2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Indirect object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and negative words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing events
13. El preterito
14. Trigger words
15. -Car, -gar, -zar
16. Deber + Infinitive
17. Modal verbs
18. Present progressive
19. Adverbs (mente)
3.
4. STEM CHANGING VERBS
•Subject pronouns: Words outside
yo nosotros of the boot do
tú vosotros not get
conjugated
el/ella/usted ustedes/ellas/ellos
•O > UE (ex: yo duermo)
•E >IE (tú piensas)
•U >UE (ellos juegan)
•E >I (el sirve)
5. PARA
•Can mean:
1) “in order to” when followed by an infinitive
2) “by” or “for” when referring to a specific time
6. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
• Me (me) • Nos (us)
• Te (you) • Os (you all)
• Le (you formal, • Les (you,
him, her, it) them)
7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
8. GUSTAR
•Singular: Me gusta el boligrafo
•Infinitive: Me gusta hablar español
•Dependent on what is being liked
•Used along aside IOPs
a mi= me gusta
a ti= te gusta
a usted/ellas/ellos= les gusta
a vosotros= os gusta
•Plural: Me gustan las frutas
9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
WORDS
Affirmative Negative
• Algo (something) • Nada (nothing)
• Alguien (someone) • Nadie (no one)
• Algún/ alguno/a • Nigún/ninguno/a
(same) (none, not any)
• Siempre (always) • Nunca (never)
• También (also) • Tampoco (neither,
either)
10. SUPERLATIVES
•Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas= extremely or very after an adjective or adverb
•Suffix added to adjectives and adverbs
•Adjectives or adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c
•Adjectives ending in n or r for by adding císimo/a
11. REFLEXIVES
•Construction- subject is also the object receiving the action of the verb
(subject does as well as receives action)
•Subject, pronoun and verb are all in the same form
Example: Me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.
•Conjugate as always adding reflexive pronoun
Example: acostarse (yo form): me acuesto
•Position: 1) in front of the conjugated verb
2) attached to a gerund
3) attached to an infinitive
4) attached to an affirmative command
12. AFFIRMATIVE TU COMMANDS +
IRREGULARS + PRONOUN
PLACEMENT
Simply drop the “s”
They can attach a direct object pronoun to the ending
Irregulars:
Di Sal
Haz Sé
Ve Ten
Pon Ven
13. NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS +
IRREGULARS + PRONOUN
PLACEMENT
•Put in “yo” form and change to opposite vowel and add “s”
ar endings change to e
ir, er endings change to a
•Irregulars:
Tener No tengas
Vener No vengas
Dar/ decir No des/ no digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber No sepas
14. SEQUENCING EVENTS
Antes de/ Despues de Por la
Primero Entonces Luego/ Despues Por Fin
mañana/tarde/noche
• First • Next • Later • Finally • Before/ After de + • In/ during the… (no
• Then • After infinitive specific time given)
15. EL PRETERITO
AR ER/IR
Yo E I
Tu Aste Iste
El/Ella/Usted/ Una Cosa O Io
Nosotros Amos Imos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Aron Ieron
18. DEBER + INFINITIVE
•Deber: should/ ought to
Yo Debo
Tu Debes
El/Ella/Usted/Una cosa Debe
Nosotros Debemos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Deben
19. MODAL VERBS
• The second verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form
• One would never see “No puedo nado.”
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire
Necesitar To need
Poder
Querer
Saber
Soler (o > ue)
