4. Stem-Changers
Dormir (o > ue) Preferir (e> ie)
yo duermo Nosotros dormimos yo prefiero Nosotros preferimos
Tu duermes Tu prefieres
El/ella/ud. Ellos/ellas/uds. El/ella/ud. Ellos/ellas/uds.
duerme duermen prefiere prefieren
Jugar ( u > ue) Pedir (e >i)
yo juego Nosotros jugamos yo pido Nosotros pedimos
Tu juegas Tu pides
El/ella/ud. Ellos/ellas/uds. El/ella/ud. Ellos/ellas/uds.
juega juagan pide piden
5. Para
• Use para to indicate:
- Recipient of items: Compro un regalo
para mi mama.
- Purpose: Vamos al café para comer.
- Implied purpose: Tengo dinero para
(comprar) algo.
6. Indirect Object Placement
Indirect object pronouns me nos
are given to represent
who the action is to.
– I gave money to her.
Indirect object pronouns te
are different for who is
receiving the action
and are placed before
the verb. le les
7. Object Pronoun Placement
• 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive.
• 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive
• 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
• 4. Place the pronoun before the
conjugated verb
8. Gustar
Me: gusta Nos: gusta
• Gustar means to like.
However, instead of or gustan or gustan
conjugating gustar as you
would a usual verb, it
stays the same in all
Te: gusta
forms. It changes or gustan
between gusta and
gustan depending on how
many objects a person Le: gusta Les: gusta
likes. or gustan or gustan
9. Affirmatives and Negatives
Algo Something Nada Nothing
Alguien Someone Nadie No one
Alguno/a Some Ninguno/a None, not
any
También Also Tampoco Either,
neither
10. Superlatives
• Added to adjectives and adverbs. It is the same
as saying very or extremely.
• Example: Malo becomes malismo or muchas becomes muchismas.
• Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z
change to qu, gu, and c.
• Example: rico becomes riquisimo, larga becomes larguiisima, and feliz becomes
felicisimo.
• Adjectives and adverbs ending in n or r, add
cisimo.
• Example: joven becomes jovencisimo.
11. Reflexives
• Reflexive pronouns are used
with reflexive verbs to indicate Me: To me Nos: To us
that the subject of the
sentence receives the action of
the verb.
• Many verbs can be used with
or without reflexive pronouns. Te: To you
Without a reflexive pronoun,
the person doing the action
does not receive the action.
• When you use the infinitive
form of a reflexive verb after a Le: To him Les: To
conjugated verb, you have to
use the correct reflexive or To her them
prounoun.
12. Affirmative Tu Commands
• In affirmative decir di
commands, put the hacer haz
verb in it’s tu form and
ir ve
then drop the “s.”
• Example: caminar becomes iCamina! poner pon
salir sal
ser se
tener ten
vener ven
13. Negative tu commands
tener No tengas
• 1. Put the verb in it’s vener No vengas
yo form
dar/decir No des/digas
• 2. Change the vowel
(ar > e; er, ir > a) ir No voyas
• 3. Add an “s.” ser No seas
Example: hablar > hablo > iNo hables!
hacer No hagas
estar No estés
saber No sepas,
salgas
14. Sequencing Events
primero Entonces Luego/des Por fin Antes de/ Por la Los lunes,
pues despues manana/ etc.
de tarde/
noche
First Then Later/after Finally Before/afte In/during On
r the (no mondays
specific
time given
