers. Slip
formwork used for vertical as well as horizontal continues structure. This type of formwork
system is economical and also less labour work required in construction, it is totally depends
upon automation eraction techniques.

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
Figure 1: Slip Formwork
Source: www.structuralsystem.com
II. HISTORY OF SLIP FORMWORK
 The slip forming technique was discovered by America in 1910 for building silos, grain
elevators and cooling towers.
 The first notable use of the slip formwork method in Skylon Tower near Niagara Falls,
Ontario, which was completed in 1965.
 Another unusual structure was constructed for the Sheraton Waikiki Hotel in, Hawaii, in
1969.
 In 1990s in U.K. Slip forming has even been adopted for the paving of roadways, bicycle
paths, and kerb with the introduction of slip form paving equipment. And further Slip
form paving was also implemented in the paving of airport aprons, taxiways, and
runways.

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
Figure 2: History of Slip Formwork
Source: Gomrco slip form system
III. WHAT IS THE SLIP FORMWORK AND METHOD OF USE
Slip forming consists of constructing a wall-shaped form approximately 1.0 to 1.2 meters
high at the base of the structure. This type of formwork has a belt of forms, one for each
surface, 1 to 1.5 meters wide usually about 1.2m (4ft) made of timber or steel. These surface
forms placed on the internal and external surface of a wall, chimney and cooling towers etc.
As the concrete is deposited, the form is slowly and continuously raised by jack screws,
hydraulic jacks or pneumatic jacks.
As the form is raised, it can be adjusted to vary the taper of the structure and the thickness of
the wall as needed. The rate at which the form is raised is between 5 to 30 cm/hour as per

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
requirements. This around the clock operation results in a construction rate between 1.2 to 7.2
m/day, which cannot be attained by any other construction method.
Figure 3: Constructing Wall-Shaped Slip Formwork
IV. APPLICATIONS OF SLIP FORMWORK
Chimney Slip Formwork

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Silo Slip Formwork
Cooling Tower Slip Formwork
Bridge Construction by Slip Formwork
Road Construction by Slip Formwork
Figure 4: Various Applications of Slip Formwork in Construction

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
Source: - www.master builder.com, www.rexon.com
V. COMPONENTS OF SLIP FORMWORK
 Slip Form
 Ribs
 Yokes
 Working platform or Deck
 Suspended scaffolding
 Lifting jacks
Figure 5: Components of Slip Formwork
Source: www.skilledforming system.com
Advantages
 Provision of a joint less structure.
 A saving of shuttering material both initially as well as lesser wastage.
 Scaffolding is not required.
 Very rapid concreting. It is at least four times faster.
 Better finishing of concrete.

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 Reduced labour cost.
 Slip form does not require the crane, minimizing crane use.
 No plastering required.
 Accuracy is more than regular formwork.
 Strength is more than regular formwork.
 Save formwork material.
 Economical for structure above certain size.
Disadvantages
 Greater time required for arranging of various components.
 Expert supervision and operations needed for uniform movement of the slip form system.
 Stocking of material on the site is difficult.
 Good coordination and site organization required.
 Large quantities of equipment (e.g. Generators, lighting systems, and hoists) needed.
 Labour force may require familiar with equipment and methods.
 The operation must be continued in any weather
 High initial expense.
 Need 24-hour service facilities (e.g. Canteen, material supply, maintenance team, primary
clinic).
Safety features
 Working platforms, guard rails, ladders and windshields should built into the completed
system.
 Completed formwork assembly is robust and strong enough.
 Strength of concrete must be checked at certain time intervals.
 Site operatives can quickly become familiar with health and safety aspects of their job
site.
 All parts should move in uniform rate, there should be no jam in formwork or jack.
 Lateral support of forms must be provided.
Economical consideration

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 This type of form works only economical when the height of the structure is a minimum
of 16m high.
 The thickness of the wall should be a minimum 15cm.
 This system is only suitable for a structure like silo, cooling towers, chimneys, tall
building and piers.
VI. CASE STUDY
A.P.C. Herington company project (USA) was chosen as a case study in current seminar. It
included Raw Meal Silos and towers with 6000-ton cement production per day. All silos and
towers of the cement factory were constructed using a slip-form lifting system. The silo was
designed to store raw material.
This case study is to investigate the possibility of using slip forming in varying construction
sectors.
Figure 6: Various Structures of A. P. C. Herington Company

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
Source: - www.efcoform.com, A.P.C. Herington
VII. CONCLUSION
 With the invention of slip forming technique and due to speedier completion of work by
the technique, there are substantial savings in cost in terms of wages and interest. This
technique has no comprises against quality control and Homogeneity of structure.
 The cost saving will not appear automatically just because slip forming has been used.
This technique has a lot of scope for improvement. But it can be adapted for tall structure.
 Thus a slip form system involves:-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors thankfully acknowledge to Dr. C. L. Patel, Chairman, Charutar Vidya Mandal,
Er.V.M.Patel, Hon.Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Mr. Yatinbhai Desai, Jay Maharaj
construction, Dr. F.S.Umrigar, Principal, B.V.M. Engineering College, Dr. L.B.Zala, Head
and Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Dr. A. K. Verma, Head and Professor,
Structural Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar,
Gujarat, India for their motivations and infrastructural support to carry out this research.
REFERENCES
[1] Anon. 1978. “Key to courthouse puzzle.” Eng. News-Rec., 20021, 26–27.
[2] Betterham R. G. 1980. Slip-form concrete, Longman, New York.
[3] Halpin D. W. and Riggs L. S. 1992. Planning and analysis of construction operations, Wiley, New York
[4] Hanna, A. S. 1998. Concrete formwork systems, Marcel Dekker, New York.
[5] Peurifoy R. L., and Oberlander G. D. 1996. Formwork for concrete structures, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York
[6] Pruitt R., Oberlander G. 2000. Concrete construction, 1st
Ed., McGraw-Hill, April, 32(4):345-349.
[7] www.Slipforminternational.com
[8] www.rexon.com
[9] www.neruformwork.com
[10]www.dokaformwork.com
[11]www.l&tskilledformingsystem.co.in

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
[12]www.masterbuilders.com
[13]www.google.co.in
[14]www.lagram.com
[15]www.Wikipedia.com

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
RIBLOC TECHNOLOGY: NEW ERA OF ENVIRONMENTAL
FRIENDLY AND POLLUTION FREE TECHNIQUE IN
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Iliyas Kapadiya1
, Prof. J. J. Bhavsar 3
1
Student of first year M.E (C.E & M), B.V.M Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar
2
3
Associate Professor and PG Coordinator (M.E C E & M), Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
1
iak_1401@yahoo.com
2
3
jaydev_2004@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: Most of the Indian sewer lines in urban areas have been built over a period of 50 to
100 years using old generation materials such as brick, asbestos cement and low grade RCC
etc. With the ageing of the material load imposed by the environment, corrosion due to water
and gases these sewers get structurally damaged. Most of the Indian sewers have serious
problems like silt deposit, which is due to the ingress of the excessive solid materials in the
sewerage system. A number of major trunk sewers in India are silted to the extent of 60 to 70
percent thereby reducing their carrying capacity. Many sewers are structurally damaged
causing leakages and polluting the ground water or infiltration of water into the sewer
network. To solve all these problems, it is essential that the sewer pipes are rehabilitated with
minimum surface disturbance and within minimum time. With the greater emphasis on
infrastructure development projects for economic development in India, it is felt that the
Trenchless technology is poised for increased adoption in our growing metropolitan cities.
Cities and communities in India and the world over can no longer afford to disrupt traffic,
delay Production in factories and disturb the public life and Commerce as hitherto. The
roads in Indian cities are not well maintained. There are innumerable potholes. Rib Loc is an
Australian patented spirally wound PVC lining process designed for the gravity sewer
application. The Rib Loc installation process involves the continuous winding of PVC profile
inside the existing sewer line through the manhole chamber without any excavation. This
PVC profile can be additionally reinforced by stainless steel section wherever required.
Keywords: Interlocking Edges, Pipelines, Rib loc Technology, Spirally Wound Lining, “T”
Ribbed Plastic Liner

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
I. INTRODUCTION
Expanda is a trenchless pipe rehabilitation technology, developed in Australia in
1983, as a revolutionary process by which the efficiency, reliability, and integrity of aging
sewers, storm drains, and culverts can be quickly improved with minimal disruption and
expense. To date it has been used to structurally rehabilitate more than three million linear
feet of buried pipe in 30 countries around the world. Expanda provides a “close-fit” structural
liner and is suitable for non-pressure applications. It is commonly used for drainage, sewer,
and road culvert applications from diameters of six in. to 30 in.
Rib Loc extrudes the pipe-grade PVC profiles in a factory environment where the
quality of the process can be closely controlled and monitored. All seals required for the
performance of the profile are also applied in the same environment. This ensures that Rib
Loc is able to produce a product of high quality and consistency. Several different sizes and
configurations of plastic profile are available to provide a structural liner that meets the size
and load carrying requirements of the design.
Installation is fast and easy. Multiple lines can be rehabilitated in a single day in
lengths exceeding 500 ft. The mechanical installation process also allows the existing sewer
to continue to function during the installation process. This eliminates the need for bypass
pumping and the risks associated with sewerage spills during construction. Minimal on-site
equipment, operating at noise levels less than 75 decibels, and the fact that no chemicals, hot
water, or steam are used during the installation enables the Expanda process to be used in
residential neighborhoods with little or no disruption to the people in the project area. The
process uses a single truck set-up that can either be positioned at the manhole access point, or
as far away as 300 ft should the manhole be in an inaccessible location. The spiral-winding
machine, specially designed to fit through standard manhole openings, is lowered within the
access chamber and is used to wind a liner at a constant diameter within the existing host
pipe. This diameter is set to be smaller than the host pipe. After the liner is wound from one
manhole to the next, the end of the liner is held in position and the radial expansion process
commences. Through a patented process, the edges of the profile are then freed to slide
relative to each other as the winding machine continues to wind more profile. It is this
mechanical process that causes the liner to expand. Expansion continues until the liner
contacts the wall of the host pipe. The lock contains a slow setting lubricating sealant that,
until it sets, aids the expansion process by performing the function of a lubricant.

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
This process means that Expanda provides a maximized internal diameter liner, with a
circular cross section and constant wall thickness irrespective of the size and shape of the
deteriorated host pipe. A combination of expanding urethane chemical grout and sulfide
resistant cement is used to create a watertight end seal at each end of the liner pipe. Lateral
connections to the mains can be remotely cut, then, if required, sealed with polyurethane or
other approved types of sealant. The end result is a seamless, watertight, full-bore structural
liner, resistant to chemical attack and with a 50-year service life.
Figure:1 Installation of machine Figure:2 Installation of Rib steel process
Source: Trenchless inline Source: www. kuliczkowski3

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
Figure: 3 Types of RIB LOC Technology
Source: www.googleimages.com
II. TYPES OF RIBLOC TECHNOLOGY:
Expanda Process: This process is specially designed for Smaller diameter sewers (150 to
750mm) and produces liner which closely fits into the existing host pipe. This process uses a
double lock (main lock and sacrificial assembly lock).The liner is wound into pipe at a
smaller diameter than the host pipe and stainless wire is integrated with sacrificial with the
sacrificial assembly lock. Once the winding is completed, the wire is pulled by releasing the
sacrificial assembly lock and allowing the pipe to expand the tightly fit against host pipe.
Ribsteel Process: The Ribsteel process method is used for larger diameter sewers (>900mm).
This involves the production of new pipe slightly smaller than the existing Host pipe. A
winding cage is lowered into the manhole chamber. The cage continuously Produces a liner
pipe which is wound from manhole to manhole through The sewer. The annulus between the
host pipe and the liner is then filled with grout. Where required for greater stiff -ness ,the
profile is reinforced with a roll formed stainless steel section. The ends of the liner at both
manhole chambers are sealed And rendered to make them smooth with the host pipe.
This process allows the lining of the pipes from 900 to 2500mm and beyond and at over 10
meters below ground. Ribsteel liners can structurally rehabilitate brick, concrete; glass
reinforced plastic or corrugated metal sewer and storm Water pipelines. It can also be used to
provide a corrosion protection liner.
Rotaloc Process: The latest generation rotaloc method uses a moving winding mechanism
which winds the new pipe directly against the inner surface of the Host pipe.This allows the
diameter of the lined to be maximized and also allows for adjustment in the diameter to suit
deflections in the host pipe. The process can line pipe from 800 – 2500 mm in diameter.
Table : 1
Rehabilitation and Renovation method
Method Applications Diameter
Range
(mm)
Maximum
Installation
(Meters)
Liner materials
CIPP:
Inserted in Gravity and 100-2700 900 Thermoset resin/fabric

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place pressure pipelines composite.
Winched in
place
Gravity and
pressure pipelines
100-1400 150 Thermoset resin/fabric
composite.
Slip Lining:
Segmental Gravity and
pressure pipelines
100-4000 300 PE,PP,PVC,GRP
(EP & UP)
Continuos Gravity and
pressure pipelines
100-1600 300 PE,PP,PE/EPDM,
PVC
Spiral wound Gravity pipelines
only 100-2500 300 PE,PVC,PP,PVDF
In Line
Replacement
:
pipe
displacement
Gravity and
pressure pipelines
100-600 230 PE,PP,PVC,GRP
Pipe
Rremoval
Gravity and
pressure pipelines
Up to 900 100 PE,PVC,PP,GRP
Close Fit
pipe:
Modified
cross section
Gravity and
pressure pipelines
100-400 210 HDPE,PVC
Draw down Gravity and
pressure pipelines
62-600 320 HDPE,PVC
Roll Down Gravity and
pressure pipelines
62-600 320 HDPE,MDPE
Point source
repair:
Robotics
structural
repair
Gravity 270-760 N/A Epoxy resin/cement
Morter
Grouting Any N/A N/A
Link-seal Any 100-600 N/A

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Point CIPP Gravity 100-600 15
Spray-on
lining
Gravity and
pressure piplines
76-4500 150
ADVANTAGES

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III. CASE STUDY:
Ribloc technology is used in many countries. In January 1994 Northridge earthquake severely
damaged the trunk sewer system of Santa Monica, USA. This resulted in one of this largest
sewer rehabilitation project in USA. Number of technologies including CIPP and Rib Loc
were tried. After the tremendous success of Ribloc in numerous projects, the city council of
Santa Monica decided award future projects to Ribloc on the basis of negotiations.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Within a short span of 5 to 6 years, the awareness of Trenchless Technology in India is quite
significant. With conch progressive adoption of Trenchless technology in India, new
equipment and development of new materials will follow which will revolutionize the
construction industry and benefit the society. However, many planners, designers and
engineers are not yet accustomed to using them. Hence, there is a need for further
technological refinement , better information dissemination, and greater public awareness and
understanding regarding appropriate use of Trenchless technology and its contribution to
environmentally sustainable urban development. It is hoped that seminars on this newer
technology will be encouraged which will promote greater awareness in adoption of this new
technology for the development and management of the underground utilities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Er.V.M.Patel, Hon. Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Mr. Yatinbhai Desai, Jay Maharaj
construction, Dr. A. K. Verma, Head & Professor, Structural Engineering Department, Dr. B.
K. Shah, Associate Professor, Structural Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for their motivations and infrastructural support
to carry out this research.
REFERENCE
[1] Magazine of Civil engineering & construction review.
[2] Brig. D.K. Gunjal, (retd), consulting Engr, Banglore.
[3] T. Shivaraman, Chief Executive – Technology & D. Arivalagan, G.M –Technology, Shriram PPR
Technology Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.
[4] International seminar on “Underground Utility Infrastructure - Development and Management “ held
at Bangaloreaka, on February 10-11-2003, organized jointly by IndSTT, CIDC, BAI (Karnataka Centre) &
Karnataka state.

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
MECHANICAL COMPACTION OF CONCRETE: A
GOVERENING FACTOR FOR DURABILITY AND
SERVICEABILITY OF THE CONCRETE
Ranchhod Mata1
1
2
3
Associate Professor and PG Coordinator (M.E C E & M), Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
1
ranchod111@gmail.com
2
3
Abstract: Compaction is the governing factor for the strength, durability and serviceability of
the concrete. During the placing of the concrete in the form air is likely to trap within the
concrete body, hence the density of the concrete is decreasing; ultimately it affects the
strength, durability and serviceability of the concrete body. Vibration is the best remedy for
getting rid off the trapped air from the concrete. At earlier stages when advanced vibrators
were not found generally hand compaction method were adopted, but nowadays is a trend to
use mechanical compaction method for compaction of the concrete. According to the
condition we can use immersion vibration, surface vibration, or from vibration. We must use
such vibration method with certain precaution to avoid any damages.
Keywords: Compaction, Durability, Strength, Serviceability, Vibration
I. INTRODUCTION
“Compaction is the process which expels entrapped air from freshly placed concrete and
packs the aggregate particles together so as to increase the density of concrete.” The
aggregate particles, although coated with mortar, tend to arch against one another and are
prevented from slumping or consolidating by internal friction. Compaction of concrete is,
therefore, a two-stage process.
In first stage with the vibration, initial consolidation of the concrete can often be achieved
relatively quickly. The concrete liquefies and the surface levels, giving the impression that
the concrete is compacted, then after the second stage, entrapped air is expelled. Entrapped
air takes a little longer to rise to the surface. Compaction must therefore be prolonged until

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this is accomplished, i.e. until air bubbles no longer appear on the surface. Shown in Figure
1.
Proper compaction also ensures that the formwork is completely filled – i.e. there are no
pockets of honeycombed material – and that the required finish is obtained on vertical
surfaces.
Even air-entrained concrete needs to be compacted to get rid of entrapped air voids. The
difference between air voids and entrained air bubbles should be noted at this stage. The air
bubbles that are entrained are relatively small and spherical in shape, increase the workability
of the mix, reduce bleeding, and increase frost resistance. Entrapped air on the other hand
tends to be irregular in shape and is detrimental to the strength of the mix. It is to remove this
air that the concrete must be properly compacted. There is little danger that compaction will
remove the minute air bubbles that have been deliberately entrained, since they are so stable.

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II. IMORTANCE OF COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
It is important to compact the concrete fully because, Air voids reduce the strength of the
concrete. For every 1% of entrapped air, the strength falls by somewhere between 5 and 7%.
This means that concrete containing about 5% air voids due to incomplete compaction can
lose as much as one third of its strength. Figure 2
Air voids increase concrete's permeability. That in turn reduces its durability. If the concrete
is not dense and impermeable, it will not be watertight. It will be less able to withstand
aggressive liquids and its exposed surfaces will weather badly. Moisture and air are more
likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust. Air voids impair contact between
the mix and reinforcement (and, indeed, any other embedded metals). The required bond will
not be achieved and the reinforced member will not be as strong as it should be. Air voids
produce blemishes on struck surfaces. For instance, blowholes and honeycombing might
occur. Summing up, fully compacted concrete is dense, strong and durable; badly compacted
concrete will be porous, weak and prone to rapid deterioration. Sooner or later it will have to
be repaired or replaced. It pays, therefore, to do the job properly in the first place.

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III. METHODS OF MECHANICAL COMPACTION
Figure 3: Methods of Mechanical Compaction
IMMERSION VIBRATION
Figure 4: Detail Sketch of Needle Vibrator
In immersion vibration a mechanical device termed as needle vibrator is broadly used by
many firms frequently referred to as ‘poker’ or ‘needle’ vibrators, immersion vibrators
consist essentially of a tubular housing which contains a rotating eccentric weight. The out-

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of-balance rotating weight causes the casing to vibrate. When immersed in concrete, the
concrete itself. Depending on the diameter of the casing or head, and on the frequency and
the amplitude of the vibration, an immersion vibrator may have a radius of action between
100 and 600 mm. The effectiveness of an immersion vibrator is dependent on its frequency
and amplitude, the latter being dependent on the size of the head, the eccentric moment and
the head weight – the larger the head, the larger the amplitude.
As the water cement ratio of concrete decreasing the higher compactive effort required so we
should use the larger diameter head for such kind of work. Immersion vibrators may be
driven by: a flexible shaft connected to a petrol, diesel, or electric motor; or an electric motor
situated within the tubular casing; or compressed air. But most commonly vibrators no the
site are driven by a flexible shaft connected to a petrol, diesel, or electric motor as shown in
Figure 4.
IV.CASH STUDY FOR NEEDLE VIBRATOR:
TABLE 1:
Diameter of
head
(mm)
Recommended
Frequency
(HZ)
Average
Amplitude
(mm)
Radius of
Action
(mm)
Rate of
Concreting
(cmt/hour)
20–40 150–250 0.4–0.8 75–150 1–4
30–65 140–210 0.5–1.0 125–250 2–8
50–90 130–200 0.6–1.3 175–350 6–20
75–150 120–180 0.8–1.5 300–500 11–31
125–175 90–140 1.0–2.0 400–600 19–38
Source: Adapted from Table 5.1 ACI Committee Report: Guide for Consolidation of Concrete 309R-05
ACI Manual of Concrete Practice 2006 Part 2.
Following care should be taken while using the immersion vibrator:
 As a general rule, the radius of action of a given vibrator not only increases with the
workability of the concrete (higher slump), but also with the diameter of the head

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 Immersion vibrators should be inserted vertically into concrete, as quickly as possible,
and then held stationary until air bubbles cease to rise to the surface, usually in about
15–20 seconds
 The vibrator should then be slowly withdrawn and reinserted vertically in a fresh position
adjacent to the first. These movements should be repeated in a regular pattern until all the
concrete has been compacted
 Random insertions are likely to leave areas of the concrete uncompacted.
 The vibrator should not be used to cause concrete to flow horizontally in the forms, as
this can lead to segregation the vibrator should not be dragged through the concrete as
this leads to inadequate compaction and increases the risk of segregation.
 In deep sections such as walls, footings and large columns, the concrete should be placed
in layers about 300 mm thick
 The vibrator should penetrate about 150 mm into the previous layer of fresh concrete to
meld the two layers together and avoid ‘cold-pour’ lines on the finished surface
 One should try overlap of this vibration circle should limited to allowed overlapping
limits shown in figure. Because it leads to over vibration at the overlapped portion of the
vibrating circle as shown in figure 5
 The vibrator should not be allowed to touch the forms as this can cause ‘burn’ marks
which will be reflected on the finished surface
 Similarly, the vibrator should not be held against the reinforcement as this may cause its
displacement.
 Inclined forms are prone to trapping air. To minimize this tendency, the best technique is
to place the concrete close to, but away from the side of the form and insert the
immersion vibrator close to the leading edge of the concrete, forcing it to properly fill the
corner, Void-formers are also prone to trapping air on their undersides if concrete is
placed from both sides and then compacted. Concrete should be placed at one side and,
maintaining a head, vibrated until it appears at the other side.

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Figure 5 : Pattern of compaction
Surface vibration:
Surface vibrators are applied to the top surface of concrete and act downwards from there.
They are very useful for compacting slabs, industrial floors, road pavements, and similar flat
surfaces. They also aid in levelling and finishing the surface. There are a number of types of
surface vibrators including vibrating-roller screeds, vibrating-beam screeds. The most
common type is the single or double vibrating-beam screed. or Roller screed. Or Plate
vibrator as Shown below in Figure 6.
Beam screed vibrator Roller screed vibrator Plate vibrator
Fig. 6: Different Surface vibrators
Source : Google Images
Beam Screed vibrator:
A vibrating-beam screed consists of either one or two beams, made from aluminium, steel or
timber, to which is attached a form of vibrating unit to allow the beams to impart adequate
vibration to the concrete. This may be a single unit, mounted centrally, or may consist of a

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series of eccentric weights on a shaft driven from a motor on one end and supported on a
trussed frame
In general, the centrally-mounted units have a maximum span of about 6 m, but the trussed
units may span up to 20 m. The intensity of vibration, and hence the amount of compaction
achieved, decreases with depth because surface vibrators act from the top down. Therefore,
the slab thickness for which compaction by surface vibrators is effective will vary (from 100
to 200 mm) depending on the size and operation of the unit used. As shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Surface Vibrator
With centrally-mounted vibration units, the degree of compaction achieved may vary across
the width of the beam. It is generally desirable, therefore, to supplement vibrating-beam
compaction by using immersion vibrators alongside edge forms. The effectiveness of
vibration, and hence degree of compaction, increases with an increase in the beam weight, the
amplitude and the frequency,As the forward speed of beam increases compaction decreases
and vise versa. Speed of screed should be limited to between 0.5 and 1.0 m/min. for getting
batter output. The lower speed should be used for thicker slabs and where reinforcement is
close to the top face
Roller Screed vibrator:
Roller screed vibrator is same of that beam screed vibrators in mechanism. In this type of
vibrator beam is replaced by long cylindrical roller. Here roller is given vibration through

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internal rotating imbalanced weight. Vibration is occurred throughout the cross section is
same.
Plate Vibrator:
Plate vibrator is generally used in laboratories. It is generally used for compaction of practical
specification made in lab, It is not preferred on large scale of concreting done on big sites
Vibrating table techniques are usually restricted to recasting operations ,Also reflection of the
pressure waves against the concrete surface will influence the amplitude distribution. Table
vibrators can give less consistent results even with careful operation.
Form Vibration:
Figure 8: Form Vibration
In form vibration an external mechanical vibrating device is used and it is attached with the
form work. Shown in Figure 8. Form vibrators are useful with complicated members or
where the reinforcement is highly congested, This types of vibrator must used with smooth
surface form work so it can allow easy flow of concrete over the surface. They are clamped to
the outside of the formwork and vibrate it thus compacting the concrete in this type of
vibration first vibration is transferred to the form work and then it is transferred to the
concrete. Due to above reason it consumes more power than the ordinary vibrators. The
formwork will need to be specially designed to resist the forces imposed on it.
V.CONCLUSIONS
Today’s rapid growing world Concrete is most essential material for construction. But the
concrete properties like strength, durability, serviceability are the problem. But with complete
compaction of concrete one can improve concrete property like strength, durability,
serviceability with great extent.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
construction, Dr. F.S.Umrigar, Principal, B.V.M. Engineering College, Dr. L.B.Zala, Head
REFERENCE
[1] Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty
[2] Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand Bulletin
[3] Cement Concrete & Aggregate Australia Bulletin
[4] www.concrete.net.au
[5] www.wikipedia.org
[6] www.google.co.in

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SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE: QUALITATIVE GROWTH
FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Ronitkumar Patel1
, Prof. J.J. Bhavsar3
1
2
3
Associate Professor, PG coordinator (CE & M), Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar -Gujarat-India
1
ronit_becivil@gmail.com
2
3
Abstract: Self−compacting concrete is one of "the most revolutionary developments" in
concrete investigate and it is also referred to as self-consolidating concrete, is able to flow
and consolidate under its own weight and to fill the most restricted places of the form work
without vibration. It is cohesive enough to fill the spaces of almost any size and shape without
segregation or bleeding. In site there are difficulties to achieve dense concrete because the
labour forces are traditional. To achieve the actual strength and honeycombing effect
difficulty in concrete are by solve SCC. There are several methods for testing its properties in
the fresh state: the most frequently used are slum−flow test, L−box, U-box and V−funnel.
Keywords: Developments, Revolutionary, Self-Compacting Concrete
I. INTRODUCTION
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for
placing and compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight, completely filling formwork
and achieving full compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The
hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the same engineering properties and
durability as traditional vibrated concrete.
This concrete was first developed in Japan in late 1980. After the development of SCC in
Japan 1988, whole Europe started working on this unique noise free revolution in the field of
construction industry. The first North American conference on design and use of self-
consolidation concrete was organized in November 2002.

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II. TYPES OF SSC
There are three types of SCC. These types are following under table:-
Table 1
Types of SSC
Powder type of SCC Viscosity Modifying
Admixture type SCC
Combined type SCC
This is proportioned to give the
required self- compactability by
reducing the water-powder
(material<0.1mm) ratio and
provide adequate segregation
resistance. Super plasticizer and
air entraining admixtures give
the required deformability.
This type is proportioned to
provide self-compaction by the
use of viscosity modifying
admixture to provide
segregation resistance. Super
plasticizers and air entraining
admixtures are used for
obtaining the desired
deformability.
This type is proportioned so as to
obtain self- compactability mainly
by reducing the water powder
ratio, as in the powder type, and a
viscosity modifying admixture is
added to reduce the quality
fluctuations of the fresh concrete
due to the variation of the surface
moisture content of the aggregates
and their gradations during the
production. This facilitates the
production control of the concrete.
Advantages:
 Faster construction
 Safer working environment
 Reduction in site manpower
 Better surface finishes
 Improved durability
 Greater freedom in design
 Thinner concrete sections
 Reduced noise levels, absence of vibration

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Figure 1: Advantages of SCC
Disadvantages:
 The production of SCC places more stringent requirements on the selection of materials
in comparison with conventional concrete.
 An uncontrolled variation of even 1% moisture content in the fine aggregate will have a
much bigger impact on the theology of SCC at very low W/C (~0.3) ratio.
 The development of a SCC requires a large number of a trial batches. In addition to the
laboratory trial batches, field size trial batches should be used to simulate the typical
production conditions. Once a promising mixture has been established, further laboratory
trial batches are required to quantify the characteristics of the mixture.
 SCC is costlier than conventional concrete initially based on concrete materials cost due
to higher dosage of chemical admixtures.

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III. PROCESS OF SCC
Figure 2: Process of SCC

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Applications
Figure 3: Applications of SCC in Construction
IV.TEST METHODS:
Figure 4: Various Tests on SCC

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 Slump Flow Test:
The basic equipment used is the same as for the conventional Slump test. The test method
differs from the conventional one by the fact that the concrete sample placed into the mold is
not rodded and when the slump cone is removed the sample collapses (Ferraris, 1999).The
diameter of the spread of the sample is measured, i.e. a horizontal distance is determined as
opposed to the vertical distance in the conventional Slump test. The Slump Flow test can give
an indication as to the consistency, filling ability and workability of SCC. The SCC is
assumed of having a good filling ability and consistency if the diameter of the spread reaches
values between650mm to 800mm.
Figure 5: Slump-flow Test on SCC
 L-Box Test :
This test is used to assess the passing ability of SCC to flow through tight openings including
spaces between reinforcing bars and other obstructions without segregation or blocking. L-
box has arrangement and the dimensions as shown in Figure.
Figure 6: L-Box Test on SCC
 V-Funnel Test:
Viscosity of the self-compacting concrete is obtained by using a V-funnel apparatus, which
has certain dimensions, in order for a given amount of concrete to pass through an orifice

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(Dietz and Ma, 2000). The amount of concrete needed is 12 litters and the maximum
aggregate diameter is 20 mm. The time for the amount of concrete to flow through the orifice
is being measured. If the concrete starts moving through the orifice, it means that the stress is
higher than the yield stress; therefore, this test measures a value that is related to the
viscosity. If the concrete does not move, it shows that the yield stress is larger the weight of
the volume used. The same test using smaller funnels (side of only 5 mm) is used for cement
paste as an empirical test to determine the effect of chemical admixtures on the flow of
cement pastes.
Figure 7: V-Funnel Test on SCC
 U-Type Test:
Of the many testing methods used for evaluating self-compactability, the U-type test
proposed by the Taisei group is the most appropriate, due to the small amount of concrete
used, compared to others (Ferraris, 1999). In this test, the degree of compactability can be
indicated by the height that the concrete reaches after flowing through obstacles. Concrete
with the filling height of over 300 mm can be judged as self-compacting. Some companies
consider the concrete self-compacting if the filling height is more than 85% of the maximum
height possible.

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Figure 8: U-Type Test on SCC
 Orimet Test:
The test is based on the principle of an orifice rheometer applied to fresh concrete (Bartos,
2000). The test involves recording of time that it takes for a concrete sample to flow out from
a vertical casting pipe through an interchangeable orifice attached at its lower end. The
shorter the Flow-Time, the higher is the filling ability of the fresh mix. The Orimet test also
shows potential as a means of assessment of resistance to segregation on a site.
Recommended value of taking for different test methods of SCC
Table 2
Recommended value of taking for different test methods of SCC
Sr.
No.
Methods Unit Typical range of values
Minimum Maximum
1 Slump flow Test mm 600 800
2 V-funnel sec 6 12
3 L-box (h2/h1) 0.8 1
4 U-box h2-h1 0 30
Working Environment
Table 3
Working environment
Casting type Concrete type Measurements
Horizontal Conventional Noise, vibration, videotaping
(lifts, positions)Horizontal SCC
Vertical Conventional Noise, vibration, videotaping

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Vertical SCC (lifts, positions)
Load on human body – lifting, body position, etc.
Evaluation of lifts by worker
Figure 9: Load on human body – lifting, body position
Table 4
Casting type v/s Un-healthy lifts
Casting type Un-healthy lifts (1/hour)
Conventional,
Horizontal
30
SCC, Horizontal 30
Conventional, Vertical 116
SCC, Vertical 30
Major improvement!

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Noise
Table 5
Casting type v/s Noise
Casting type Noise
Background
(dB)
Noise
Pump
(dB)
Noise
Vibration
(dB)
Noise
Peak
(dB)
Conventional, Vertical 70 87 84-91 111
SCC, Vertical 70 87 - 87
Conventional, Precast 71 - 89-98 120
SCC, Precast 71 - - 79
 Ear protection needed
 No ear protection required using SCC at precast plant!
Vibration
Figure 10: Acceleration v/s Exposure
Vertical casting of 115m2
using poker vibrator:
• Acceleration exposure 6m/s2
equaling a maximum exposure time of 140 minutes.
• No problem as the casting time was less than 120 minutes and 2-3 workers carried the
vibration load.

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Horizontal casting of 100m3
slab using poker vibrator:
• Acceleration exposure 3.4m/s2
equaling a maximum exposure time of roughly 8
hours.
• No problem as the casting time was 7 hours and 46 minutes and 3-4 workers carried
the vibration load.
V. CONCLUSION
 SCC with high workability, proper strength, and adequate durability can be produced
using locally available materials.
 Attention must be paid to formwork, segregation, the air-void system, and shrinkage.
 Self-Compacting Concrete is considered to be the most hopeful building material for
the expected innovative changes on the work site.
 Alternative powders may be introduced without negative effect on concrete properties.
 The reduction in number of un-healthy lifts is the most significant improvement to the
working environment from using SCC- The noise and vibration reduction is also nice.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
construction, Dr. A. K. Verma, Head & Professor, Structural Engineering Department, Dr. B.
K. Shah, Associate Professor, Structural Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for their motivations and infrastructural support
to carry out this research.
REFERENCES
[1] Byen.wikipedia.org
[2] Hajime O. and Masahiro O. (2003) “Journal of Advanced Technology”
[3] M.S. SHETTY “Concrete Technology”, S. Chand and company ltd.
[4] www.google.com
[5] www.yotube.com
[6] www.wikipedia.com
[7] Seminasprojects.com/s/SCC-ppt

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LASER SCREED TECHNOLOGY: AN OPPORTUNITY TO
EASE IN CONSRTUCTION SECTOR
Hardik Lokhandwala1
1
Student of first year M.E (C.E & M), B.V.M Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar
2
Assistant Professor and Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
3
Associate Professor, P. G. Coordinator of Construction Engineering & Management, Civil Engineering
Department, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
1
hardik.civil007@gmail.com
2
3
Abstract: Laser screed technology exhibits the opportunity for concrete floor slabs in its
time-sensitive project and hence new standards in the regional construction industry has
established. This is the latest technology for concrete flooring. This technology reduces the
no. of joints as no form work is required in between to support the Surface Vibrators. Form
work is done only on the periphery of the panel to stop the concrete from flowing outside
panel. The Laser Screed technology offers much quicker turnaround than conventional
concrete construction saving over 400 per cent in project execution time. As an estimate, a
1,000 square meter concrete floor slab can be completed in less than 24 hours with Laser
Screed technology, while it would ideally take about three to four days in the conventional
way. This technique also requires a minimum set-up time besides extending superior quality,
safety and accuracy. On the other hand, in manual screeding, there are lots of forward
bending causes awkward torso posture, Repetitive hand/arm activity, High hand forces are
required to pull the rod to smoothen the concrete, Relatively slower than Laser screed
machine. In this study, working of laser screed technology, different types of Laser screed
machines used in construction industries, case study on this technology etc are discussed.
Keywords: Copper Head, Hand Screeding, Laser Screeding,Plough

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INTRODUCTION
Screeding
To explicate the meaning of Laser screed technology, first there should be acute knowledge
of the word “Screed”. Screed is a flat board, or a aluminium tool, used to
smooth concrete after it has been placed on a surface and also used to assist in levelling the
application of plaster.
Figure: 1 Screeding Figure: 2 Screeding
Source: en.wikipedia.org Source:dictionary.reference.com
INTRODUCTION TO LASER SCREED TECHNOLOGY
The introduction of the Laser Screed machine coincided(happen simultaneously) with
increased demands for flatter and more level industrial/warehouse floors. Laser screed
technology produces slab-on-grade concrete floors that are flatter and stronger than any
comparative floors produced by using conventional methods. They establish grade by laser,
utilizing a 3D profiler system, disperse concrete by auger, and then vibrate and consolidate
the concrete.
Laser Screeds are setting new standards for concrete floors. In addition to being laser, this
technology is precise and mechanically powerful, they are fast. It can accurately screed 240
square feet of concrete in just 60 seconds. That means more floor is placed daily and
production schedules are satisfied or actually shortened.

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Figure: 3 Pavement work by Laser Screeding Figure: 4 Industrial floor by Laser Screeding
Figure: 3 Laser Screeding
WORKING OF LASER SCREED TECHNOLOGY
The laser screed machine has four wheel drives, four wheel steer and is operated by one
person seated at a point of maximum visibility. It utilizes a 360° rotating platform with a
telescopic boom. The end of the boom is a screed head that is a plough and auger that cuts
the concrete to level and a vibrating beam to compact the material.
The screed head boasts a laser-guided, automatic control system. This system allows the
machine to accurately place and finish concrete to the exact level and finish specified. There
are 2 receivers on the screed head that receive signals from the static laser transmitter which
provides a constant reference to the datum level. This transmitted signal functions to
automatically adjust the hydraulic cylinders that guide the screed head.
The following are the process steps of working f Lasser Screed Technology.

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Process Step 1 Process Step 2 Process Step 3
The laser transmitter casts the
beam over the entire foyer.
The beam axis the electronic
stream line continuously
monitored by the laser
transmitters on CopperHead
(Laser screed machine)
The CopperHead receives
the Laser beam continuously
and maintain the fixed
distance from where the
beam strikes the transmitter
to the bottom of the plough.
As the CopperHead ploughs
itself to the freshly placed
concrete, it encounters
various subgrade conditions
that cause the chassis to ride
up-down .
The CopperHead compensate
by continuously and
automatically raising or
lowering a plough to
maintain the correct
relationship to the laser. This
regulated flow of concrete is
now at grade. The vibrator
plate is so smooth to
precisely level concrete.
Here it can be seen the
plough moving up-down
continuously or vibrator plate
states on grade. The lower
frame and upper frame are
connected in a manner that
isolates lower frame real
movement from the upper
frame.

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It is to be noted that wheels
encounters various
subgrade conditions but the
plate has state level.
Machine Allows free
movement when it is
screeding. It is easy for the
operator to control the
machine.
There is a horizontal pin
connection allowing the side
to side of the wheels.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF LASER SCREED MACHINES AVAILABLE IN MARKET
Many types of Laser Screeding machine were developed by several industrial companies in the
mid-1980s based on patented technology to provide a highly accurate, mechanical method of
screeding concrete for slab-on-grade floors.
Different types of Laser Screed products which are enlisted below.
Figure: 12 S-15m LASER SCREED Figure: 13 S-840 LASER SCREED concrete leveling
equipment

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Figure: 14 SXP®-D LASER SCREED concrete leveling equipment Figure: 15 Mini Screed
Figure: 16 STS-132 Topping Spreader Figure: 17 Mini Screed C
Figure: 18 3-D Profiler System Figure: 19 Copper Head

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Figure: 20 PowerRake Figure: 21 HoseHog
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANUAL SCREEDING AND LASER SCREEDING

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Figure: 22 Manual Screeding Figure: 23 Laser Screeding
THE BENEFITS OF LASER SCREED TECHNOLOGY
 Faster placement - Laser Screed machines can accurately level 240 square feet of
concrete in less than one minute. It easily moves around obstacles on the job site and
eliminates most frameworks, meaning more floors or paving is placed daily and
production schedules are satisfied or actually shortened. Fast-track production, high
quality, and cost effectiveness are all direct benefits of utilizing Laser Screed.
 Flatter floors – we can achieve laser-precise flatness and levelness every time. Floors are
routinely flatter, stronger, and more level than floors produced by any other conventional
method.
 Fewer workers – The Laser Screed equipment’s does the tough, strenuous (effortful)
work, so we simply get more work done with less manual effort, allowing to make larger
daily placements with fewer workers.
 Produces floors of unequalled flatness & levelness
 Reduces labour costs due to faster placing times and reduced form work
 Increases productivity & efficiency
 Assures greater accuracy through Laser Technology
 Easily places 3”-4” slump concrete, larger aggregate mixes, and fibrous concrete
 Concrete is levelled and compacted in one operation,
 Producing high strength, dense, durable floors
 Improves floor quality andincreases profits

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LIMITATIONS OF LASER SCREED TECHNOLOGY
 The most significant limitation to using the laser screed is that it is only practical for
larger jobs (more than 50,000 ft²)
 Other limitations are primarily related to the laser screed’s size and weight. A fairly large
door is needed, and light reinforcement will not carry up to the machine’s weight.
CASE STUDY
A report was presented by GLENN A. SHEPHARD on “LASER TECHNOLOGIES
APPLICATION TO CONSTRUCTION” to the Graduate Committee of the Department Civil
Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Civil
Engineering, University of Florida,Summer 1999.
In this case study, the application of Laser screed technology was described briefly and its
comparison to hand Screeding was also notified in the report given by GLENN A.
SHEPHARD
Research includes Figures 1 and 2 illustrate floor flatness (FF) measured in inches over the
plane surface in yards. While the floor profile deviations of 1/2-inch over 10 yards for a hand
screed floor appear to be insignificant.
Figure: 20 Hand Screed Floor Profile - deviation in
inches over plane measurement in yards.
(Laser Screed Ltd., 1999)
Figure: 21. Laser Screed Floor Profile - deviation
in inches over plane measurement in yards.
(Laser Screed Ltd., 1999)

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
CONCLUSIONS
The following are the conclusion drawn from the study of Laser screed technology.Laser
Screeding consistently outperforms hand Screeding for precision and speed of flooring and
paving. Lower costs, reduced manpower, increased mobility and greater accuracy guarantee
the skilled teams will be 'on' and 'off' site with exceptional efficiency - allowing early access
for following trade and delivering improved customer satisfaction.The laser screed machines
have screed heads up to 3.6 m wide and the engine and hydraulic drive system, located in the
lower frame, significantly reduces noise and improves ease of maintenance.Moreover,
Simplified controls and an ergonomic design make the machines easy to operate, while a low
head height improves access in restricted areas.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
construction, Dr. F.S.Umrigar, Principal, B.V.M. Engineering College, Dr. L. B. Zala, Head
REFERENCES
[1] en.wikipedia.org
[2] GLENN A. SHEPHARD, 'LASER TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATION TO CONSTRUCTION'A Report
Presented to the Graduate Committee of the Department Civil Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Civil Engineering, University of Florida,Summer 1999
[3] pmallam.dns-systems.net
[4] Ravindra K Dhir, Peter C. Hewlett “Concrete in the Service of Mankind: Radical concrete technology,
Volume 4” E & FN SPON Publication, pp-535.
[5] techniconconstruction.com
[6] www.amanabuildings.com
[7] www.aquariustech.net
[8] www.cogriasia.com
[9] www.engineeringnews.co.za
[10]www.somero.com

ISBN: 978-81-929339-0-0
READY MIX CONCRETE : ECONOMIC AND QUALITATIVE
GROWTH FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Abhishek shah1
1
2
Assistant Professor and Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M. Engineering
3
Associate Professor and PG Coordinator (M.E C E & M), Civil Engineering Department, B.V.M.
Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-Gujarat-India
1
abhishekshah51@gmail.com
2
3
Abstract: Ready Mix Concrete is a ready-to-use material which is a mixture of Cement,
Sand, Aggregate and Water. RMC is a type of Concrete which is mixed in a batching
plant according to the specification of the customer and delivered to the site by the use
of transit mixer as it is away from the construction site. RMC is a new concreting
concept in the Indian Construction industry introduced before one decade. It was
initially not adopted by the contractors because it is costly due to its large equipments
and machineries and also due to high tax on RMC and easy availability of manpower at
cheaper rate but as time elapsed they understood that in large or medium scale project
it is cheaper as it requires less time, less manpower and high strength as compared to
Site mix concrete. So, ultimately it is time saving and cheaper. RMC is also eco-friendly
as it reduces the noise and air pollution because mixing is done in closed chamber as
compare to site mix concrete.
Keywords : Cost, Pollution, Ready Mix Concrete (RMC), site mix concrete, utilization
INTRODUCTION :
As per the Indian Standard SpecificationIS 4926:2003,”Concrete mixed in a stationary
mixer in a central batching and mixing plant or in a truck-mixer and supplied in fresh
condition to the purchaser either at the site or into the purchaser’s vehicles.”
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with a predetermined mixture of
cement, sand, aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory
according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located
batching plant. Most of ready mixed concrete is currently manufactured under computer-

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