3. #20 30 45
T[ "3 4 E +# 1 < 7S ] ^ _ J C
U Z < M < 7=F C* 1 7 ; ( " , !" ^
C@ [ "3 < 3 4 " +
7+ ^ _ ` 7Z 4* C =F # C C=# [ < ,
^ , L N ^ a+ Q F # ,+ !", Y
4 + b < & , L = 7< N N ^#N EN
< N %D ; =; # 4 =; C; L N c"
CS < " 3 4 " 05 d# C& I > CS
_ 4=I N c" I ;
] 4+* " 3 4 " CS C* C=I 4=I #+ %& 4
N C0 4 L CS EN ^#N < 4+* <
#+ e
?+ C& (# , ^ C=I > " f
C& 7= # 0 SQ < = < N !"# N
/ e
7+ Cg < X 0 V
!"# ; _ "
% 4 4/ C/" 3 D # '
C + " " N Q+ c 4 " # ,+ Y *
X S 7< H # 0 7+ !"< 78 h 9
, > R b Ci j ,+ 3 8 (# ( )*+ (,+ (-+.
CS X 0 S + D Cg <
% k N < l _ m
./ 012 ,3 4 563 7)89+.:
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
4. 58;+.
<! (= > !
?@ ! !A
B2 7CD .EFE G5H2 IJ- K2F IL G5M
6", g 0 ^ / #" 4; H !",N 4; ; N 4; H 7 "N 4;
H 4 #N
n K; H !", 4 4; H + N @ N + 8 0 " CHN H (#
o A#7# #B @ > D A # X +7#B ' AX9 X4 #B
n ?=; 4; H H 4 4; H N 1 4 7" 8N H o
@ N c# @" 1 N Qp 9# 9< > MH ' c Q >
n q* #" 4+* < F 1 4 0 N
8 #+ 1 4 E 4; H c @" 9> 1 4 H r 7 "s c 4 E
8 MH 7 " (# o H Qp Q3 i > 4 D
'
n G< 0 Y E 4; H H N @ 1 4 H 4 #N b 0
" f C& ' < #" X+ 4+* MH 4 # o 0 "
7f * 7 H Qp + 7# H * 7+ !"< 78 MH
D 0 " " * MH 4 # ' " * < < +
n 7+ 4 K; + / + (# c 0
^ + HN 7+ 0 c# ^ Q/" t '# 7+ 0 ^ +
4; @ > OE !", =F 0 $N +& . =F
8 j 0
F+. 7N OP IQI G5*+ IB2 7CD IJ- K2F IL G5M 47R+5 75SD T K2F 78;E:
QI ODCE UV UL +5W+ L G5M I5X 4T: L G5M UYE 4T:
u MH !", 2. u 2J 2$ u 2
u K; ; u . $u2
u MH 7 " U u `NJ Uum
u H4 # Uu. Uu l
B2 7CD IJ- +5W+ IL G5M
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
5. v#+ g nt
nO Q Q=i
5L+5 G5*+ 56- 5ZI IJ- +5W+ IL G5M
F+. 75L+5 G5*+ 56- 5ZI IJ- +5W+ IL G5M
5L+5 G5*+ 56- 5ZI R+5 [+. .] ^^. R+5 [+. 3.] ^^.
u =; mu$
u ) Q/" 2 u $m
u %* $Nm u NJ
u t7+ X l u $U
u )#WX $ Aw7# #BN Ax+ " #B
u )4+7+ X #9
u 7 + X44 X $
u #
u )#WX # #9 mul
u )#WX #9 $
u tX +y# J
u E Ju .
u # #7+ Ju$
u GX 4"4+ $ u
u qX 9X 4"4+
uK 2
u )# 9 mJ u $
ut + # $. u $UJ
u f .u$
u #7 2
u O# # $ u 2J
$ R+5 I5B7 U17 O_ IJ- IL G5M +5W+
) C=I 0 7# ] 0 ) 0 Q< /"
Q N 0 @" Q +, $ N @" 7E +, NJ
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
6. .
u T D 4=I 7 ρz UJ
u Q" 7 z N.` #4 )
u ω$ z {N ω z $ {
u CE CD 0 * + a (#
.NJ
= N $m − 2N.2. 4 τ +
N.` + NU. ω
7+ C0
4 CE + a CD 0 *
τ4 F #
ω 4 CE L 7" ω = NJ Aω$ + ω B = NJ A + $ B = $U {
8
$ .NJ
M3 = N $m − 2N.2. 4 + = JUNl ≈ U
. N.` + NU. N$U
! "# A !
E`E 75EP2 IQI G58;+. G5QG aF+ b2B7 IL G5M +5W+
, 9" V C' 4+* H < 4; #+ H 1 !"#
* CS " C=I %S D 0 E < 7
=> L #+ b # , C c CE C ACE L
" /"B xg #" C0 < !"< 78 >
= 7# N E N Y# # q+& < , L
< 0 D = ^#N < 4+* < |+
7+ [ "3 , 9" 0 => < '
u t => < , 9" =;
u t => < , 9"
n t => < , 9" =; g # C+* '
u : # C+* 9< => > 4+* H < 4; HN <
F + > C c CE C
u : # C+* 9# 9< N 4+* H < 4; H 7 " E / H 4 #N *+
n t => < , 9" j 0 E # C+* ' 4 #" >
!", C c CE C Q < 9< 4+* H < 4; H #+
1 N / !"# # C+* , 9" 0
+ < => < #
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
7. t => < " C> , N ' D _ 4=I N
= => < 0 @" * 4 "E + C @" F
0 j I ; > 0 C @" ' 3" f @" =# ' N
C< c C=I ^ " /" @ & 4=I
t => < =; c * > N D @" _
4=I > N Cg F CY H Q " @ } = #+ < [
"3 #+ > = => < ' I ; 1 + , N 1
C @" ' 3" F %g F 7b f C=I F # , 9" N _
_ " (# < #+ 4=I , L
q # Z =; #N < < N 9' , 9" (
" ~Q => < A => < PCS B
cWd I52de+ aF+ a2B7 IL G5M +5W+ 4G58;+. G5QG f5/:
" 3 ,+ !", !",
4+* 4 *
G< =>
x~#
K 7<+
G<
" C=I
Bd
%0 #+ C=# + ,+ !",
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
8. 58;+.
_ " : z
5Z+ G58;+. G5QG aBd
5Z+ 75Eg7 [h aBd
!"# 4 " Q CS * K+*
C=I Q 7E 7 7+ #" " +* CS < 3 L Q* *
0 ' =; H 7+ D N 3 4 " C=I C,+ 7E * N
9b @" ; < N Q+ C0 7#+ CP * N D CE # N
CE Cg C@" (# , L #+ + 7#N Y 0 S4 ;
_ " 4;
E`E 75EP2 G58;+. G5QG aBd +6+.
%S NQ => < 0 N < 0
CE L => CD • , Q- C < " 7+ < ,
O& < CE 3 4 " _ 3 CE > 7+ < #+ Q- _
4 Q+ C0 < " > =; 7 @ & 3 } _ X+ d# 4
ZC 0 R 4 < " ^# @ & 3 4 " 7=F
F C0 0 RQ " S L ] 7+ 4Y 3 4 " 7# @ & C
+ 7=F
)0 < CS *+ 7# CE 4 < " > =; ^# 3 4 "
7=F
n:, < " (# < V < CD 0 0
n _ < " > =; 7+ 4 "
€ !"# < # C+* (# !"< 78 DP C
X+ @" Q 7+ N * C=I 4 C CE
#+ C N #" C0 7> 9"D 7+ !"< 78 C0N 3 4 " 9b ; <
N R < !"< 78
7" @ 7" @ D 4 # > L
F CE (# 3 4 " • C=I 3 " S C Q1 X+ @"
Q T C @" Q N 3 4 " • C* C=I CE L /
+ !"< 78 ,+ !", 4 $ {
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
9. ; ij +.2dM+ O_ IJ- 75Eg7 [h
)#4+7 WX7
A .N. )Nm {B ,
$
6"* $
KY >
5Z+ 7QI +5W+ aBd UL aBd I5g ik aBd
n) 1 <
%D ; A j Y 0 4; 4 # + B 7+ !"< 78
" /" * p N < " /" CE #+
# 1 < 4 ' 0
n) 1 CE
=F N CE 7+ D !"# C=I S" 4 #+
g # " D CE < + $ CE 7# H
N 0 g 4="N * C=I 4 C CE #+
C N #" C0 7> 9"D 7+ !"< 78 C0N 3 4 " 9b ; <
N R < !"< 78 7" @ 7" @ D 4 # > L
CE < 7# H C=I 1 #+ + P Q+ <
# C 4 H D CE < C 7+ • C=I !"
C > E #" ' +< 4=" 4=I < 7+ !"< 78 45 " N
1 Q D CE C=I 1 > E • C=I S 7# 4*
#" ' +< 9+ !"< 78 R
) 1 CE _ c + " 'N E 4 R 4 (# #
4 _ c + 3 4 "
%D ; 3 4 " 4 / 0 E CE ' I CS C,
,+ ^ C=I < ' @ => N " f N < / 0 7+
* # 1 D (# < = #"
D <
n CE + $ z m )
n CE 7# z nAJ‚$ B )N ; 4 CE CD 0
+ a (#
D (# 3 4 "
n CE 3 4 " + $z z .N. )N CE L '
ϕ zm { A z .N. ) ϕ z m {N < " ' !" S z `J` q 4 '
3" Z %# K# B
n %E L # C/" (# 3 4 " ƒ$ z {
n %E L (# 3 4 " #" ƒ z$ {
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
10. :/" , C=# 3 4 " 4 p" c# !"# Cd# DN 3 4 "
C=I C=# + 0 D 4=I V E „
$ 5Z+ 75lE .E-+ aBd
M 9< C F # C0 # 7Y !"# 71 7+ ' +<
3 )< " D , =Z C F #
"E + @" " D 4+* 3 4 " N 8 Q< N ' =; 8 1 (#
3 4 "N CE L C/" "D (# 3 4 "N 4+* N => < "
N CE A CEN CE L => CD D CE < B
t => < 9< C F # V , ' 0 R C=I
0 CE ' 9< u R =F 1 X+ R CD ;
; !"#
# 1 F # 4 τz b
R+5 7DQ+ K2Q 7)m+5 aBd O_ 752dg7
6"< 78 45 " 0 g 4=" S" Q p 7 Cg …uQ A 8 •B
I (kJ/kgkkk)
ϕ1
1 t1
ϕ2
2
t2 ϕ = 100%
0 t0 I2 = I3
0 d0 = d1 d2 d (g/kgkkk)
n % S †A N ϕ B 4 7* < ' +
n % S $A $N ϕ$ B 4 7* < ' + "g
n%S A N ϕ B 4 7* < ' #" !"< 78 45 "
R+5 7DQ+ 7)C+. 75QE f5/+. f5R [M+ +.DLE
M8 ' + 4 + 4 ' 7+ 9=Z
=F #+ > P C > + ; 7* < ' + €
M # =# 0 c" " @ C@ 8 3 0 S 1 z .N.
) ϕ z m {N < " ' !" S z `J` q 4 ' 3" Z %# K#
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
11. ϕ
=U
] C0 # 0 −ϕ N z .N. ) X+ c
2 UN2 2 UN2
= X9 A −
$ B = A$ − B = N mJ
.JNJ + .JNJ + .N.
Nm N mJ
=U
`J`
− Nm N mJ
`J
z$2NlJ z N $2lJ
… z n Q A J n$Nl` Bz .N.n N $2lJ A J n$Nl` .N.B
z U$N.U$ ‡
ρ
z
−ϕ NllU − Nm N mJ
= $ J
A `. + B m` A `. + .N.B z$N$22 .
x 4 V D 'N x z m` ‡
R+5 7DQ+ 7)C+. 75QE f5/+. f5R ULD [2j+. aBd
u K=I L / D > 7+ $ F
ω −ω N − N$
= $ $ = =
$ − ω$ $− N L
u CE CD 0 + a
.NJ
= N $m − 2N.2. 4 τ +
N.` + NU. ω
7+ C0
4 CE + a CD 0 *
τ4 F #
ω 4 CE L 7" ω = NJ Aω$ + ω B = NJ A + $ B = $U {
8
$ .NJ
M3 = N $m − 2N.2. 4 + = JUNl ≈ U
. N.` + NU. N$U
nQI ih+5 +5EP7 ik )- f5VE 75o+. aBd 7
T ' +< CE $ b # C 1 7=; ∆ ˆ= $ = 3 N b
≤ +$ # ≤`
# 1 CE ; C @" %S C, ,+
' b # • 1 #+ + CE L => CD !"< a =
} !"< / 7* < + Y#N ‰ * 1 ϕ = A` ± JB{ "
ρ
ϕ = = =
N C0 X+ < c
ρ NU $ + N
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
12. < " > =; # 7+ • _ N Q+ C0 =F CE • , "
1 V CE + a N d# 4
z n $ z n $ z U n$ z ` +)
T C0 # 0
u K=I c# L (# < #" !"< 78 45 " Q
] C& C S !"< 78 45 " 4 …z + # 0 S ' C=I Q X+
c
€ 7 # C 0 $z m ) ⇒ $z N2UU` #7
?+ 45 " Q$zQ z N $2lJ
`J`
N $2lJ
ϕ$ = $
= `J = JN {
A NU $ + $ B $ A NU $ + N $2lJB N2UU`
…$z $nQ$ A J n$Nl` $B zm n N $2lJ A J n$Nl` m B z$$lN`. ‡
− $$lN`. − $N 2 `
= = = N $m`2U
$
J + $Nl` ` L
ut < "
> =; + Y# Z CE z ` ) # 0
2 UN2 2 UN2
= X9 $ − = X9 $ − = N. `.J
.JNJ + .JNJ + `
u %E L => CD
ϕ
`J`
N $m`2U
ϕ = = `J = lNU {
A NU $ + B N. `.J A NU $ + N $m`2U B
ϕ
= 3 N ; CE z ` ) CE L => CD (# 7# H
Y !"< a + ; C @" # 1 4* z .l ) M; CE
C=I 1 4* b # ' C=I
K=I c# L Q z N .$ ` L
t < " + Y# (# > =; Z CE z .l ) 4 z
N Ul.m #7
ϕ
%E L => CD z UlN`2 { ≈ ` {
= 3 N CE C=I 1 4* V .l ) 4 I 45 @ &
4=I %S S 7#N CE 0 I 45 # @ & 7#+ CP L
b # , !"# ^# < " > =; 7 @ & Q* *
z WA N ω B ) ' CE A u #B !" C =F CE Z / "D (#
?+ C0 CE ^ , C, ,+ ' @ &
4=I = 7 Y , C, ,+ CE A u #B C( 4;
$ >8p+. O_ 752dg7 I*+ 75Eg7
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
13. $ $
= = = U$N `J
− $ N .$ ` − N $2lJ L
K z4 ƒzU$N `J z$ JJ
?R# 4 JA 7 .2lŠ ' +< D BN Q =>
( )
< E " # @" # ' C=I S ' 0 L c# E 0
7=; #" !"< 78 45 " => c N ] $ $ zAm +)‹J{B # 0
Nϕ
$z $N 2J
.
N ] ( Nϕ ) z A.l+)‹` {B # 0 z $N$ U . ?+ C0
u K=" 4=I S ' (# 7=; !"< 78 M$ V
.
M$ z $ K+z $N 2J $ JJ z $ m UN2`J
u K=" 4=I #" !"< 78 45 " M V
M +z K+z $N$ U $ JJ z $.`llN$. .
u K=" 4=I S ' 7" 8 M + V
M +z NJ AM$ n M Bz NJ A $ m UN2`J n $.`llN$.Bz $.. Nm .
q#
M +z $.. Nm .U z .NUl .
q >8p+. +5EP7 I2+. IBG I5D K2Q 7)m+5 aBd O_ 752dg7
n K=I " D CS 4 # > $ L + +
!z4 A…$u… BzU$N `J A$$lN`.u U$N.U$ Bz.J`UNJJ ‡ L
n K=I " D + , !"< 78
6z! ƒz.J`UNJJ z`$J.$ A ‡ B z$lmN` ƒ
nQI ih+5 fRI5 758`I 75Eg7 [h aBd 75o+. K2-d
)< Q^ 4 " # C/"
n _ " :z
n %E L # C/" (# 3 ƒ $z {
n %E L "D (# 3 ƒ z$ {
>8p+. r3 [YI )- 7)D+. K2Q 7)m+5 aBd
ω$ − ω −$
ƒz: z z L
$ − ω$ $ −
nT D 4=I 3 4 " +
:$zƒn: z n z
nQI ih+5 fRI5 758`I IJ- 75o+. aBd
s G< C S '
S ' !"# C=I ' X+ c
τ $
=
ρβ
7+ C0
M S ' !"#
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
14. :$ T D 4=I 3 4 "C + !"# N Œ •
:$ z
τ F # +$ „ NŒ b•
τz b
β z A N ÷ N.B D C @ C/ N 1 β z N J
ρ T D 4=I 7 (# 3 4 " NŒ .
•
M3 = z 2NJ$. .
UJ N J U
n G< C C=F ' @" Q
) b # 1 Ž D K ? z .NJ # Kz .NJ? T C0 C=F '
C=I 9< C Z C‰ c
π .NJ π .
.NJ .N$2 .
= = =
2 2 2
2 2 2NJ$.
⇒ =. =. = $N$m
.NJ π .NJ .N$2
) 1 ? z $N
?+ C0 @" Q K4
K z .NJ ?z .NJ $N z 2N
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
15. 58;+.
! "#
0tI iRI5 7R+5 7DQ+ +5EP7
O C' (# ' +< 4 9< C " #+ 'Q
+ !"< 78 KN " #+ 6N ‡ 7 > Z '
+< 9< C < ' =; > , (# %g F !"#
43 V V _ 4=I (# D •
9< C C=I " " ~Q " 9" ~ Q _ 4=I
(# D } = " #+ 7 (# D
R+5 7u+ 75B7 +5EP7
u+ 75B7 +5EP7 vD U17 OEP2 aBd 3-+. )- +.DLE
Q" 7 (# 7# H
) z ) A$u ω B n )# ω N Œ ‡ T•
7+ C0
) uK Q" 7 (# 7# H
)#u K Q" 7 (# =;
) uK Q" 7 (#
)# z 2N$m A ‡ TB
) z N.` A #4 TBz $NJ2l$ ‡ T
⇒ ) z $NJ2l$ A$u N$ B n2N$m N$ z $NmU2m ‡ T
⇒ T C0 P Q+ 3 4 " # C V
6 z : )M A u B
z $NmU2m A.lu .N.B z JmJJ2N` ‡
JmJJ2N`
! z z z l N``2 ‡ L
u+ 75B7 +5EP7 )- 3/E 7)8l+.
:, D CE < A B 7+ )} =
D / N CS ' P 7# 7=F b # , , D CE
•A B #" ' +< 9+ 4=I R b # • S 7# 4*
, )> Z CS , D CE 7+ R 4 D CE
45 " •+N Œ • D CE ' 4 j D ^# 4=" 4=I S ' 7"
8 M + Q R Q+ (# ) b # C 1 D C @ C/
β z N JN Q+ C0 Q R Q+ (# 0 S ' / Cb V
A$ − N JB π N`J .N$2 A$N B
• QzA$u β B • z z z Nm2`m
2 2
T C0 D CE 45 " •+ V
.NUl
•+z = = 2N.J
Nm2`m
) b # , D CE 7+ !"< 78 R •z 2NJ
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
16. = 3 < Q^ 4 " CS ' 3 CE QY g
u CE Q S 0 7+ 7=F I 4 CE 7" 8 (#
+ 7# H
+
W$z NJ A $n Bz NJ Am n .lBz JlNJ )
u CE Q S 4* CE ' 4 CE 7=F
W z +z .N. +)
u 4 V a 0 @" Q δ z . # 0 D Q-
λ z `$NJm ƒ T = 3 0 C=F ' ? ?$z $N . $N ?+
C0N " ‘# !"# ? ?$’ 0 S 9X 7#+ CP
CD 4=" ^# ; 7=F !"# < ‰
u t '# 7+ 4 7#+ CP CD 4=" =i c ; D CE <
, V •z 2NJ T C0 D 7#+ CP CD 4=" =i c
^# ; @ & 7+ (# ' X+ c A` 2UB A 7 $22u
Tq B
α $ z UN$Jn2N$` •z UN$Jn2N$` 2NJz 2Nl$J ƒ T
u 7#+ CP CD 4=" '# + ^# & ; ' 9"
!"# X+ 4 7#+ CP CD 4=" R , 7D ?+ C0N
D 7#+ CP CD 4=" α • C=I ' X+ c A` J B A 7 $2Ju
Tq B
N...
α z $N`$J A • u W B
7+ C0
• 4 CE & + (# N CE =#
u = 3 3 CE QY • , ‘# Ck c ! $z ! z ! .
7+ C0
!$z α $ A W$u •$B
λ
!z A B
δ
$ −
! .z α A • u W B
€C •$ 4 CE & 7+ (# } =# %=>
3 CE QY ‘# < Ck c 7 C 8 0 } , ‘#
=> 78 7" @
= A $ − B
7+ C0 4 D 7" @ V
$
=
$ $ $
+ +
α$ λ α
δ
] !.z α A • u W BN # 0 !.z $N`$J A • u .N.B$N... # 0
δ
= $ −
λ
$
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
17. # 0 z JN ` ƒ T
O3 CE QY
!z JN ` AJlNJu .N.Bz $m$NlmJ ƒ
? ' #+ !"# • M8 b # ' 7" @ !"#
= 4 7" @ !"# < ‰ N Q+ C0 Q ' #+ !"#
V Q ' / 8 7 ' X+ C=F ' 7" 8 =
3 Q ' • V π Q ' D Q- D , # C/"
N 7+ C0
? z NJ A?$n? Bz NJ A$N n $N .Bz $N $J
X+ #4
π π $N $J
=π + = π $N $J 2N + = $mN$
2 2
?+ C0 P 7# 7=F 6 V
6 z .NU ! •z .NU $m$NlmJ $mN$ z $$m`$N J ‡
$$m`$N J
= = = JlN.U ‡ L
7+ D !"# N P P V P P
Q+ MK # C P Q+ H# 7# 7=F P P
V
6 n 6 z JmJJ2N` n $$m`$N Jz ` 2 JNl` ‡
+ = l N``2 + JlN.U = .J N$.2 ‡ L
R+5 7DQ+ K2Q 7)m+5 aBd 75wI 7g
R+5 .EQ 7)h 7u+. 7u+ 75B7 ∆
∆= −A + B = 2N$mUm .N.u .J N$.2z u J2NJm ‡ L
M; ∆4 P C* D (# P # P " NŒ ‡ L •
nQI ih+5 IQI 75/+. aY IJ- a-2 K2Q 7)m+5 aBd 75wI
" ' V Cg …uQ b # C& C+* )+h+z ∆A BA B D
vh+ f C=F z .l +) # • C=I C S ) S" Q p 7* < (# #"
!"< 78 R ] ) # 9< C C=I X # … N 4=I c# L Q
4=I L => CD ϕ #" !"< 78 R b # 0 S '
V < c , '
! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,
18. I(kJ/kgkkk)
I
I2 1 1 (B)
t1
2`(C)
2(C)
l
t2
0
0(A)
t0
d=d1
0
d2 d d (g/kgkkk)
2`
%S ' < D #" !"< 78 R N 7=; # ' Q"
7 Q- 9" (# 7=; !"< 78 )Q9AQ$B # 0
A $B = + $z $N 2n $Nl` N $2lJz $N ..J ‡ T
# 0 = J + $Nl` = J + $Nl` .l = J`UNm. ‡
K=I c# L Q (# #" !"< 78 R V
A $B A $ − B $N ..J Am − .lB
= $ + = N $2lJ +
−∆ J`UNm. + J2NJm
L
= N .. L
h # … (# 7* < 0 S ' X+ c
= + = $N 2 .ln N .. J`UNm.z $ 2N`U ‡
%E L => CD ϕ (# #" !"< 78 R
`J`
N ..
ϕ = = `J = ` NmJ {
A NU + B N ` 22 A NU + N .. B
>8p+. 75wI 7g
$ $
= = = J2N`.J L
− $ N .. − N $2lJ
Kz4 ƒz J2N`.J z $ l2` z .N 2 l
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4 4
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z NJ ÷ N`N # 1 z NU
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NU
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υ $mNl$l $ −U
uq D ( CE #
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xX xX .`mNJU .`mNJU
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ρ =
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N`J N`J 2NJ$.
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–' C b #4 D 4=I 7 ρ (# =4 D 4=I 7
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CE JlNJ ) V ρ z N U$UJ .
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