the thinking of western philosopers in contradiction to pure islamic thinking

1. TITLEARISTOTLE

2. ARISTOTLE
Nationality: Greek
Occupation: Philosopher
Bio: Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato
and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects,
including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric,
linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together
with Plato and Socrates, Aristotle is one of the most important founding
figures in Western philosophy.

3. ARISTOTLE
• “Anybody can become angry - that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the
right degree and at the right time and for the right purpose, and in the right way - that is not
within everybody's power and is not easy.” ―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
• All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions,
habit, reason, passion, desire.”-Aristotle Rhetoric
• A friend to all is a friend to none.”―Aristotle Attributed to Aristotle by Diogenes Laërtius
• I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who conquers his enemies; for the
hardest victory is over self.”―Aristotle Wit and wisdom of Socrates
• The ideal man bears the accidents of life with dignity and grace, making the best of
circumstances.”―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
• “Those that know, do. Those that understand, teach.” ―Aristotle
• Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.”―Aristotle
• Well begun is half done.”―Aristotle Politics

4. ARISTOTLE
• At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and
justice he is the worst.”―Aristotle
• If one way be better than another, that you may be sure is nature's
way.”―Aristotle
• Man is a goal seeking animal. His life only has meaning if he is reaching
out and striving for his goals.”―Aristotle
• “It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought
without accepting it.”―Aristotle
• The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.―Aristotle Wit and
wisdom of Socrates
• The wise man does not expose himself needlessly to danger, since there
are few things for which he cares sufficiently; but he is willing, in great

5. ARISTOTLE
• A tyrant must put on the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion.
Subjects are less apprehensive of illegal treatment from a ruler whom
they consider god-fearing and pious. On the other hand, they do less
easily move against him, believing that he has the gods on his
side.”―Aristotle Politics
• “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a
habit.” ―Aristotle
• Youth is easily deceived because it is quick to hope.”―Aristotle Treatise
on Rhetoric
• Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act
rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those
because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.”―Aristotle

6. ARISTOTLE
• The energy of the mind is the essence of life.”―Aristotle
• The young are permanently in a state resembling intoxication.”―Aristotle
• The things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing
them.”―Aristotle
• “First, have a definite, clear practical ideal; a goal, an objective. Second,
have the necessary means to achieve your ends; wisdom, money,
materials, and methods. Third, adjust all your means to that
end.”―Aristotle
• Jealousy is both reasonable and belongs to reasonable men, while envy
is base and belongs to the base, for the one makes himself get good
things by jealousy, while the other does not allow his neighbour to have
them through envy.”―Aristotle

7. ARISTOTLE
• Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work.”―Aristotle
• Whether if soul did not exist time would exist or not, is a question that
may fairly be asked; for if there cannot be someone to count there
cannot be anything that can be counted, so that evidently there cannot
be number; for number is either what has been, or what can be,
counted.”―Aristotle Physics: By Aristotle
• The business of every art is to bring something into existence, and the
practice of an art involves the study of how to bring into existence
something which is capable of having such an existence and has its
efficient cause in the maker and not in itself.”―Aristotle
• Happiness depends upon ourselves.”―Aristotle Happiness depends
upon ourselves.”―Aristotle
• In a democracy the poor will have more power than the rich, because
there are more of them, and the will of the majority is

8. ARISTOTLE
• “There was never a genius without a tincture of madness.”―Aristotle
• “Time crumbles things; everything grows old under the power of Time
and is forgotten through the lapse of Time.”―Aristotle
• “Men acquire a particular quality by constantly acting a particular way...
you become just by performing just actions, temperate by performing
temperate actions, brave by performing brave actions.”―Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics
• “It is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by
nature a political animal.”―Aristotle Politics Book 1, 1253a
• The quality of a life is determined by its activities.”―Aristotle
• “That which is common to the greatest number has the least care
bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the

9. ARISTOTLE
• No one finds fault with defects which are the result of nature.”―Aristotle
• “A constitution is the arrangement of magistracies in a
state.”―AristotleAristotle: The Politics and the Constitution of Athens
• All virtue is summed up in dealing justly.”―Aristotle
• Bad men are full of repentance.”―Aristotle
• Bring your desires down to your present means. Increase them only
when your increased means permit.”―Aristotle
• Change in all things is sweet.”―Aristotle Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics
• “Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the quality which
guarantees the others.”―Aristotle

10. ARISTOTLE
• Democracy arises out of the notion that those who are equal in any
respect are equal in all respects; because men are equally free, they
claim to be absolutely equal.”―Aristotle
• Democracy is when the indigent, and not the men of property, are the
rulers.” ―Aristotle
• Different men seek after happiness in different ways and by different
means, and so make for themselves different modes of life and forms of
government.”―Aristotle
• Even when laws have been written down, they ought not always to
remain unaltered.”
―Aristotle Politics
• Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and choice, is
thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly
been declared to be that at which all things aim.”―Aristotle The

11. ARISTOTLE
• “Excellence, then, is a state concerned with choice, lying in a mean,
relative to us, this being determined by reason and in the way in which
the man of practical wisdom would determine it.”―Aristotle
• “For though we love both the truth and our friends, piety requires us to
honor the truth first.”―Aristotle
• “Good habits formed at youth make all the difference.”―Aristotle
• He who can be, and therefore is, another's, and he who participates in
reason enough to apprehend, but not to have, is a slave by
nature.”―Aristotle
• “He who is to be a good ruler must have first been ruled.”―Aristotle Wit
and wisdom of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle:
• Hope is a waking dream.”―Aristotle Lives of Eminent Philosophers

12. ARISTOTLE
• Hope is a waking dream.”―Aristotle Lives of Eminent Philosophers
• In poverty and other misfortunes of life, true friends are a sure refuge.
The young they keep out of mischief; to the old they are a comfort and
aid in their weakness, and those in the prime of life they incite to noble
deeds.”―Aristotle Wit and wisdom of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Inferiors revolt in order that they may be equal, and equals that they may
be superior. Such is the state of mind which creates
revolutions.”―Aristotle
• It is clearly better that property should be private, but the use of it
common; and the special business of the legislator is to create in men
this benevolent disposition.”―Aristotle Aristotle: The Politics and the
Constitution of Athens
• “It is just that we should be grateful, not only to those with whose views
we may agree, but also to those who have expressed more superficial

13. ARISTOTLE
• Men are swayed more by fear than by reverence.”―Aristotle
• Men create gods after their own image, not only with regard to their form
but with regard to their mode of life.”―Aristotle
• Mothers are fonder than fathers of their children because they are more
certain they are their own.”―Aristotle
• “No one loves the man whom he fears.”―Aristotle Wit and wisdom of
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Of all the varieties of virtues, liberalism is the most beloved.”―Aristotle
• Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.”―Aristotle
• “Politicians also have no leisure, because they are always aiming at
something beyond political life itself, power and glory, or happiness.”

14. ARISTOTLE
• Probable impossibilities are to be preferred to improbable
possibilities.”―Aristotle
• Quality is not an act, it is a habit.”―Aristotle
• Republics decline into democracies and democracies degenerate into
despotisms.” ―Aristotle
• The aim of the wise is not to secure pleasure, but to avoid
pain.”―Aristotle
• The beginning of reform is not so much to equalize property as to train
the noble sort of natures not to desire more, and to prevent the lower
from getting more.”―Aristotle Aristotle: The Politics and the Constitution
of Athens
• The greatest virtues are those which are most useful to other

15. ARISTOTLE
• The law is reason, free from passion.”―Aristotle
• “The most perfect political community is one in which the middle class is
in control, and outnumbers both of the other classes.”―Aristotle
• The virtue of justice consists in moderation, as regulated by
wisdom.”―Aristotle Wit and wisdom of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle:
• The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things
equal.”―Aristotle
• Therefore, the good of man must be the end of the science of
politics.”―Aristotle
• “We make war that we may live in peace.”―Aristotle

16. ARISTOTLE
• What it lies in our power to do, it lies in our power not to do.”―Aristotle
• What the statesman is most anxious to produce is a certain moral
character in his fellow citizens, namely a disposition to virtue and the
performance of virtuous actions.” ―Aristotle
• “He who has overcome his fears will truly be free.”―Aristotle
• It is absurd to hold that a man ought to be ashamed of being unable to
defend himself with his limbs but not of being unable to defend himself
with speech and reason, when the use of reason is more distinctive of a
human being than the use of his limbs.”―Aristotle Rhetoric
• “It is simplicity that makes the uneducated more effective than the
educated when addressing popular audiences.”―Aristotle Rhetoric
• Nature does nothing uselessly.” ―Aristotle Politics

17. ARISTOTLE
• “The proof that the state is a creation of nature and prior to the individual
is that the individual, when isolated, is not self-sufficing; and therefore he
is like a part in relation to the whole.”―Aristotle Politics
• Man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but when separated from
law and justice, he is the worst of all.” ―Aristotle Politics
• Money was intended to be used in exchange, but not to increase at
interest. And this term interest, which means the birth of money from
money, is applied to the breeding of money because the offspring
resembles the parent. Wherefore of all modes of getting wealth this is
the most unnatural.” ―Aristotle Politics
• It is of the nature of desire not to be satisfied, and most men live only for
the gratification of it.”―Aristotle Politics
• The good citizen need not of necessity possess the virtue which makes
a good man.” ―Aristotle Politics

18. ARISTOTLE
• “If liberty and equality, as is thought by some, are chiefly to be found in
democracy, they will be best attained when all persons alike share in the
government to the utmost.” ―Aristotle Politics
• “The basis of a democratic state is liberty.” ―Aristotle Politics
• Law is order, and good law is good order.” -Aristotle Politics
• The appropriate age for marriage is around eighteen for girls and thirty-
seven for men.” ―Aristotle Politics
• The life of money-making is one undertaken under compulsion, and
wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking; for it is merely useful
and for the sake of something else.”
―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics (c. 325 BC)

19. ARISTOTLE
• The truly good and wise man will bear all kinds of fortune in a seemly
way, and will always act in the noblest manner that the circumstances
allow.” ―Aristotle
• “For the things we have to learn before we can do, we learn by doing.”-
Aristotle. - Nicomachean Ethics (c. 325 BC)
• “We must as second best, as people say, take the least of the evils.”
―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics (c. 325 BC)
• Life in the true sense is perceiving or thinking.” ―Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics (c. 325 BC)
• “To be conscious that we are perceiving or thinking is to be conscious of
our own existence.” ―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics (c. 325 BC)

20. ARISTOTLE
• With regard to excellence, it is not enough to know, but we must try to
have and use it.” ―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics (c. 325 BC)
• Young people are in a condition like permanent intoxication, because
youth is sweet and they are growing.” ―Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
(c. 325 BC)
• “A whole is that which has beginning, middle, and end.” ―Aristotle
Poetics
• Liars when they speak the truth are not believed.”―Aristotle Lives of
Eminent Philosophers
• It is in justice that the ordering of society is centered.”―Aristotle
• Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime.”―Aristotle

21. ARISTOTLE
• “The only stable state is the one in which all men are equal before the
law.”―Aristotle
• To give a satisfactory decision as to the truth it is necessary to be rather
an arbitrator than a party to the dispute.”―Aristotle
• “It is not always the same thing to be a good man and a good
citizen.”―Aristotle 'Nicomachean Ethics,' 325 B.C.
• It is possible to fail in many ways...while to succeed is possible only in
one way.” ―Aristotle Nichomachean Ethics
• “To enjoy the things we ought and to hate the things we ought has the
greatest bearing on excellence of character.” ―Aristotle Nichomachean
Ethics
• “In the arena of human life the honours and rewards fall to those who

22. ARISTOTLE
• A likely impossibility is always preferable to an unconvincing
possibility.”―Aristotle Rhetoric
• “It is better to rise from life as from a banquet - neither thirsty nor
drunken.”―Aristotle
• “The heart is the perfection of the whole organism. Therefore the
principles of the power of perception and the soul's ability to nourish
itself must lie in the heart.”―Aristotle
• We give up leisure in order that we may have leisure, just as we go to
war in order that we may have peace.”―Aristotle
• Nature makes nothing incomplete, and nothing in vain.”―Aristotle
Politics Book 1
• The life of children, as much as that of intemperate men, is wholly

23. ARISTOTLE
• Quite often good things have hurtful consequences. There are instances
of men who have been ruined by their money or killed by their
courage.”―Aristotle
• Where the laws are not supreme, there demagogues spring
up.”―Aristotle
• Democracy is the form of government in which the free are
rulers.”―Aristotle
• “Equality consists in the same treatment of similar persons.”―Aristotle
• “The democrats think that as they are equal they ought to be equal in all
things.” Aristotle
• The unfortunate need people who will be kind to them; the prosperous
need people to be kind to.”―Aristotle

24. ARISTOTLE
• “Whereas the law is passionless, passion must ever sway the heart of
man.”―Aristotle
• When we deliberate it is about means and not ends.”―Aristotle
• Some men are just as sure of the truth of their opinions as are others of
what they know.”―Aristotle
• Those who think that all virtue is to be found in their own party principles
push matters to extremes; they do not consider that disproportion
destroys a state.” ―Aristotle
• It is not easy for a person to do any great harm when his tenure of office
is short, whereas long possession begets tyranny”―Aristotle
• “That which is common to the greatest number has the least care
bestowed upon it.”―Aristotle

25. ARISTOTLE
• “Men regard it as their right to return evil for evil — and, if they cannot,
feel they have lost their liberty.”―Aristotle
• If men think that a ruler is religious and has a reverence for the Gods,
they are less afraid of suffering injustice at his hands.”―Aristotle
• Men are divided between those who are as thrifty as if they would live
forever, and those who are as extravagant as if they were going to die
the next day.” ―Aristotle
• A common danger unites even the bitterest enemies.”―Aristotle
• “The man who gets angry at the right things and with the right people,
and in the right way and at the right time and for the right length of time,
is commended.”―Aristotle

26. ARISTOTLE
• “There is a foolish corner in the brain of the wisest man.”―Aristotle
• “All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been
convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of
youth.”―Aristotle
• The Good of man is the active exercise of his souls faculties in
conformity with excellence or virtue, or if there be several human
excellences or virtues, in conformity with the best and most perfect
among them.”―Aristotle
• “...happiness is the highest good, being a realization and perfect practice
of virtue, which some can attain, while others have little or none of
it...”―Aristotle
• “Wicked men obey from fear; good men, from love.”―Aristotle

27. ARISTOTLE
• “So it is naturally with the male and the female; the one is superior, the
other inferior; the one governs, the other is governed; and the same rule
must necessarily hold good with respect to all mankind.”―Aristotle
• All men by nature desire to know.”―Aristotle
• It is better for a city to be governed by a good man than by good
laws.”―Aristotle
• To become an able man in any profession, there are three things
necessary, — nature, study, and practice.”―Aristotle
• A brave man is clear in his discourse, and keeps close to
truth.”―Aristotle
• “We should aim rather at leveling down our desires than leveling up our
means.” Aristotle

28. ARISTOTLE
• “Time past, even God is deprived of the power of recalling.”―Aristotle