Automatic processing of X-ray film involves passing exposed film through different chemical solutions - developer, fixer, wash, and dryer - inside an automatic processor. The processor uses rollers to transport the film between temperature-controlled solutions over a total processing time of around 90 seconds. This ensures consistent film quality and faster processing compared to manual methods. While automatic processors produce dry films immediately, they can potentially cause artifacts and require more expensive maintenance than manual processing.
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Automatic X-ray film processing: A guide to automatic vs manual methods (38 characters
1. Automatic processing of
X-ray film
Md. Rony Ibne Masud
Faculty of Veterinary Science
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202
2. Introduction
X-ray film processing refers to the series of steps that converts the latent image into
the visible radiographic image
The radiographic image is produced by the interaction of x-rays with photographic
emulsion on a film after passing through an object
And ultimately the captured invisible image converted into visible form of image
The main objectives is to-
Visible image formation
To remove all unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion
Prevention of image permanently for later correspondent
3. Types of processing
A. Manual processing
Visual Method
Time Temperature method
B. Automatic processing
4. Manual processing
Visual method: This is carried out in a dark room with safe lighting conditions.
This method consist of several steps;
Developing the film
Rinsing
Fixing
Washing
Drying
5. Manual processing
Time temperature method:
Immersing the film into the developer and kept at a constant temperature for a
fixed duration of time.
Temperature Development time
65°F 6 Minutes
68°F 5 Minutes
70°F- 72°F 4 Minutes
76°F 3 Minutes
6. Automatic processing
In automatic processing machines, the exposed film is fed at one end and it passes
successively through-
I. Developer
II. Fixer
III. Water and
IV. Drier
The roller system has a squeezing action; the developing solution absorbed by the
gelatin of the emulsion will be less as it is transported from the developer to the fixer.
The automatic processing machines make use of roller system for the transport of
film.
The film comes out through the other end of the processor, processed, dry, and ready
for viewing.
7. Objectives of Using Automatic X-ray film processing
method:
Make the development of high quality X-rays
Move X-ray films from one solution to the next, in the film developing process,
without the need for human intervention
Shortens the overall processing time
Ensures less variability of overall film quality than manually processed films
Increases the number of films that can be processed in a given period
the processing time, solution temperature, and chemical replenishment are
automatically controlled
8. Steps of automatic film processing
Developing
Rinsing
Fixing
Washing
Drying
9. Developing
First step of processing of the radiograph
It amplifies the latent image by 100,000,000
It convert invisible image into visible image
It is the process of chemical reaction where the reduction is achieved by the developer
donating electrons to silver ions.
Ag⁺+ Electron Ag
The agent used in the stages are-
Solvent: Water, Gelatin, calcium salts
Developing agents: Phenidone, Hydroquinone, Metol
17. Systems of an Automatic Processor
I. The Film feed section
II. Transport system
III. Temperature control system
IV. Recirculation system
V. Replenishment system
VI. Dryer system
VII. Electrical system
18. Temperature control system
Maintains the below temperature:
Processing Temperatures
Developer 35°C
Fixer 35°C
Wash 32-35°C
Dryer 57°C
20. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
Faster
Density and contrast is constant
Time and temperature controlled
Produce dry radiograph immediately
Disadvantages:
Artifacts caused by rollers
Expensive and require maintenance