The document discusses standards and guidelines for architectural design of shopping malls. It provides details on column spacing, store depths, clear heights, parking requirements, shop sizes and layouts, circulation areas, exits and staircases. Standards for showcases, shelving, aisle widths, and mechanical systems are also outlined. Shopping malls should allow 5-6 parking spaces per 1000 square feet and exits should be within a travel distance of 30 meters. Staircases and corridors require minimum widths and heights to facilitate safe evacuation.

1. Architectural design – 801
MET, FOA, MORADABAD
shopping mall.
Alina asif.
Ramanpreet kaur
Rohit kumar.
Saurabh kumar.
Arshi warsi.

2. SHOPPING MALL...
INTRODUCTON
Greek Agora...
The Agora was a central spot in
ancient Greek city-states.
The Agora was an open ‘‘place of assembly’’ in
ancient Greek city-states. Mumford (1961) states
that the most important function of the agora
was place for daily communications and formal
and informal assembly.
The word Agora is Greek for 'open place of
assembly’ and, early in the history of Greece,
designated the area in the city where free-born
citizens could gather to hear civic
announcements, muster for military campaigns
or discuss politics. Later the Agora defined the
open-air, often tented, marketplace of a city (as
it still does in Greek) where merchants had their
shops and where craftsmen made and sold their
wares. The original Agora of Athens was located
below the Acropolis near the building.
1.

3. SHOPPING MALL...
INTRODUCTON
Forum (Roman)...
The Roman Forum is a small open rectangle
surrounded by the ruins of ancient government
buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens
of the ancient city referred to this marketplace as
the Forum, a marketplace, along with the buildings
used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls.
A stoa is a public space protected from the sun and rain, it was an ideal place for social
life of Mediterranean cities; sometimes also meet business functions, staying trading
posts.
2.

4. SHOPPING MALL...
INTRODUCTON
19th century shops...
For wealthy women shopping was a popular pastime in the 19th century. In the late 19th
century shopping arcades were built in many British towns. Also in the late 19th century
department stores became common. In the early 20th century chain stores also became
common although many shops were still family owned.
Modern time shops...
A shopping mall is a term, in which one or more buildings form a complex
of shops representing merchandisers with interconnecting walkways that enable customers to
walk from unit to unit.
3.

5. SHOPPING MALL...
INTRODUCTON
First shopping mall in India...
Type – shopping mall and commercial offices.
Architectural style – Modernism.
Location – anna salai, chennai, INDIA.
Constructed started – 1863.
Total floor – 8.
Floor area – 1,068,000 sq ft (99,000 sq m).
ARCHITECT – C.R. Narayana Rao & co.
Developer – Mangal tirth.
SPENCER PLAZA, CHENNAI...
4.

6. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
5.
INDEX :-
COLUMN SPACING, STORE DEPTHS
CLEAR HEIGHTS,PARKING AND TRAFFIC
SHOP SIZES & LAYOUTS
SHOW CASES AND SHELVING DATA
PLANNING GUIDELINES
CIRCULATION
ESCALATORS AND PASSENGER CONVEYORS AND LIFT
LIFE SAFETY
SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION
WATER REUIREMENTS
BARRIER FREE PARAMETERS

7. SHOPPING MALL... 6.
COLUMN SPACING
Significant dimension is along the mall as this involves the widths, i.e. , frontages,
of stores.
Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30 ft., with the last the most flexible .
STORE DEPTHS
Buildings are usually 120 to 140 ft deep, sometimes more to accommodate larger
stores .
If there are basements or mezzanines, the depth dimension usually can be
reduced 20 to 25 percent
CLEAR HEIGHTS
These vary from 10 to 14 ft. or more, with 12 Ft. a good average . Above this clear
height, there must be adequate space for air conditioning ducts, recessed lights,
structural e system, etc.
PARKING AND TRAFFIC
A ratio of between 5 and 6 car spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. of leasable store area is
mandatory.
In the matter of parking layout, car stalls can be set at angles (say, 70‘ to the lanes,
which then requires one-way traffic; or stalls can be at 90' to the lanes, permitting
two-way traffic.
EFFECT OF DEPTH ON STORES

8. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
7.
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF A MALL
WHEN SAME LEVEL
WHEN MEZZANINE FLOOR
WHEN BASEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT

9. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
8.
SHOP SIZES & LAYOUTS
12 to 15 ft wide by 50 to 60 ft long in large cities ;
and 15 to 18 ft. wide by 60 to 80 ft long in smaller
cities .
These dimensions apply particularly to shops in 100
percent retail districts .
Basements 8 to 9 ft high, in the clear, permit
economical stock storage .
Ground floors are preferably approximately 12 ft
high If no mezzanine is included ; mezzanines at least
7 ft6 inch above floor level will accommodate most
fixture heights.
Height from mezzanine floor to ceiling may be as low
as 6 ft6 in . if used for service space only ; 7 ft is the
preferred minimum for public use .

10. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
9.
AISLE WIDTHS
Aisle Widths For clerks, min . = 1 ft8 inch.
Desirable 2 ft to 2 ft3 inch
For main public aisles, min .= 4 ft6 inch
Avg.5 ft6 inch to 7 ft;
Usual max., 1 1 ft.
Secondary public aisles, 3 ft to 3 ft6 inch.

11. SHOPPING MALL... 10.
HIGH RETAIL SHOP
MEDIUM RETAIL SHOP PLAN
RETAIL STORE PLAN MEDIUM
DIFFERENT STORE UTILITY SHELVES
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
SUPER SHELVING

12. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
11.
SHOW CASES AND SHELVING DATA
The ratio of sales to ancillary space ranges from about
45:55 in small shops and departmental stores to 60:40
in supermarkets.
Planning
Halls are usually designed to give a large-span open
space having
natural roof lighting, good ventilation and service
connections.
One-floor trading is preferred.
Perimeter stalls and other grouped layouts have
service corridors.
Fish, meat and food stalls are sited in zoned areas
with more sophisticated ventilation, drainage and
services.
Key considerations:
Access and linkage to car parks, shopping areas,
goods delivery and parking bays.
 Mix of traders.
 Risk of fire (incombustible materials, fire-resistant
construction smoke evacuation)and means of escape.
Net areas Gross areas
Staff facilities 10–15 per cent 25–30 per
cent
Offices 5–8 per cent
Additions to the net sales area
METRIC HANDBOOK

13. SHOPPING MALL... 12.
1.Structural models Width (m) Notes
Small shops 5.3 to 6.0 Mostly 5.4 m
Depending on beam depth.
Single-storey buildings –larger spans
Large-space users 7.3 to 9.2
2.Clear ceiling Height(m) To underside of beams
Small shops 3.3 to 3.8 Sales area
3.2 to 3.6 Non-sales area
Large-space users 3.6 min. With floor: floor spacing 4 to 5 m
PLANNING GUIDELINES
4.Typical floor
loading
kN/m2
Shop sales
area
5
Shop storage 10
Design load for
service yard
20
3.Car parking Car spaces per
100 m2 gross
retail area
Supermarkets,
superstores
10-12
Shopping
centres
4-5
5.Goods and
service docks
m Notes
Typical provision
for large-space
user Two 15 m
articulated lorries:
width
10.7
Allowing
1.5 m
each side
Minimum
clearance height 4.7
Approach
road –
5.00 m
type sales area sales:ancillary area
small shops (less than 280 m2 sales area) 45:55
Department
stores
10000-20 000 m2 45:55.
Variety stores 500 to 15 000 m 50:50
Supermarkets The sales areas of large-space users
range from 1000 to 2500 m2
60:40,
Superstores 5000 – 10 000 m2 of selling space.
Hypermarkets at least 2500 m2 sales floor 60:40,
Shopping centers 25 000 and 50 000 m2 GLA
Retail parks at least 4500 m2
Staff facilities (general guide only)
Staff numbers: net sales areas, 1: 50 m2 to 1: 80 m2
METRIC HANDBOOK
- david alder

14. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
13.
CIRCULATION:-
Occupancy Area per person (m2 )
Overall allowance for public areas in public-handling buildings 2.3 to 2.8
Waiting areas, 100 per cent standing, no cross-flows (e.g. lift
lobby)
0.5 to 0.65
Circulating people in corridors, reduced to halt by Obstruction. 0.2
Occupancy Area per person (m2 )
Assembly halls (closely seated) .46 @450mm c/c movable seats .60@500mm c/c fixed seats
Dance halls .55 to 0.90
Restaurants (dining areas) .90 to 1.1
Retail shops and showrooms 4.6 to 7.0
Department stores, bazaars 0.9 (including counters, etc.)
bargain sales areas 0.46 (gangway areas only)
Offices 9.3 (excluding stairs and lavatories)
Minimum area per person in various types of buildings
Area per person to be allowed in various circulation areas
Occupancy Area per person (m2 )
General design purposes 0.8
People moving at good walking pace (1.3 m/s) 3.7
People moving at a shuffle (0.4 to 0.9 m/s). 0.27 - 0.37
People at a standstill due to obstruction 0.2
Flow capacities of corridors and staircases
METRIC HANDBOOK
- david alder

15. SHOPPING MALL...
National Building Code- 2005
CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS
Where stairways discharge through corridors and
passageways, the height of corridors and passageways
shall be not less than 2.4 m.
All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies
and corridors shall be adequately ventilated.
Internal staircase minimum width shall be 2.0m in all
group F building.
Pressurization of Staircases (Protected Escape Routes)
Pressurization is a method adopted for protected
escape routes against ingress of smoke, especially in
high-rise buildings. In pressurization, air is injected
into the staircases, lobbies or corridors, to raise their
pressure slightly above the pressure in adjacent parts
of the building. As a result, ingress of smoke or toxic
gases into the escape routes will be prevented. The
pressurization of staircases shall be adopted for high
rise buildings and building having mixed occupancy/
multiplexes having covered area more than 500 m2.
ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS
Exits shall be so located that the travel, distance
on the floor shall not exceed the distance of 30m. In
case of all mercantile building.
NOTE:-
For fully sprinklered building, the travel distance may
be increased by 50 percent of the values specified
EXTERNAL STAIRS
External stairs, when provided shall comply the following:
External stairs shall always be kept in sound operable conditions.
Ail external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.
The external stairs shall be constructed of noncombustible
materials,
No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at
an angle greater than 45° from the horizontal.
External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm
wide with 250 mm treads and risers not more than 190 mm.
The number of risers shall be limited to 15 per flight.
Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000 mm and not
exceeding 1200 mm. There shall be provisions of balusters with
maximum gap of 150 mm.
The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load
and to a building not exceeding 9 m in height.
A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1500 mm in diameter
and shall be designed to give adequate headroom.
HORIZONTAL EXITS
For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or
an area equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person to accommodate the
occupants of two consecutive floors,
The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor
or preferably on a cantilever projection and open to air at least
on one side protected with suitable railings.
a)For floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m — One refuge area on
the floor immediately above 24 m.

16. STANDARDS
TURNING SPACE
Most wheelchairs require a space 1.4 m square to turn
around. This determines the minimum size of lift cars
and circulation spaces in rooms.
ESCALATORS AND PASSENGER CONVEYORS
For floors above 39 m — One refuge
area on the floor immediately above
39 m and so on after every 15 m.
Refuge area provided in excess of the
requirements shall be counted
towards FAR.
Where there is a difference in level
between connected areas for
horizontal exits, ramps, not more
than 1 in 10 m slope shall be
provided; steps shall not be used.
Doors in horizontal exits shall be
openable at all times from both sides
METRIC HANDBOOK
- david alder
SHOPPING MALL... 15.

17. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
16.
LIFT
Quality Service or Acceptable Interval
20 to 25 seconds Excellent
30 to 35 seconds Good
34 to 40 seconds Fair
45 seconds Poor
Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory
NOTE— For residential buildings longer intervals should be permissible.
METRIC HANDBOOK
- david alder

18. NOTES-
1 The total overhead dimension has been calculated on the basis of car height of 2.3 m.
2 In case of manually operated doors, clear entrance will be reduced by the amount of projection of
handle on the landing door.
3 All dimensions given above for lifts having centre opening power operated doors with counterweight
at rear, are recommended dimensions primarily for architects and building planners. Any variations
mutually agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser are permitted. However, variation in:
a) Car inside dimensions shall be within the maximum area limits specified in accordance with
accepted standards.
b) Entrance width on higher side is permitted.
c) Entrance width on lower side is permitted up to 100mm subject to minimum of 700 mm.
4 Dimensions of pit depth and overhead may differ in practice as per individual manufacturer’s
design depending upon load, speed and drive. Recommended dimensions for pit depth, overhead and
machine-room for different lift speeds are given in Table 1A.
However, the pit depth and overhead shall be such as to conform to the requirements of bottom
clearance and top clearance in accordance with the accepted standards.
METRIC HANDBOOK
- david alder
SHOPPING MALL... 15.

19. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
17.
National Building Code- 2005
It is recommended that smoke exhaust equipment should
have a minimum capacity of 12 air changes per hour.
NOTE— The total occupants from a particular floor must
evacuate within 2 1/2 minutes for Type 1 construction,
Any mercantile building having area more than 500 m2
on each floor shall have a minimum of two staircases.
One is may be enclosed type and another one is directly
open to external surface of building block
LIFE SAFETY
General Exit Requirements
An exit may be a doorway; corridor passageway(s) to an
internal staircase, or external staircase or horizontal landing.
Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits.
Every exit, exit access or exit discharge shall be continuously
maintained free of all obstructions.
Exits shall be clearly visible and the route to reach the exits
shall be clearly marked and signs posted to guide the
occupants of the floor concerned.
Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at
appropriate places along the escape route.
Fire doors with 2 h fire resistance shall be provided at
appropriate places along the escape route

20. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
18.
Group F Mercantile Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a
building, which is used as shops, stores, market,
for display and sale of merchandise, either
wholesale or retail.
Mercantile buildings shall be further sub-divided
As follows:
Sub-division F-1 Shops, stores, departmental
stores markets with area up to 500 sqmt.
Sub-division F-2 Shops, stores, departmental
stores markets with area more than 500 sqmt.
Sub-division F-3 Underground shopping centres.
Fire Zone No. 1 — This shall comprise areas
having residential (Group A), educational
(Group B), institutional (Group C), and
assembly (Group D), small business (Subdivisions
E-1 ) and retail mercantile (Group F)
buildings, or mess which are under development
for such occupancies.
Restrictions on the Type of Construction for New
Buildings.
Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall conform
to construction of Type 1, 2, 3 or 4.
For buildings 15 m in height or above non-combustible
materials should be used for construction and other
material of construction with minimum of 2 h rating.
A high rise building during construction shallbe provided with the
following fire protection measures, which shall be maintained in
good working condition at all the times:
a. Dry riser of minimum 100 mm diameter pipe
with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed
with a fire service inlet to boost the water in the
dry riser and maintenance should be as per the
requirements laid down in good practice.
b. Drums tilled with water of 2000 litres capacity
with two fiie buckets on each floor; and
c. A water storage tank of minimum 20000
litres capacity, which may be used for other
construction purposes also.
National Building Code- 2005

21. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
19.
National Building Code- 2005

22. SHOPPING MALL...
STANDARDS
20.
R — Required
NR — Not Required
2. Required to be installed in basement if area of basement exceed s200 sqmt.
4 .Additional value given in parenthesis shall be added if basement area exceeds200sqmt.
National Building Code- 2005

23. SHOPPING MALL... 21.
SANITARY INSTALLATIONS
METRIC HANDBOOK
- david alder
Sanitary facilities for customers in shops and shopping malls having a net sales area more than 1000 m2 and
assuming equal numbers of male and female customers.

24. SHOPPING MALL... 22.
The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets shall be 3:5, for
example, 1 WC and 2Urinals for male: 5 WC.s for female
which is in accordance to the NEA’s COPEH.
Urinals
Individually wall-hung urinal units shall be at least 300mm
wide and the lip of the collection area shall project from the
wall by at least 300mm.
A urinal should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre
to any side wall, partition, vanity or other obstruction, or
closer than 900mm centre-to-centre between adjacent
fixtures.
There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the
urinal to any wall, fixture or door.
Urinals should be separated by modesty boards of not less
than 300mm x 1800mm (Height) to act as a visual barrier
between urinals.
Wash Basins
Wash basins should be substantial in size. The basins should
have a minimum size of 500mm in length and 400mm in
width.
Water Closets (WCs)
A WC should not be set closer than 450mm from its centre
to any side wall, partition, vanity or other obstruction.
There should be at least a 900mm clearance in front of the
WC to any wall, fixture or door.
supply a predetermined quantity of not more than 4.5 litres
of water per flush after each use.
(a) Mechanical Ventilation
Where mechanical means are used for ventilation, there
should be cross ventilation and the air exchange rate
should have a minimum of 15 air changes per hour.
The exhaust air should be discharged to the exterior of
the building at a position at least 2 m above the
pavement level and at least 5 m from any window or
fresh air intake.
(b) Natural Ventilation
For natural ventilation, suitable fresh air inlet grilles shall
be provided to ensure an
air exchange rate of 5 air changes per hour.
 Examples of good materials for toilets: -
(a) Floor
Non-slip ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles,
terrazzo.
(b) Wall
Ceramic tiles, natural stone, homogeneous tiles, stainless
steel, enamelled steel panels, glass block, aluminium
panels, phenolic cladding.
(c) Ceiling
Mineral fibre board, fibrous plaster board,
Aluminium panels or strips
-A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance
Third Edition 2013

25. SHOPPING MALL... 23.
Provision of Facilities
(a) Soap Dispensers
(b) Litterbins
(c) Electronic Hand-Dryers/Paper Towel Dispensers
(d) Toilet Paper Dispensers
(e) Toilet Seat Sanitizers/Covers
(f) Water Tap Points within Cubicles
(g) Air Fresheners
(h) WC / Urinal Sanitizers
(i) Coat Hooks
(j) Cleaning Attendant’s Sink & Equipment StorageSpace
For toilets, the provision of the following
user-friendly features is strongly recommended.
(a) Accessible Toilet
(b) Toilet for the Ostomates.
(c) Baby Seats
(d) Diaper Changing Stations
(e) Urinals and WC’s for Children
(g) Signages for cubicle doors
(h) Full-Length Mirrors
(i) Waiting Areas
Looscaping
The ambience of public toilets can be enhanced further by:
(a) Introducing plants which can be easily maintained inside
the toilets as well as surrounding the public toilets.
(b) Placing of wall pictures and illuminated with delicate lighting. The pictures or
wallpapers should be waterproof (e.g. made of impervious material).
(c) Placing of ornaments or sculptures at the ‘dead’ corners of the toilets.
Off-set entrance maze without doors
Directional signage
-A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance
Third Edition 2013

26. SHOPPING MALL... 24.
-A Guide to Better Public Toilet Design and Maintenance
Third Edition 2013

27. SHOPPING MALL... 25.
AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION
PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA (Fundamental Requirements)
The object of installing ventilation and air
conditioning facilities in buildings shall be to provide
conditions under which people can live in comfort,
work safely and efficiently.
Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall
aim at controlling and optimizing following factors in the building:
a) Air purity and filtration,
b) Air movement,
c) Dry-bulb temperature,
d) Relative humidity,
e) Noise and vibration,
f) Energy efficiency, and
g) Fire safety.
DUCT SYSTEMS
Classification :
Low pressure systems:
Velocity ≤ 10 m/s, static pressure ≤ 5 cm HO (g) .
Medium pressure systems:
Velocity ≤ 10 m/s, static pressure ≤ 15 cm HO (g).
High pressure systems:
Velocity > 10 m/s, static pressure 15<p ≤ 25 cm HO (g).
Recommended air velocities depend mainly on the application
And the noise criteria.
Residences: 3 m/s to 5 m/s
Theatres: 4 to 6.5 m/s
Restaurants: 7.5 m/s to 10 m/s

28. SHOPPING MALL... 26.
Chilled Beam
Chilled beams are
predominantly used for cooling
and ventilating spaces, where a
good indoor environment and
individual space control is
valued. Chilled beams use water
to remove heat from a room
and are located in the room
space.
Chilled beams are primarily
used in locations where the
humidity can be controlled.
Chilled beam also supplement
the flexible use of available
space, at the same time as the
high temperature cooling
and low temperature heating
maximizing the opportunity for
free cooling and heating.
Operation of the chilled beams
is used where the internal
humidity loads are moderate,
the primary air is dehumidified
and any infiltration through the
building is limited and
controlled.
HANDBOOK OFFICE BUILDING
- CPWD
Chilled Beam

29. SHOPPING MALL... 27.
National Building C ode- 2005
10. To be installed in entire building. “
11. TO be installed in all floors at appropriate places and in consultation with local fire authorities.
12. Building above 30m in height not to be permitted for Group B, Group C, Group D and Group F occupancies.
13. All underground shopping areas should be fully air-conditioned.
General Requirements
of All Individual
Occupancies
Exceptions and
Deviations
Occupation of
Buildings under
Construction
Maximum Height
Floor Area Ratio
Open Spaces
Mixed Occupancy
Openings in Separating
Walls and Floors
Vertical opening
Fire Stop or Enclosure
of Openings
Electrical Installations
Air-conditioning
and Ventilation
Smoke Venting
Glazing

30. SHOPPING MALL... 28.
Rain Water Harvesting
Since June 2001, the Ministry of Urban affairs and Poverty Alleviation has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all
new buildings with a roof area of more than 100 sq m and in all plots with an area of more than 1000 sq m, that are
being developed
BARRIER FREE PARAMETERS
To accommodate the persons with disabilities and elderly. Few integral
components of the building design can be planned following these
considerations.
Kerb Ramp
• Width should not be less than 1200mm
• Useful for a smooth transition.
• Footpath flushed with roadway, at a gradient not exceeding that 1:12.
• Warning strip to be provided on the kerb side edge of the slope.
Foothpath
• Obstruction-free for the convenience of all users.
• Height of the footpath not to be more than 150 mm form the road level.
• Change in level on the footpath should be made clearly visible.
• Width of the footpath should 1800 mm and minimum clear unobstructed path should be 1200 mm.
• Street furniture should be placed outside the path of travel.
• Resting Places should be provided along travel routes.
• Protruding elements should be avoided.
• Bollards should be 1000 mm high, painted in contrasting colour stripes with clear minimum gap of 1200 mm.
Parking
• Parking should be within 30 meters of the main entrance the building.
• Two accessible parking lots with dimension 3600mm X 5000mm.
• International symbol of accessibility painted on the ground and also on a signpost/board.
• Directional signs guiding people to the accessible parking.
• Wheel stoppers to be provided, to
HANDBOOK OFFICE BUILDING
- CPWD
Rain Water Harvesting tank

31. SHOPPING MALL... 29.
Ramps
• Gentle slope: 1:12 max. 1800 x 1800 landing after 9m of travel distance.
• Width: 1800mm or more.
• Handrails to be on both sides and at two levels – 760mm and 900mm. Extend 300mm
beyond top and bottom of ramp.
• Warning tile should be placed at 300mm before and the ramp edges.
Steps and Stairs
• Uniform risers : 150mm and tread: 300mm.
• Stair edges should have 50mm wide, bright/ contrast colour band.
• Maximum height of a flight between landings to be 1200mm.
• Landing should be 1200mm clear of any door swing.
• The steps should have an unobstructed width of at least 1200mm.
• Continuous handrails on both sides including the wall (if any) and at two levels –
760mm and 900mm.
• Warning tile to be placed 300mm at the beginning and at the end of all stairs.
• Nosing should be avoided.
Handrails
Handrails/ Grab bars are extremely important features and must be designed to be easy to
grasp and to provide a firm and comfortable grip so that the hand can slide along the rail
without obstruction.
Handrails should be circular with a diameter of 38mm, at least 50mm clear two levels –
760mm and 900mm form the finished floor, extend by at least 300mm.
Grab bars should: -
• Be slip-resistant with round ends;
• Have a circular section of 38-50 mm in diameter;
• Be free of any sharp or abrasive elements;
• Have continuous gripping surfaces, without interruptions or obstructions that can
break a hand hold; HANDBOOK OFFICE BUILDING
- CPWD

32. SHOPPING MALL... 30.
 Have a minimum clear space of 50 mm from the wall;
 Be installed at a height of 760 mm to 900 mm
Tactile Surface:-
Line-type blocks (Guiding tile): indicate the correct path/
route to follow.
Dot-type blocks (Warning Tile): indicate warning signal, to
screen off obstacles, drops– offs or other hazards, to
discourage movement in an incorrect direction and to warn
of a corner or junction.
 These tiles shall be placed 300mm at the beginning and
end of the ramps, stairs and entrance to any door.
HANDBOOK OFFICE BUILDING

33. SHOPPING MALL... 31.
HANDBOOK OFFICE BUILDING
Circulation Area
• Corridors should have an unobstructed width of 1800mm.
• Level differences should be beveled.
• Thresholds and gratings should not be more that 10mm.
• Protruding objects (more that 100mm form the wall) to be placed either
in a niche or
above 2100mm form the floor.
• Open spaces below ramps, escalator and stairs should be blocked out
completely by
protective guard rails, raised curbs or marked with a tactile surface.
Door
• Should provide a clear opening of 900mm.
• Be fitted with lever action locks and D shape handles of circular section,
between 800mm and 1000mm form floor level.
• Also be fitted with vision panels at least between 900mm and 1500mm
form floor level.
• Be colour contrasted with the surrounding walls and should not be
heavier than 22N to open.
• A distance of 400mm to 600mm should be provided beyond the leading
edge of door
to enable a wheelchair user to maneuver and to reach the handle.
• Kick plates are recommended 300mm form the bottom, to resist wear and
tear.
Accessible Toilet
A minimum of one toilet compartment with minimum size of 2000 x
1750mm is required on each floor having all barrier free provisions.
Accessible Lift
A minimum of one 13 passenger lift is required having all barrier free provision.
HANDBOOK OFFICE BUILDING
- CPWD

34. SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
LITERATURE STUDY
Architect: Aflalo and Gasperini Architects
Location:Caraguatatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Built Area: 30,3033 sqm.
Site Area: 119,000 sqm.
Year ; November, 2011
This shopping mall is all accommodated on one floor. This is important
to note since shoppers and mall visitors have a tendency to avoid vertical
movements and hence facilities/shops on upper levels do not get as much
use as those in the lower levels.
This also removes the challenge of disabled visitors having to be
accommodated on the upper levels.
INTRODUCTION
The proposal was to develop a mall to meet tourists and also the population of
Caraguatatuba and neighboring cities in the north coast of São Paulo.
The Serramar Shopping mall has ;
• 100 stores, including anchors, megastores and satellite stores .
• Hypermarket.
• Home center.
• food court with fast networks food and restaurants,
•four movie theaters and
• 1,000 parking spaces.
To meet the clients needs, the mall has to be made sustainable shopping
mall financially, i.e. with low maintenance cost. so, the architects opted for
a ground floor location, no elevators or escalators.
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35. SERRAMAR PARK SHOPING...
LITERATURE STUDY
LOCATION
BRAZIL
CARAGUATATUBA
SITE PLAN
BUILDING VIEW WITH
RESPECT TO SURROUNDING.
 This shopping mall is located in Caraguatatuba, a seaside town
in São Paulo state, Brazil
 The proposal for this project was to develop a mall for tourists
and also for the residents in the Northern Coast of Sao Paulo
State.
 Caraguatatuba being a coastal city, the first aspect considered
in the design was its location. The land on which it is built was
an undeveloped region of the city with front for a boulevard
and an extra 600 meters offset from the sea.
 The stream, located next to the project was expanded, making
it a pleasant contemplation area to the green.
 The fact of being in a seaside town with large arid, treeless
area
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
SAO PAULO STATE
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36. LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
SITE CONTEXT
MOUNTAINS
SEA
SITE.
•Climate : warm and humid.
•Site : formerly an old farm house.
•View : Mountains on N side & sea on S-E of the site
stream on N-E side.
•Wind direction : Southeast to North.
•Future considerations : expansion of highway
N
•The mall was divided into blocks, with a dynamic
deployment that creates gaps between buildings and
ensures cross air circulation, making maximum use of natural
ventilation and the sea breeze.
•The stream, located next to the project was expanded,
making it a pleasant contemplation area to the green.
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37. LITERATURE STUDY
SITE PLAN
•The provision of four entrances into the mall ensures that there is no congestion at anygiven entrance.
•Most of the entrances face the parking, while only one faces the main road .
•This is because of the fact that most people visit shopping mall in cars and hence, most of the traffic is
•Expected the mall from the parking lot. Reduces the distance of walking from their car to the inside of the mall.
•Visitors on foot don’t have to go all the way to the parking in order to access the mall, as they can branch off
the main road and access it directly from here.
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
•An open space integrated with nature concept was
adopted, different from the concept of a closed mall.
•An opened ground floor mall with planted wooded
courtyards was developed to compliment and
highlight the beach climate.
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38. LITERATURE STUDY
PARKING
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
All the parking for Serramar is
provided on one lot only.
There are more than 1000
parking spaces in this facility.
it is not placed directly in front of
the mall facing the main road,
but rather has been planned such
that, it is not fully visible from
the main road. However, it is still
near the entrance.
36.

39. •All the parking spaces
are angled, set out at a
90o angle.
•Yellow road paint has
been used to demarcate
parking spaces while a
group of parking lots on
the same stretch is
separated by a planted
curb that also holds
the security lights.
 The wood canopy provided for the pavement from the parking
lot to the mall buildings makes the walk comfortable away
from the suns heat.
 The materials used on this piece (i.e. are wood and concrete),
absorb the heat reflected by the parking lot’s asphalt and thus
making this canopy comfortable.
There is the use of signs to enhance quick flow of traffic and
avoid accidents and confusion in the parking lot.
 The security lights provided make the parking lot safe at night.
Canopy providing shade for walk from parking
to mall buildings.
LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL... 37.

40. LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
Three wooded courtyards were designed. In the pleasant outdoor space, courtyards
also ensure thermal comfort within the blocks.
PLAN
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41. LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
CIRCULATION
•The external circulation at Serramar is dynamic and interesting,
due to arrangement of the building blocks of the mall.
•Decks are provided throughout the planted internal squares
between the blocks for navigation and these decks are shaded by
bamboo louvers.
•Internally, each block houses a specific function, and thus
circulation is provided specifically for that
•block according to its function.
Decks along the landscaping ,
shaded with louvers
Decks provided for circulation
in the planted areas
•We opted for a nonclimate of the corridors, only mechanical
ventilators to enhance air circulation. The only air-conditioned
areas are the food court and shops. We use bamboo louvers to
shade and protect better the circulation areas. The yellowish
color of bamboo, along with the wood tones found in internal
squares were inserted to have a more intimate Atmosphere.
Recreational Facilities
There are four cinemas, a food court and indoor play
areas.
Apart from these, the mall has a landscaped area where
patrons can take walks, sit down and relax as they
take in the views of the mountains and stream to the
North of the mall.
Several view areas have been provided as points to take
in the views in the landscaped area.
However, the indoor play areas and the cinemas don’t
require the views and this explains their placement in
the design. The recreational activity in these two areas
takes place within only.
Indoor play area at Serramar Parque Shopping
39.

42. LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
•We opted for a nonclimate of the corridors, only mechanical
ventilators to enhance air circulation. The only air-conditioned
areas are the food court and shops. We use bamboo louvers to
shade and protect better the circulation areas. The yellowish
color of bamboo, along with the wood tones found in internal
squares were inserted to have a more intimate Atmosphere.
To favor the panoramic view of the mountains, the food
court is open out of the mall, consisting of an enclosed
area with transparent glasses and heated, and an outside
deck that allows a pleasant contemplation of space to
the mountains, and also to a stream.
FOOD COURTS
Food court outdoor deck sitting
All the food areas have been set at the North end of the
mall.This is because the best views of this site are
towards this direction where the mountains and the
stream are visible. Thus, one is able to relax in the
food zone as they dine or drink and this doubles as a
recreational activity.
ducts 60 cm height in the center of the gardens capture the
air as underground ducts carry air to each of the installed
totems in courtyards. The design of these totems is designed
so that the air flow does not reach the people at face level.
The air movement speed is not high enough to cause
discomfort, but sufficient to cause the cooling sensation of
the body. In yards, the ventilation ducts are buried inside the
concrete boxes with an opening for air intake above the
ground level.
NATURAL COOLING
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43. LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
The area is prone to dengue, the breading ground for
mosquitoes
So they decided to remove the plants and ensure the peace of
the customers.
Bromeliad is the symbol of the city and for this reason was
chosen by landscaping team.
The plant in its natural environment , as the ecosystem that
forms in plant tank does not allow the development of the
larvae of the mosquito that transmits dengue.
with bamboo roofs that make the shopping internal
landscape and the wood on the decks of the squares and in
the outer area of the food court.
Considering the climatic conditions of the region, the architects
provides These bamboo canopies have important functional
characteristics as filter direct sunlight, ensuring a shaded area
and minimizing the impact of discomfort in the case of more
heavy rain as it avoids direct splashing in the corridors.
COURT YARDS
LANDSCAPING
plants like bamboo orchids, ginger
Shell, Screen Adam and Agapantos,
Also used in the landscaping0
41.

44. SECTION -A
SECTIONS
Sun shading is provided by slanting of the
faces of East and West facing facades such
that they protrude past the wide windows.
This keeps the form simple without clutter
in sun-shading elements that would
otherwise seem too much in the design of a
shopping mall.
LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL... 42.

45. LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
ELEVATIONS
MAIN ENTRY
ROADSIDE VIEW
The coatings of the blocks are
simple, with textured pasta
special and the details coated
with brown corrugated sheet
metal.
43.

46. MATERIAL USED
Simple finish of the blocks with a textured
monolithic mass and a brown metal plate.
•A composition of bright materials is used in the design of this shopping mall
to create a cozy ambience.
• Yellow bamboo louvers are used to provide shade and protection to
circulation areas.
•Timber has also been used to cover walkways from the parking to the built
up area. The use wood and bamboo compliments the wooden tones found in
the inner squares of the mall.
•The finish of the blocks that make up the mall is simple, consisting of
textured monolithic mass and covered with a brown metal plate detail.
•The use of transparent glass on the wide windows especially on the food
court gives a good view to the Mountains and the stream.
LITERATURE STUDY
SERRAMAR PAQUE SHOPPING MALL...
•Materials were chosen with a rustic look,
linked to a more coastal language, but also
be easy to maintain and present a long life.
WOODEN PATHWAYS
•The floor of malls will be in portuguese
mosaic with polishing near the windows, and
an exposed concrete ceiling.
•Additional balcony, bamboo, giving a warm
Aesthetic sense.
•The food court will have a porcelain tile that
mimics wood, decking cumaru wood will be
integrated into the square and brings a
viewpoint of the lake,
• the bathrooms are in white Granite and the
lining of the blocks will be a textured
monocapa.
PORCELAIN TILE
MIMICS WOOD
44.