The document provides details about the internship completed by Ravi Kumar at Fidesto Projects Private Limited from June 17 to July 30, 2019. It includes an acknowledgement, information about the organization and the proposed residential project in Pune on which Ravi Kumar worked. Safety protocols at construction sites like use of safety equipment and formwork are also summarized. The key steps involved in building construction are outlined.

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REPORT
ON
SUMMER INTERNSHIP
Starting Date of Internship: 17/06/2019
End Date of Internship: 30/07/2019
RAVI KUMAR
9533
CIVIL ENGINEERING
2018-2019
Report Submitted to:
Dr. VIKAS GARG
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA
MAHENDERGARH, HARYANA-123029

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to FIDESTO PROJECTS
PRIVATE LIMITED for having provided me with an unbelievable practical
learning experience during the summer internship. It was indeed a pleasure to be a
part of such an organization.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Mr. MOHIT PROTHIA, Asst. General
Manager - Projects and special thanks to Mr. SARANG PRATAP SINGH, Asst.
Manager - Projects and Mr. CHETAN PAREEK, Engineer - Projects, who
support me through inspiring towards this report. He had provided me with nice
industrial experience.
Secondly, I am no less grateful to the other employees and members of the
department for their kind co-operation and spontaneous response.
Last but not least; I express my gratitude toward my family members, my teachers
and college friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me
in completion of this training.
RAVI KUMAR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA
Mr. MOHIT PROTHIA Mr. SARANG PARTAP SINGH
Asst. General Manager Asst. Manager

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ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
• FIDESTO is a Loyal, Reliable & Honest Approach towards work.
PROPOSED PROJECT
Certifications for Project Management Consultancy in 2018 and 2019.

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• A young & upcoming Professional Project Management Company with an
End – to - End vision and approach towards Project Management with a
team of Professionals to serve their Esteemed Clients for happening of their
Projects, as intended.
• Fidesto believes in a 360-degree approach to perform the Project activity
from Pre- Construction to Post Construction.
• Fidesto is registered with Registrar of Companies having its registered office
in Delhi.

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To take the Project Further from Design Development Stages
(Concept Design & approval, Schematic Design, Design Development
& Award) to the Execution & Handing Over Stage.
Vision: -
A 360-degree Approach towards Project Management for Project
Implementation.
Mission: -
To provide Professional, dedicated & Value Based Project
Management Services to our Esteemed Clients.
Values: -
Services with 3H approach i.e., Humbleness, Honesty and Hard Work.
To act as Extended Hands of Client and Single Point of Contact for
Project Management from Project Conceptualization to Project
Commissioning and Handover.
Fidesto Services: -
Vision, Mission & Values: -
Why Fidesto?

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Project Management: -

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On behalf of Clients, Fidesto acts and coordinate with all Consultant’s Team
(Architect, Consultant, PMC, etc) & upcoming Contractors / Vendors (as
required) as Independent Consultant and to take the Project further.
Based on the customized requirements of the Clients, Fidesto takes the
responsibility of Design (Architecture, Interior, Structure & Services) &
Build the Project and handover to Client for their further uses.
Independent Project Audit Consultant: -
Design & Detail Engineering: -

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Fidesto offers the Quality & Safety Monitoring/Audit Services to help the
Project for Best Quality as per the Engineering Practices and Applicable
norms & Standards. Fidesto adopts its SOP’s for this purpose.
To provide RERA Consultancy for various Projects. Advising/Auditing the
Project Documentation/ Status in reference to the best Engineering and
Construction Practices.
Quality & Safety Audit: -
RERA Consultancy: -

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Kind of Projects: -

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PROPOSED - PROJECT
PMC for Residential Project of BUA of 1,55,000 Sqft (approx.) at Balewadi,
Pune

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KAKKAD HOUSING
PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name: K37 MADHUKOSH by KAKKAD HOUSING and
contract for the construction of this multi-storied residential finished
building is awarded to NEW CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION.
DEVELOPER’KAKKAD HOUSING’
PMC
NCC
Scope: Design and construction of multi-storied finished flats including
basement parking, based on R.C.C. monolithic shear wall concept, using
aluminium formwork.

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➢ No. of Towers- 2
➢ No. of Flats- 70
➢ Construction period - 28 months
➢ Type of contract - Item Rate
➢ Architect- NITIN JOSHI Associates
➢ Estimated project cost - 35 crores
➢ Agency - NEW CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION
➢ Structural Consultant - M/s Delcon Consultants India Pvt. Ltd.
➢ Design of concrete mix by - Constrologix Engineering & Research
Services Pvt. Ltd.
➢ Client name - KAKKAD HOUSING
• K-37 Madhukosh Mixed-Use Project is located at Balewadi in Pune.
• One of the most upcoming projects developed through one of the
reputed Developers in Pune, having already established credentials
in Maharashtra & surroundings, it is equipped with amenities like
commercial areas, gym and clubhouse to add value to the living
experience.
• The project is by Kakkad Housing and spread across an expanse
of 4408 sq. m with the built-up area of 14,400 sq. m (1.55 lakh
sq. ft)
• The project has two interconnected residential cum retail wings as
Wings A1 & A2 and a clubhouse with the following description:

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SITE CONNECTIVITY: -
• Latitude -18⁰34’43.4” N and Longitude – 73⁰46’15.4” E
• Mumbai- Bangalore National Highway 2 km away (5 min
drive)
• Upcoming Metro Stations 5 min drive away
• Pune Junction Railway Station 14 km away (45 min drive)
• Pune Airport 20 km (55 min drive)
The project area lies under the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)
limits.
Google Location: -
https://www.google.com/maps/search/VASHIKARAN+SPECIALIS
T+IN+PUNE+balewadi+pune/@18.5787869,73.771064,178m/data
=!3m1!1e3
Description Requirement
Site Area 4,408 sq. m (47,447.32 sq. ft)
Built-up
Area
14,400 sq. m (1,55,000 sq. ft)
No. of
Floors
(Wings A1
& A2)
Lower Basement + Upper Basement + Lower Ground
Floor + Upper Ground Floor + Mezzanine + 10 Upper
Floors + Terrace + All floors of the clubhouse

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Convenience
• Business Hubs: Hinjewadi IT Park 8 km away (15 min drive),
Pune IT Park 9 km away (25 min drive)
• Educational Institutions: Rabindranath Tagore School of
Excellence 0.7 km away (2 min drive), Daffodil International
School 1.3 km away (4 min drive), NICMAR 0.85 km away (2
min drive), MITCON Institute of Management 0.95 km away
(2 min drive)
• Medical Facilities: Jupiter Hospital 3 km away (7 min drive),
Alpha Super specialty Hospital 3.3 km away (15 min drive),
Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital 8 km away (25 min drive)
• All major civic facilities in proximity
Leisure & Entertainment
• Malls
• Supermarkets
• Surrounded by Restaurants, Fine Dines & Entertainment
• Shree Shivchattrapati Sports Complex (Balewadi Stadium) 2.5
km away (7 min drive)
• DMart 2.1 km away (5 min drive)
• Balewadi High Street 1.5 km away (4 min drive)
• Xion Mall, Hinjewadi 6.6 km away (16 min drive)
• Westend Mall 6.1 km away (15 min drive)

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INTRODUCTION
The basics need of human existences are food, clothing & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living.
The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The
possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and show the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent
liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is
achieved by having a place of living situated at a safe and convenient location,
such a place for a comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in
view.
• A Peaceful environment.
• Safety from all-natural source & climate conditions
• General facilities for the community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye-laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any
client.

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SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which
highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents
can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working
procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health that should
be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we
work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer
work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure place to work in. It
is important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following
purposes.
• Workers safety
• Construction progress
• Standard procedure
• Legal cases
• Working efficiency
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
➢ ISO 14001-2004
➢ OHSAS 18001-2007
Precautions at site for safety: -
✓ Wear protective equipment.
✓ Do not drink or take drugs while working.
✓ Pay attention to personal hygiene.
✓ Do not play in the workplace
✓ Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

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1. Equipment used for safety at construction site: -

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TYPES OF SAFETY HELMETS
i. WHITE: - for Engineers, Managers
ii. BLUE: - for Electricians, Carpenters and Technical operators
iii. RED: - for Fire Fighters
iv. GREEN: - for Safety Officers
v. GRAY: - for Site Visitors
vi. PURPLE: - for Supervisors

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vii. YELLOW: - for Labourers and Earth Moving Operators
viii. BROWN: - for Welders and Workers with High Heat Application
2. Possible types of accidents and ill health: -
• Construction Site Fall
• Crane Accidents
• Scaffolding Accidents
• Trench Collapses
• Electrical Accidents
• Fires and Explosions
• Welding Accidents
• Structure Failure
• Cutting Accidents
• Building Collapse

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• Supervisor Negligence
• Gas Explosions During Welding
• Exploding Compressor
• Run-Over by Operating Equipment
• Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents
FORMWORK
Formwork is a mould or dies used to support or shape the concrete until it attains
enough strength to carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it
hardens to required shape & size.
1. Significance of formwork
i. Formwork constitutes
30% of cost & 60% of the
time in concrete
construction.
ii. Quality of concrete finish
and soundness of concrete
depends very much on the
type of formwork system.
iii. The desired shape of
concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.
iv. Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to receive
concrete.

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v. An accident happens because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or
staging.
2. Safety in using formwork
i. Components are light in weight for manual holding.
ii. Loose or hanging components are minimal.
iii. Appropriate use of tools.
iv. Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.
STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTIONS
1. Site Clearance
2. Surveying and layout
3. Excavation
4. Laying of PCC
5. Waterproofing
6. Bar binding and placement of foundation steel
7. Concreting
8. Electrical & Plumbing
9. Wall construction
10. Beam and Columns
11. Plastering
12. Flooring & Tiling work

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13. Finishing and whitewashing
14. Final completion & handling over the project
1. Site Clearance
The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation
along which any other objections which might be there in the site location.
2. Surveying and layout
A survey is the first step done in any construction site to get the required level of
surface. It is also used in level transferrin during the construction of the retaining
wall.
Generally, a site survey is carried out by following two instruments.

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1. Total station
2. Auto level
1. Total Station: - A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern
surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite
(transit) integrated with an electronic
distance meter (EDM) to read slope
distances from the instrument to a
particular point. By this instrument, we
can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate
and Data Processing.
Advantages: -The following are some of
the major advantages of using total
station over the conventional surveying
instruments
i. Fieldwork is carried out very fast.
ii. Accuracy of measurement is high.
iii. Manual errors involved in reading and
recording are eliminated.
iv. Calculation of coordinates is very fast
and accurate. Even corrections for temperature and pressure are automatically
made.
v. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-
sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
2. Auto level: - It is a levelling instrument which was on site checking the elevations
of various points.
The Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used the auto level to
transfer the level of the ground to retaining wall and set the thickness of slab in

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which first of all marking was made to fix the level of elevations then casting of
the slab was performed.
Transferring of the surface level to retaining wall
i. Set the auto level at the
building floor level.
ii. Level the instrument.
iii. Take the staff reading at the
point also on floor level surface.
iv. Locate the staff on the
formwork of retaining wall and
adjust the staff in such a way so that
reading of staff is the same as staff
reading.
3. Excavation
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and
excavated soil was transferred using dumpers.
Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.
i. There should be proper timbering while excavation for the basement area.
ii. Dewatering should be done before construction work.
iii. During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

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Excavation Work in Soft Soil
Excavation work in Hard strata

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4. Laying of PCC
Plain Cement Concrete of M15 grade (thickness of 100mm) are mandatorily placed
on a ground/soil strata, to give a firm, clean base for placing reinforcement cage, as
we start building the foundation of an RCC structure.
It also helps in the following ways:
1. Required cover to bottom reinforcement is ensured, as cover blocks rest on a
firm PCC.
2. The effective depth of RCC members is achieved as the formworks can be
easily, uniformly and sturdily fixed, resulting in better dimension accuracy of
foundation RCC member.
3. Reinforcement steel placed on a PCC, are never in touch with ground soil, which
may be chemically active may lead steel corrosion in immediate future (when in
contact with ground soil)
4. Ease placement of steel cage and increase productivity.
5. Concrete doesn’t bond with ground soil (clay), PCC acts a barrier to soil and
bond well to overlaid structural grade concrete.

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5. Waterproofing
Waterproofing in buildings is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces
of foundations, roofs, walls and other structural members of building to prevent
water penetrations through these surfaces. The building surfaces are made water-
resistant and sometimes waterproof.
Methodology: -
i. The top surface of PCC to be cleaned.
ii. Mortar (cement: River sand =1:3) + Fosroc conplast WL (admixture-
25.35ml)
iii. The thickness of Shahabad stone = 25 mm
iv. The Groove between stones =15 mm

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v. Grouting to be done with the help of cement & waterproofing compound as
well as 6 mm metal after passing through the sieve.
vi. Coating to be done over tiles after 3 days of grouting with 1:3 mortar of 20-
25 mm thick.
vii. At least 3 days curing is required.
6. Foundation
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation
wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is
to transfer the loads safely in the ground.
Generally, in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided

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• Isolated Footing: -
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually
either square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical
type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are
provided to reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical
sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns
are not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets
of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In
case of property line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or
combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated footing.

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• Combined footing: -
Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be
permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on
the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of
load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a
common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it.
Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced,
heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided,
would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is
called “combined footing”.
• Raft footing or Mat footing: -
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used
when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil
having very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes
differential settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in use. The most
common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types
Raft footings are provided in the following cases: -
i. When the groundwater table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control buoyancy.

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ii. When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.
iii. When the total area of the footing slab is more than 50% of the total area.
iv. Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided
and it serves as footing as well as floor.

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7. Concreting
After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.
During concreting following equipment’s are used: -
i. Concrete mixer.
ii. Mounted concrete pump.
iii. Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).
During concreting, work following instructions should be followed: -
i. There should be proper
compaction of poured concrete.
ii. There should be spacers to provide
cover to reinforcement.
iii. There should be proper curing of
concrete construction.
Mix Design: -
For M15
Cement Fly
ash
Crushed
Sand
10mm
Agg.
20mm
Agg.
Water Admixture
Per
Batch
of 50kg
50 12 171 96 138 32 0.62
Per
cum in
kg
250 60 857 477 687 160 3.1

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For M20
Cement Fly
ash
Crushed
Sand
10mm
Agg.
20mm
Agg.
Water Admixture
Per
Batch
of 50kg
50 10 144 80 116 30 0.6
Per
cum in
kg
290 60 833 464 674 176 3.5
For M25
Cement Fly
ash
Crushed
Sand
10mm
Agg.
20mm
Agg.
Water Admixture
Per
Batch
of 50kg
50 8 129 73 105 26 0.69
Per
cum in
kg
320 50 822 468 671 169 4.44
For M30
Cement Fly
ash
Crushed
Sand
10mm
Agg.
20mm
Agg.
Water Admixture
Per
Batch
of 50kg
50 7 115 69 98 25 0.69
Per
cum in
kg
345 50 796 475 680 171 4.74

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For M35
Cement Fly
ash
Crushed
Sand
10mm
Agg.
20mm
Agg.
Water Admixture
Per
Batch
of 50kg
50 10 105 66 93 23 0.72
Per
cum in
kg
360 70 759 474 673 167 5.16
8. WALL CONSTRUCTION
In framed structure
generally brick walls
are constructed for
partition purpose and
half brick walls are
made. But at the site no
wall was constructed
with brick because it
was a high-rise
building. All the walls
were constructed as
RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and provide horizontal stability
to building and reduces the deflection.

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MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE
At the construction site following materials were being used
1.Cement: -
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This
paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to a chemical reaction,
called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the
cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides
strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete.
Quality of cement is based on the grade of cement.
The grades of cement are as-
❖ 33 Grades
❖ 43 Grades
❖ 53 Grades
➢ At the site, Portland cement of 43 grades (Vicat
– Bharathi/ Ultratech) was used.
➢ The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes
(1/2 hr.)
➢ The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
2. Aggregate: -
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.
Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too
much and become cracks on the setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat
cement in construction work. Therefore, cement is mixed with some inert strong &
durable hard materials.

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They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper
as cement.
Types of aggregates: -
i. Fine Aggregate
ii. Coarse Aggregate
i. Fine aggregate (sand): -
The aggregate, which passes through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retains on
75 microns (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.
The function of the fine aggregate: -
The function of using fine aggregate
in a concrete mix is to fill up the
voids existing in the coarse aggregate
and to obtain a dense and strong
concrete with less quantity of cement
and increase the workability of the
concrete mix.
ii. Coarse aggregate: -
The aggregate, which passes through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retains on
4.75mm I.S. sieve is known as coarse aggregates.
• At construction site aggregate used are as follows
Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.
Coarse aggregate of 10 mm size (As per concrete mix design).
Fine aggregate in the form of coarse sand.

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10mm 20mm
3. Reinforcement: -
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its
strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear,
bending moment, torsion and compression.
• The function of reinforcement: -
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in
compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in
the concrete members. At the site contractor using the high strength steel bars
of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 25 mm as per the
requirement of design.
At the construction site, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 25 mm
reinforcement bars were being used.
The bars were of grade Fe500.
The bars were of brand UMA.

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❖ The main reason for using steel bars in RCC is that the coefficients of thermal
expansion of steel bars and concrete are of approximately equal value.
4. Fly ash: -
At the site, a small amount of fly ash
was also being used which is produced
by burning of coal in thermal power
plants.
The main advantages of using fly ash
in building construction are as
follows
• Its consumption reduces environmental pollution.
• It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

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5. Admixtures: -
Admixtures are generally used to affect the workability of concrete mix and to
reduce water content. Admixtures also increase the target mean strength of
concrete.
At the site, Conplast SP 440 (MADE BY- FOSROC CHEMICALS) admixture
was being used to increase workability and to reduce the quantity of water in the
concrete mix.
Types of admixtures: -
• Accelerators
• Retarders
• Water reducers
/plasticizers
/superplasticizers
• Air entraining agents
• Bonding admixtures

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EQUIPMENTS USED
1. Concrete Reversible Mixer: -
A concrete mixer is a device that
homogeneously combines
cement, aggregate such as sand or
gravel, and water to form concrete. A
typical concrete mixer uses a
revolving drum to mix the
components.
2. Bar Cutting Machine: -
Bar cutting machines work with
hydraulics, which makes them
very accurate in their cutting.
Strong and sharp blades used in
these machines are highly durable
too as they have got multi-cutting
edges. With fast and efficient bar
cutting machines are capable of
cutting multiple rods at the same
time.

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3. Bar Bending Machine: -
Bar Bending Machine is a semi-
automatic, durable fast and cost-
effective machine, used for
bending reinforcement bars and
various forms of round bars. The
automatic angle selection permits
precise bend at a preset angle
making it one step bending process
for various forms of bends and
stirrups.
4. Bar Threading Machine: -
The Bar Threading
Machine is use to cut the
external threads on the
bar with the help of
Tangential chaser. Bar
Thread cutting Chaser is
use as a cutter in machine.
Bar remain still, Die-head
rotates.

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Dimensions: -
16mm diameter bar
Pitch = 2.5mm
Length of threading = 22.5mm
20mm diameter bar
Pitch = 2.5mm
Length of threading = 25mm
25 mm diameter bar
Pitch = 3mm
Length of threading = 30mm
32mm diameter bar
Pitch = 3mm
Length of threading = 40mm
5. Concrete Pump: -
A concrete pump is an important part of any construction project. It is used
in transferring liquid concrete by pumping it to the construction site.
Advantages of Concrete Pump: -
• Concrete pumps are the best option for placing concrete at the construction
site at a faster rate.

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• Concrete can be
placed easily and at
a faster rate at
inaccessible sites.
• Using specialized
concrete pumps
reduces the labour
as less handling is
required since concrete can be placed directly at the desired location.
• Saves man power, energy and over-head costs.
• Concrete placing is not affected by weather conditions
• Reliable and assures high quality work.
6. Diesel Generator: -
A diesel generator is the
combination of a diesel
engine with an electric generator
to generate electrical energy.
This is a specific case of engine-
generator. A diesel
compression-ignition engine is
usually designed to run on diesel
fuel, but some types are adapted
for other liquid fuels or natural
gas.

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7. Portable Concrete Mixer: -
For smaller jobs, such as residential repairs, renovations, or hobbyist-scale
projects, many cubic yards of concrete are usually not required. Bagged
cement is readily available in small-batch sizes, and aggregate and water
are easily obtained in small
quantities for the small work
site. To service this small-
batch concrete market, there
many types of small portable
concrete mixers are available.
A typical portable concrete
mixer uses a small revolving
drum to mix the components.
For smaller jobs the concrete made at the construction site has no time lost
in transport, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it
hardens.
Portable concrete mixers may be powered by gasoline engines, although it
is more common that they are powered by electric motors using standard
mains current.
8. Needle Vibrator: -
A concrete vibrator is a construction tool typically used on concrete
pouring sites. These machines and an assortment of attachments are
designed for multiple applications built by a variety of manufacturers. The

49. 49 | P a g e
vibrators are used to ensure that
the pour is free of air bubbles and
are even. This is so that the
concrete remains strong and has a
smooth finish even after removal
of the form work. It is not exactly
necessary for small jobs but it can
be essential for large load bearing projects.
9. Poclain: -
10. JCB: -

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11. Tie Rod: -
•It is used to hold the shuttering on its
position during concreting.
•It is passed through a conduit which is
further filled with waterproofing agent &
mortar.
Diameter = 15 mm
Length = 1100 mm
12. Gogo Nut: -
• These are also used on both sides of the rod
to fasten the formwork.
• After de shuttering gogo nuts are removed
and the rods are cut from both sides of the
wall.
• There is no need of any filling material in
this case as the rods are present in the
concrete.
13. Ms-prop: -
• It is used to support the shuttering.
Outer pipe length = 2.5m
Inner pipe length = 3m

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14. Ms-span: -
Span is the distance between two intermediate supports for a structure, e.g. a beam
or a bridge. A span can
be closed by a solid
beam or by a rope. The
first kind is used for
bridges, the second
one for power lines,
overhead telecommunication lines, some type of antennas or for aerial tramways.
15. Cover Block: -
A cover block is essentially a
spacer that is used to lift the rebar
matrix off the ground so that
concrete may flow underneath the
rebar. In order to prevent corrosion
of the rebar, it needs to be fully
embedded in concrete. By code, it
usually needs about 2 to 3 inches of coverage on all sides.
• In one cover block, four sizes are present 50 mm, 40 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm.
16. Tower Crane: -

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ACE Mobile Tower Cranes are
used for civil construction and
erection jobs, these are self-
erecting / self-folding machines.
The Company currently
manufactures Mobile Tower
Cranes, which can work on 6 to
12 storied buildings.
17. Toolbox Talk (TBT)
Toolbox Talk is an informal group
discussion that focuses on a
particular safety issue. These tools
can be used daily to promote
department safety culture as well as
to facilitate health and safety
discussions on job sites.
18. Tape Measurement: -

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A tape measure or measuring tape is a
flexible ruler and used to measure distance. It
consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass,
or metal strip with linear-measurement
markings. It is a common measuring tool.
Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over
100 m.
Conversion Factor: -
1 cm = 10 mm
1 feet (1’) = 12 inch (12”) = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m
1 inch (1”) = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm
1 m = 3.28 feet = 39.37 inch
1 m2
= 10.76 ft2
1 m3
= 35.28 ft3
Densities of Different Materials: -

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Density of Water = 1000 Kg/m3
Density of Steel = 7850 Kg/m3
Density of Concrete in PCC = 2400 Kg/m3
Density of Concrete in RCC = 2500 Kg/m3
Density of Wood = 1200 Kg/m3
Density of Cement = 1440 Kg/m3
Density of Aggregate = 1200 - 1750 Kg/m3
Density of Sand = 1840 Kg/m3
Volume of Cement Bag: -
Density of Cement = 1440 Kg/m3
Density =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
1440 =
50 kg (1 bag)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Volume =
50 𝑘𝑔
1440
Volume = 0.0347 ≈ 0.035 m3
∴ 1 m3
= 1000 lit.
∴ 50 kg Cement = 0.035 m3
= 35 lit.
∴ Volume of Cement Bag = 35 lit.

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT
Introduction: -
Mr. Amrish Kakkad proposes to construct residential cum commercial complex
with the lower basement plus upper basement plus lower ground level plus upper
ground level plus mezzanine level plus upper parking floor plus ten floors plus
terrace at Madhukosh Mix Use Project, S No 37/1 + 37/2 (P), Balewadi, Pune. The
architect for the project is M/s. Nitin Joshi Architects and M/s. Delcons
Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. are the RCC consultants for same.
The soil investigation work comprising of two trial boreholes has recently been
carried out on site. The sub soil profile revealed by the trial boreholes is described
in the following paragraphs followed by a discussion on foundation aspects and
recommendations.
It may please be noted that the detailed structural design of the foundation, shoring
scheme, and ground improvement program for slope stability measure is not
contemplated in the report. The report is aimed at providing general information
regarding the geotechnical aspects of subsoil formations from safe bearing capacity
and settlement point of view. The data presented in this report may be
subsequently used in the preparation of structural designs of the foundations.
Methodology of Investigation: -
The work in general was carried out in accordance with the following Indian
Standard specification.

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a. I.S. - 1892 - Code of Practice for Sub
Surface Investigations for Foundations.
b. I.S. - 1498 - Classification and Identification
of Soils for General Engineering Purpose.
c. I.S. - 2131 - Method for Standard
Penetration Test for Soils.
d. I.S. - 6926 - Code of Practice for Diamond
Core Drilling for Site Investigation.
e. I.S. - 5313 – Guide for Core Drilling
Observations.
f. I.S. - 12070 - Design and construction of
Shallow Foundation on rock.
Soil Profile: -
Two boreholes were taken in the area covered by the plot. The generalized soil
profile revealed by the five boreholes is as follows –
Layer 1: Sandy gravelly clay (murrum) formation
The top layer of completely brownish sandy gravely clay, locally known as
murrum formation. This layer is formed due to the in-situ weathering of parent
rock material. Thickness of the murrum layer in the present case was noted to vary
from 0.30 m 0.50 m.
Layer 2: Weathered basaltic rock
Beneath murrum formation layer, weathered rock was encountered at depths
ranging from 0.30 m to 0.50 m below existing ground level. Rock exhibited
variable morphology as brownish and greyish hues observed. Rock also exhibited
geological features such as weathering in initial drill runs. At commencement the

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core recovery in the rocky portion varied from 39% to 40% and RQD (Rock
Quality Designation) noted to be nil. The CR and RQD values show improvement
along the drilled depth.
Bores were terminated in the rocky strata upon establishing its continuity. The total
depth drilled was around 15.50 m.
Ground water was encountered at a depth of 3.00 m below existing ground level at
the time of Investigation.
Rock Test Results
Selected rock samples from boreholes were subjected to laboratory tests. The
unconfined Compressive Strength of the rock samples varies between 214kg/cm2
to 639kg/cm2
.
Table 1: - Rock classes with respect to Dry density and Porosity {IAEG (Anon 1979a)}
Class Dry density
(gm/cm3
)
Description Porosity (%) Description
1 Less than 1.80 Very low Over 30 Very High
2 1.80 – 2.20 Low 30 – 15 High
3 2.20 – 2.55 Moderate 15 – 5 Medium
4 2.55 – 2.75 High 5 – 1 Low
5 Over 2.75 Very High Less than 1 Very low
The IAEG (Anon 1979a) has proposed a table grouping the strata on strength of
dry density and porosity in five classes (Table No. 1). As per the table, the rock at
the site has moderate to high density (2.449 gm/cc - 2.753 gm/cc) and low to
medium porosity (2.82% to 11.75%).

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Water Tests Results
Chemical tests on the water sample recovered from site indicate that it is closer to
neutral (pH = 7.45). Chlorides (60 ppm), sulphates (75 ppm) and organic matter
(25 ppm) are well within the limits as prescribed by IS-456.
Foundation Aspects
The promoters wish to construct residential cum commercial complex with lower
basement + upper basement + lower ground level + upper ground level +
mezzanine level + upper parking floor + ten floors + terrace. Loads on the
individual columns shall be around 350 M.T to 450 M.T.
For construction of basement having
clear depth if 7.35 m, it is obligatory to
excavate 8.50 m to 9.00 depth below
existing ground level considering clear
depth of basement and foundation
thickness. A closer look at the bore log
suggests, the suitable founding stratum
was met at required excavation depth of
around 8.50 m to 9.00 m depth in the
form of weathered basaltic rock. The
open foundation can be designed with
safe bearing capacity of 200 t/m2
on basaltic rock at 8.50 m to 9.00 m depth. The
settlement under 200 t/m2
loading intensity will not be more than 12 mm, which is
within the limit from serviceability point of view. Nowadays hydraulic excavators
are used for mass excavation and the present case is not likely to be any different.
It is however recommended that drilling by the hydraulic excavator be stopped just
before the expected founding level and the balance excavation be carried out

59. 59 | P a g e
manually to avoid damage to the founding strata by the sharp-edged teeth of the
excavator.
The safe and feasible slope angle for open excavation shall be 45o
in top soil and
75o
in rock. The feasibility of a conventional open excavation must be ascertained
in view of available open spaces. If deemed infeasible then some sort of temporary
excavation enabling system like touching piles shall have to be resorted to.
Recommendations
1. The foundation can be design with safe bearing capacity of 200 t/m2
on
greyish basaltic rock at 8.50 m to 9.00 m depth below existing ground level.
2. The expected settlement under a loading intensity Shall be less than 12 mm
which is well within the range as far as serviceability criteria are concerned.
3. The precaution regarding basement excavation and the use of the hydraulic
excavator needs to be followed.
4. It is desirable that the foundation stratum is inspected by the competent
geotechnical professional prior to laying the PCC.

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QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service
comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of
the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards,
and analyses the differences between the results obtained and the desired results in
order to make decisions which will correct any differences.
Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to
ensure the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only
products materials, but also the execution and completion of the works.
• Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials,
poor design, poor detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement,
improper concrete mix, excess water, inadequate compaction, substandard
forms, inadequate curing, inadequate cover, poor construction practices, poor
supervision and above all lack of technical knowledge.
QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS
Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction
works, so it is necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site.
Following points should be kept in mind while concreting.
• There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void
reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.
• There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7 to10 days because
it helps in gaining the strength.
• Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the
slab.

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• There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial
setting time etc.
Quality control works in concreting at site
• Needle vibrator was being used for compaction.
• A lab was established for testing.
At site a concrete mix design was being followed for exact proportioning
which is as follows: -

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M30

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M35

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QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFORCEMENT
• The reinforcement should be provided at designed spacing.
• Steel bars of designed grade should be used.
• Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them from corrosion.
• For quality assurance of steel, a test report was also given to company by
UMA.
Image of steel test report showing Yield strength & Ultimate tensile strength

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Standard Reinforcing Bar Dimension and Weight
Bar Size
(mm)
Weight
Kg/m
Weight
Kg/12m
No. of bars/1ton
6 0.22 2.67 375
8 0.40 4.74 211
10 0.62 7.41 135
12 0.89 10.67 94
16 1.58 18.96 53
20 2.47 29.63 34
25 3.86 46.30 22
28 4.84 58.07 17
32 6.32 75.85 13
Quality Assurance
In the design and planning phase quality control takes over. They are the
ones inspecting and testing whether or not the project will meet the
standards set by the quality assurance manager.

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Checklist for P.C.C.

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Checklist for Water Proofing (Shahabad)

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Concrete Pour Card

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Checklist for Reinforcement

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Checklist for Shuttering

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Daily Progress Report (DPR)
Summary of hourly- and daily-conditions and events at a worksite on every
workday, prepared for the offsite project administrators. An essential document in
construction projects, it records the number of workers/employees and work
equipment at the construction site, exact time the work began and ended, job
progress, weather, accidents (if any), etc. On no-work days it reports "No Work
Today," and serves as an evidence in case of disputes.

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Minutes of Meeting
The primary reason for recording meeting minutes is their importance. Meeting
minutes aren't intended to be throwaway notes. In fact, meeting
minutes in construction should function as an accurate representation of the status of
the project, parties and the project plan moving forward.

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Batch Report
Batching is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients either by volume or
by mass and introducing them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is done by
volume but most specifications require that batching be done by mass rather than
volume.

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TESTS OF CONCRETE
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATES (I.S.: 2386-I)
Aim: To determine the properties of Fine aggregate for size and distribution by
calculating Fineness modulus and deciding Grading Zone.
Apparatus:
Drying Oven, IS Sieves 10 mm, 4.75mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300
micron, 150 mm, pan, Weigh scale to the accuracy of 1g, Brush, Metal trays etc.
Procedure:
• Sample of sand shall be collected as given earlier.
• Sieves shall be cleaned and arrange in
sequence in descending order. Pan shall at the
lower most end and Lid on top.
• Take around 1 kg of sample and dry it in
oven at temp of 100-110 deg C.
• Dried sample shall be then weighed (1 kg
preferably) and sieved successively on sieves
starting with 10mm and then through 150
micron.
• Each sieve shall be shaken at least for two minutes on clean tray until no more
trace passes.
• Motion shall be varied like back and forth, left to right, circular clockwise and
anticlockwise and with frequent jarring.

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• Material shall not be forced through the mesh. Lumps in fines shall be broken
against the wall of sieve.
• Sieves shall be brushed from underneath of mesh and pass on to the next.
• On completion of sieving, material retained on each sieve is to be weigh
separately.
Sieve size Weight
Retained
(g)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative
% Weight
Passing
4.75mm 16 1.6 1.6 98.4
2.36mm 267 26.7 28.3 71.7
1.18mm 246 24.6 52.9 47.1
600 µ 144 14.4 67.3 32.7
300 µ 88 8.8 76.1 23.9
150 µ 66 6.6 82.7 17.3
Pan 173 17.3 100 0
Total 1000 308.9
Fineness Modulus = 308.9 / 100
= 3.089 (lies between 2.6 – 3.2)

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SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES (I.S.: 2386-I)
Aim: To determine the properties of Coarse aggregate for size and grading
distribution (nominal 20 mm or 10 mm metal).
Apparatus:
Drying Oven IS Sieves 40 mm, 20 mm,16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10mm, pan. – for
Analysis of 20 mm metal, IS Sieves 20 mm, 16 mm,12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm,
2.36 mm, pan - for Analysis of 10 mm metal, Weigh scale to the accuracy of 1g.
Brush, Metal trays etc.
Procedure:
• Sample of aggregate shall be
collected as given earlier.
• Sieves shall be cleaned and
arranged in sequence in descending
order. Pan shall at the lowermost
end and Lid on top.
• Take around 5 kg of sample and
dry it in an oven at a temp of 100-
110 deg C.
• Dried sample shall be then
weighed (5 kg preferably) and sieved successively on Sieves starting with 40mm
and then through 4.75mm.
• Each sieve shall be shaken at least for two minutes on a clean tray until no more
trace passes.
• Motion shall be varied like back and forth, left to right, circular clockwise and
anticlockwise and with frequent jarring.

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• Material shall not be forced through the mesh. But for coarser than 20mm
particles, placing is permitted (passing particles through sieve opening
manually).
• Sieves shall be brushed from underneath of mesh and pass on to the next.
• On completion of sieving, material retained on each sieve is to be weighed
separately.
• Check for permissible limits for passing.
For 20 mm: -
Sieve size Weight
Retained
(g)
%
Weight
Retained
Cumulative
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative
% Weight
Passing
Check
25mm 0 0 0 100 100
20mm 261 8.7 8.7 91.3 85-100
16mm 1262 42.06 50.76 49.24
12.5mm 1038 34.6 85.36 14.64
10mm 400 13.33 98.69 1.31 0-20
4.75mm 39 1.3 99.99 0.01
Pan 0 0
Total 3000
For 10 mm: -
Sieve size Weight
Retained
(g)
%
Weight
Retained
Cumulative
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative
% Weight
Passing
Check
12.5mm 6 0.3 0.3 99.7 100
10mm 270 13.5 13.8 86.2 85-100
4.75mm 1698 84.9 98.7 1.3 0-20
Pan 26 1.3 100 0
Total 2000

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FRESH CONCRETE IN THE FIELD (IS: 1199)
Sample from Mixer:
• At least three approximate equal samples (equivalent to fill 6 cube moulds)
shall be taken from a batch.
• For collection a scoop shall be used. No tool with flat edges (like pawra) shall be
used.
• 3 samples are taken at about the time interval when ¼, ½ and ¾ of concrete is
discharged. Sample from Place and Time of Deposition.
• Sample shall be taken immediately after or during discharge at site.
Mixing of Sample:
• Sample thus received shall be immediately remixed on non-absorbent platform
and made ready for casting. Frequency of Sampling.
• The minimum frequency of sampling of concrete of each grade shall be as below:
Quantity of concrete in the work, m3
No. of Samples
1 - 5 1
6 – 15 2
16 – 30 3
31 – 50 4
51 & above 4 + 1 additional sample for each
additional 50 m3

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Note: - Three specimens shall be made for each sample for testing at 28 days.
Additional samples may be required for determining strength at 7 days or at the
time of striking formwork.
Remarks: - Sample* means qty of concrete required to fill one set of cubes (3
nos.) for testing. Hence no of sample is equivalent to no of cube sets (3 nos.). 3
cubes are drawn when only cube testing is done at 28 days. 6 cubes are drawn for
tests at 7 / 28 days required.
SLUMP TEST FOR FRESH CONCRETE (IS: 1199)
Aim: To check Workability of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Standard Slump Cone
Method. This method is suitable for max size of aggregate up to 38 mm only.
Apparatus:
Slump cone with base plate and cone having bottom dia 20 cms, top dia 10 cms
and height 30 cms. Smooth Tamping rod 16 mm dia and 600 mm long with one
rounded edge, Scoop, Trowel, Collection pan, measuring scale (Tamping rod also
have marking). Smooth / Levelled platform for working.
Procedure:
• Sample is collected as per the sampling procedure is given earlier.
• Internal surface of the cone shall be cleaned and freed from extra moisture and
any layer of set cement slurry.
• Conical mould shall be fixed tight on the base with screw arrangement ensuring

80. 80 | P a g e
that no cement slurry will leak from the
joint.
• Assembly shall be placed on smooth and
truly horizontal surface rigidly.
• Mould shall be filled up in 4 layers. Each
layer shall be tamped with tamping rod
for 25 times evenly. Tamping shall
penetrate in a layer below.
• The top-level shall be struck off by trowel
or rod flush to the top of the cone.
• The Cone shall be loosened at the base and
shall be lifted carefully vertically without
Disturbing concrete mass.
• The subsidence shall be measured
immediately.
• Above operations shall be carried out at place free from vibrations and shock.
• The whole exercise is to be done within two minutes from sampling.
• In any test in which specimen collapses or shears the test will be repeated.
• Slump shall be recorded in mm.
• If in repeat test the slump shears, it is to be recorded.

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PROCEDURE OF CUBE CASTING
• Clean the moulds properly & apply oil.
• Take random samples in the container (Ghamela) while concreting.
• Mix the concrete properly.
• Pour the concrete in the mould, concrete to be poured in three layers.
• Each layer to be compacted by 35 nos. of strokes, with the tamping rod of 16mm
diameter & 60 cm long. Bullet pointed at lower end.
• Finish properly the top surface by trowel (Thapi) after the compacting the last
layer.
• Each specimen should be
taken for different location.
• After 24 hours remove the
specimen from the mould.
• Precautions to be taken
while demoulding of the
specimens, edges should not
be broken.
• Code the cube with
nail/paint or marker, with Date, location & grade of Concrete.
• Submerge the cubes in clean & fresh water curing tank, until the time of testing.
• Enter the details of cubes in Cube register.

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PROCEDURE OF CUBE TESTING
Aim: To determine the compressive strength of concrete.
• Check the coding of concrete cube & details in the register before testing the
cubes.
• Remove the cubes from water after specified curing time & wipe out excess
water from all the surface.
• Take the dimensions of the cube to the nearest 2 mm, weight of the cube, & note
in the cube register.
• Clean the bearing surface of the
testing machine properly.
• Place the cube in the testing
machine in such a manner that the
load shall be applied to the
opposite sides of the cube.
• Align the cube centrally on the
base plate of the machine.
• Apply the load gradually without
shock & continuously, till the cube fails.
• Record the maximum applied load & note any unusual features in the type of
failure.

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TEST OF CEMENT
DETERMINATION OF INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIMES
STANDARD
• IS: 4031 (Part 5) 1988.
OBJECTIVE
• To determine the initial and final setting times of cement.
APPARTUS
• Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976.
• Balance of capacity 1kg and sensitivity 1 gram.
• Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.
PROCEDURE
• Unless otherwise specified this test shall be conducted at a temperature of 27 + 200
C and 65 + 5% of relative humidity of the Laboratory.
• Prepare a paste of 300 grams of cement with 0.85 times the water required to a
give a paste of standard consistency IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988.
• The time of gauging in any case shall not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5
minutes and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs.
• Count the time of gauging from the time of adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould.
• Fill the vicat mould with this paste making it level with the top of the mould.
• Slightly shake the mould to expel the air.
• In filling the mould, the operator hands and the blade the gauging trowel shall only
be used.

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Initial Setting Time
• Immediately place the test block with the non-
porous resting plate, under the rod bearing the initial
setting needle.
• Lower the needle and quickly release allowing it to
penetrate in to the mould.
• In the beginning the needle will completely pierce
the mould
• Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to
pierce the mould for 5 + 0.5mm.
• Record the period elapsed between the time of
adding water to the cement to the time when needle
fails to pierce the mould by 5 + 0.5mm as the initial
setting time.
Final Setting Time
• Replace the needle of the vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular ring
• Lower the needle and quickly release.
• Repeat the process until the annular ring makes an impression on the mould.
• Record the period elapsed between the time of adding water to the cement to the
time when the annular ring fails to make the impression on the mould as the final
setting time.
REPORT
• Report the initial setting time and final setting time in minutes.
PRECAUTION
• The time of gauging in any case shall not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5
minutes.

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Other Images of Construction Site
Steel Yard: -

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Cement Godown: -
Quality Lab: -

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Curing Tank: -
Cover Block Mould: -

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Drawings
Foundation Plan

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Face Line Plan

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Building Designs

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93. 93 | P a g e

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