3. Aristotle placed great emphasis on direct
observation of nature.
In science he taught that theory must follow
fact. He considered philosophy to be the
discerning of the self-evident, changeless first
principles that form the basis of all knowledge.
Logic was for Aristotle the
necessary tool any inquiry,
and the syllogism was the
sequence that all logical
thought follows.
4. He introduced the notion of category into
logic and taught that reality could be
classified according to several categories—
substance (the primary category), quality,
quantity, relation, determination in time and
space, action, passion
or passivity, position,
and condition.
5. Aristotle taught that knowledge of a thing,
requires an explanation of causality, or why it is.
He posited four causes or of explanation: the
material cause (the substance of which the thing
is made) ; the formal cause (its design) ; the
efficient cause (its maker or builder) ; and the final
cause (its purpose or function) .
6. The theory: solution to the problem
of universals.
The problem : whether the
universals exist.
Two positions of the issue : realism
and nominalism.
Aristotle disagreed with
Plato on his view of his
knowledge’s theory.
7. Main theory :theory of Universals.
Believe; there are no universals that are
unattached to existing things
Universals exist only where they are
instantiated (which means they only
exist is things)
According to Aristotle’s theory,
the form of apple exists within each
apple, rather than in the world of
the form
8. Some Aristotle’s quotes:
“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all
wisdom.”
“It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to
entertain a thought without accepting it.”
“Happiness depends upon ourselves.”
“ Poverty is the parent of
revolution and crime.”
“Hope is a waking dream.”
Neda Habibi
