This document provides a case study on apartment buildings. It includes an introduction discussing trends in urbanization and housing needs. It then outlines the objectives and structure of the case study, which involves examining apartment buildings in Eastern Nepal, Lucknow India, and Montreal Canada. The document reviews the definition and history of apartments, as well as the need for apartments. It describes characteristics of high-rise apartments and common amenities. The document also discusses factors affecting apartment design and provides standards for better apartment design regarding setbacks, sizes, layouts, windows, storage, and noise impacts.

1. 1
CASE STUDY ON: “apartment”
PREPARED BY:
ASMIT KIRAN BHATTARAI
BRITAM RAI
GAURAB LUITEL
HOSANA TAMANG
MAHENDRA KHADKA

2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2. Acknowledgement
3. Objectives
4. Literature review
5.Case study:Eastern city,Biratnagar nepal
6.Case study: Omaxe heights, Vibhuti Khand , Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 227106
Uttar pradesh,India
7.Case study:Habitat ‘67’,
8. Conclusion
9. Referance

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
The study entitle “Present Status of Apartment Building in world“ is undertaken as a project
work in the context of completing “Apartment Design” conducted by Department of
Architecture, Purwanchal Campus Dharan.
The National Census (2068 B.S.) revealed that the total population in Nepal is 26,494,504. Out
of which the male and female population are 48.50% and 51.50% respectively. The
populations settling in the urban areas are 17.07%.The density of population in the urban area
is 1381 compared to 153 persons per square kilometer in rural area. Though Nepal has the
lowest urbanization rate in south Asia at 14 per cent its urban growth rate is 6.4 per cent which
is the highest in south-Asia. In the last decade population growth in the urban areas was 3
times that of the country as a whole. Kathmandu has high population density (4416 person
per square kilometer) compared to other part of the country. Nepal has a total of 5,423,297
households, of which 85.26% and 12.81% families are residing in their own house and rented
houses respectively. The total number of houses/buildings or residential structures until 2068
are 4,768,196.
The development pace between rural and urban parts of the country resulted people
migrating to urban areas for better opportunities and quality life. Opportunities for self-
employment in enterprises have attracted people in urban areas. Health, education and other
facilities are well developed in urban areas compared to rural. The migration of the large rural
population from the countryside and the influx of foreigner for business and other purposes
have created a need for additional housing facilities. The available land in the urban areas is
limited to provide housing facilities to the growing population. In order to cater the housing
needs of increasing population, multi-story buildings in the forms of collective and apartment
housings are being developed.
People residing in urban areas have less time to arrange the various physical facilities and
security measures on their own. Further, those residing in the individual houses also prefer to
move into the apartments for availing better security and physical facilities. The good earning
populations, who are unable to spend time for building their house are also seeking for the
readymade apartments/buildings. These factors necessitate the need for the apartment
buildings.
Increase in demand of housing will continue as the new generation prefers nuclear families.
The growing demand of the apartments has provided the opportunities for business
communities to diverse the investment in the multi-story building sector.
The local municipalities were the only authority to give approval to construct a house after
examining the drawings and inspecting the construction site.
The limited technical and financial resources in the municipalities has posed a problem to
examine the overall aspects of construction that includes environmental assessment,
structural design, sanitary, water supply and plumbing system, firefighting system, electrical
system and design etc. in details. These factors are of utmost importance to maintain safe and
quality living.

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Several individuals have helped us in bringing this project on “Case study about
Apartment Building”. We extend our gratitude to them all for helping us in their own
individual way. We would like to express our gratitude to our teachers, for providing
concept and motivation to us to complete this project.
We are highly grateful to all our teachers and friends, who
suggest us with valuable feedbacks and suggestion for our project. We are also
thankful to our brothers and our classmates helping in this project.
Lastly, but not the least we thanks our family members
whose invaluable support made the whole project possible.

5. 5
OBJECTIVES OF CASE STUDY
To Study:
 The history of urbanization.
 The Trend of Urbanization in Nepal.
 The Future cities in rapid Urbanization.
 The Challenges of Urbanization
 The apartment.
 The need of apartment.
 The characteristics of high rise apartments.
 Amenities & services in apartment.
 The practical use of byelaws in apartment.
 The inter relationship between the surrounding and the building.
 The relation between social and apartment.
 Factors affecting high rise apartments.

6. 6
Literature review
Urbanization Defination
An increase in a population in cities and towns versus rural areas. Urbanization began during
the industrial revolution, when workers moved towards manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain
jobs in factories as agricultural jobs became few in common.
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of
human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being replaced
by urban culture.
Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total
population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion
over time.
Urbanization
•Urbanization in context of Nepal is defined as the: change in urban growth and cities form.
•The transformation of rural area (or hinterland or fringes) into urban form which links with
transportation to grow into cities.Urban growth: economy and population density.
Trend of Urbanization in Nepal
•Urbanization is an essential part of economic growth, social and political change, technical
and scientific advances and progress in various areas. Urbanized settlement or the cities are
probably the most complex settlements evolved from primitive villages to towns, then to the
cities.
•The origin of urban settlements in Nepal is obscure. Very little is known about urban living
in Nepal during the period of Kirants.The historical evidences on the existence of towns in
the Kathmandu valley are found only for the Lichhavis period (100 BC to 1000 AD). By the
eleventh century, three principle settlements in the Kathmandu valley had already started to
be referred to as capital towns.
Future cities in rapid Urbanization
•Rapid urbanization is taking place across the globe. Future Cities will explore the
components of a successful city, and will use these discoveries to drive critical planning
across all relevant sectors, internationally.
•Future Cities will consider the pillars that create the foundation of a Future City:
-Security,
-Water & Waste Management,

7. 7
-Tourism & Hospitality,
-Efficient transport,
-Energy Management,
-Disaster Relief and Green Building
Challenges of Urbanization
•Environmental impacts
•Unemployment
•Urban poverty (poor living condition)
•Criminal activities
•Original fabric of building will be lost due to physical changes
•Directly effect on conservation of nature as well as heritage.
•Urban congestion
•Rise in market price of service utilities relating to daily life activities
Others
-Traffic problems
-Environment pollution
-Traffci jam
-Rise in concrete jungles in cities
-Lack of pedestrian
-Congestion
APARTMENT
An apartment, or flat, is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building.
Such a building may be called an apartment building, especially if it consists of many
apartments for rent. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier or rented by tenants.
In simple words apartment is the building in which accommodation is provided for 3 or more
families living independently of one another.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
High-rise apartment buildings had already appeared in ancient antiquity: the “insulae in
ancient Rome” and several other cities in the Roman Empire, some of which might have
reached up to 10 or more stories, one reportedly having 200 stairs.
In Egypt, there were many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could
reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. Al-Muqaddasi in the 10th century described
them as resembling minarets, while Nasir Khusraw in the early 11th century described some
of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens on the top storey complete with ox-drawn
water wheels for irrigating them. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment

8. 8
buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the
multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants.
The 16th century Yemeni city of Shibam is made up of over 500 tower houses, each one
rising 5 to 11 stories high, with each floor having one or two apartments. The city has the
tallest mud buildings in the world, with some of them over 30 meters (100 feet) high.
During the 19th century tenements became the predominant type of new housing in
Scotland's industrial cities, although they were very common in the Old Town in Edinburgh
from the 15th century where they reached ten or eleven storeys high and in one case
fourteen storeys. Built of sandstone or granite, Scottish tenements are usually three to five
storeys in height, with two to four flats on each floor.
In 1839, the first New York City tenement was built, housing mainly poor immigrants. The
Dakota (1884) was one of the first luxury apartment buildings in New York City. The majority,
however, remained tenements. Some significant developments in architectural design of
apartment buildings came out of the 1950s and 60s.
Apartments were popular in Canada, particularly in urban centers like Vancouver, Toronto
and Montreal in the 1950s to 1970s. By the 1980s, many multi-unit buildings were being
constructed as condominiums instead of apartments, and both are now very common.
Specifically in Toronto, high-rise apartments and condominiums have been spread around
the city, giving almost every major suburb a skyline.
Earliest apartment buildings were in the major cities of Sydney and Melbourne as the
response to fast rising land values. Melbourne Mansions on Collins Street, Melbourne (now
demolished), built in 1906 for mostly wealthy residents is believed by many to be the
earliest.
NEED OF APARTMENTS
 Scarcity of land.
 Higher land value.
 Inconveniency of services like water supply in individual level.
 Inconveniency of construction work in individual level.
 Security and privacy.
 Increase in population.
 Migration to city.
 Trend of parent-child unit eliminating the extended family concept.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
 Two entrances/exits, front and back.

9. 9
 Laundry, water, heating, telephone, cable, electricity facilities common, parking, air
conditioner, extra storage, and garbage disposed in trash containers, provision of fire
escape and lifts because of the no. of stories.
 Space must be simple and universal for variety of lifestyles.
 Balconies for aesthetic purpose, visual extension of living space, outdoor sitting are
green area, extra storage space.
AMENITIES & SERVICES
PUBLIC FACILITIES
• Water supply
• Laundry and Drier
• Electricity
• Surface drainage
• Garbage and the Drainage system
• Pedestrian and Vehicular lane
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
• Telecommunication
• Park and playground
• Multipurpose hall
• Security
• Healthcare and recreational spa
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
 Market and stores
 Bank
 Entertainment sector
FACTORS AFFECTING HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
 Land topography: slope – economics
 Available materials/ technology: steel structure
 Skilled manpower
 Market situation: people to buy, available land

10. 10
TYPES OF APARTMENTS
A. According to vertical movement
1.Central corridor
2. Point block
3. Multi core
4. Exterior corridor system
5. Skid stop system
B. According to design
1. Simplex apartments
2. Duplex apartments
3.Triplex apartments
4.Efficiency apartments
C. According to no. of bedrooms
 Single
 Double
 3 bedroom
 4 bedroom

11. 11
The Better Apartments Design Standards
Building setback
Objectives
To ensure the setback of a building from a boundary appropriately responds to the urban
context.
To allow adequate daylight into new dwellings.
To limit views into habitable room windows and private open space of new and existing
dwellings.
To provide a reasonable outlook from dwellings.
To ensure the building setbacks provide appropriate internal amenity to meet the needs of
residents.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The purpose of the zone or overlay that applies to the land.
Any relevant urban design objective, policy or statement set out in this scheme.
The urban context report and site description.
The design response.
The relationship between the proposed building setback and the building setbacks of
existing adjacent buildings, including the interface with laneways.
The extent to which the proposed dwellings are provided with reasonable daylight access
through the layout of rooms and the number, size, location and orientation of windows.
Apartment size
1 bedroom apartment minimum 45 sq.m
2 bedroom apartment Minimum 73 sq.m
3 bedroom apartment Minimum 90 sq.m
Studio apartment minimum 40 sq.m
Functional layout
Objectives
To encourage dwellings that provide functional areas that meet the needs of residents.
To provide dwellings that can be adapted to meet the changing needs of residents.
Minimum room dimensions

12. 12
Room depth
Objective
To ensure that single aspect habitable rooms allow for adequate daylight.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.

13. 13
The extent to which the habitable room is provided with reasonable daylight access through
the number, size, location and orientation of windows.
The useability, functionality and amenity of the dwelling based on layout, siting, size and
orientation of habitable rooms.
Any overhang above habitable room windows that limits daylight access

14. 14
Room depth and ceiling height dimension
Windows
Objective
To allow adequate daylight into new habitable room windows.
Standard
A window in a habitable room should be located in an external wall.
A window may provide daylight to a bedroom from a smaller area within the room, where:
The area is at least: A minimum width of 1.2 metres.
A maximum depth of 1.5 times the width, measured from the external surface of the
window.
The window is clear to the sky.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
The extent to which the habitable room is provided with reasonable daylight access through
the number, size, location and orientation of windows.

15. 15
The useability and amenity of the dwelling based on the layout, siting, size and orientation of
habitable rooms.
Window location and layout
Storage
Objective
To provide adequate storage facilities for each dwelling.
Table 1 Storage
Dwelling type Total minimum
storage volume
Minimum storage
volume within the
dwelling
Studio 8 cubic metres 5 cubic metres
1 bedroom dwelling 10 cubic metres 6 cubic metres
2 bedroom dwelling 14 cubic metres 9 cubic metres
3 or more bedroom
dwelling
18 cubic metres 12 cubic metres
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
The useability, functionality and location of storage facilities provided for the dwelling.
External storage layout

16. 16
Internal storage layout

17. 17

18. 18
Noise impacts
Objectives
To contain noise sources in developments that may affect existing dwellings.
To protect residents from external and internal noise sources.
A building within a noise influence area specified in Table 1 should be designed and
constructed to achieve the following noise levels:
Not greater than 35dB(A) for bedrooms, assessed as an LAeq,8h from 10pm to 6am.
Not greater than 40dB(A) for living areas, assessed LAeq,16h from 6am to 10pm.
This does not apply to a building, or part of a building that is obstructed by an existing solid
building or works or the natural topography of the land.
Noise levels should be measured in an unfurnished and finished floor with thewindows
closed.
Table 1 Noise influence area
Noise source Noise influence area
Zone interface
Industrial zone 1, 2 & 3 300m to the zone boundary
Road
Freeways and tollways 300m
Other roads 300m and carrying 40,000 Annual
Average Daily Traffic Volume
Railway
Railway servicing passengers in
Victoria
80m
Railway servicing freight in non
Metropolitan Melbourne
80m
Railway servicing freight in
Metropolitan Melbourne
135m
Decision guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
An acoustic report by a suitably qualified consultant submitted with the application or
demonstration that the design treatment incorporated into the development meets the
noise levels.
Internal noise sources

19. 19
Energy efficiency
Objectives
To achieve and protect energy efficient dwellings and buildings.
To ensure the orientation and layout of development reduce fossil fuel energy use and make
appropriate use of daylight and solar energy.
To ensure dwellings achieve adequate thermal efficiency.
Standard
Buildings should be:
Oriented to make appropriate use of solar energy.

20. 20
Sited and designed to ensure that the energy efficiency of existing dwellings on adjoining
lots is not unreasonably reduced.
Living areas and private open space should be located on the north side of the development,
if practicable.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The size, orientation and layout of the site.
The existing amount of solar access to abutting properties.
The availability of solar access to north-facing windows on the site.
Solar access to communal open space
Objective
To allow adequate solar access into communal outdoor open space.
The communal outdoor open space should be located on the north side of a building, if
appropriate.
At least 50 percent or 125 square metres, whichever is the lesser, of the primary communal
outdoor open space area used by occupants should receive a minimum of two hours of
sunlight between 9am and 3pm on 21 June.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
The useability and amenity of the primary communal outdoor open space areas based on
the urban context, the orientation of the building, the layout of dwellings and the sunlight it
will receive.

21. 21
Minimum sunlight access
Natural ventilation
Objectives
To encourage natural ventilation of dwellings.
To allow occupants to effectively manage natural ventilation of dwellings.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
The size, orientation, slope and wind exposure of the site.
The extent to which the orientation of the building and the layout of dwellings maximises
opportunities for cross ventilation.
Whether an alternative design meets the relevant objectives having regard to the amenity of
the dwelling and the site context.
Effective cross ventilation layout

22. 22
Private open space
Objective
To provide adequate private open space for the reasonable recreation and service needs of
residents.
Standard
A dwelling should have private open space consisting of:
Table 1 Balcony size
Dwelling Type Minimum Area Minimum Dimension
Studio or 1 bedroom
dwelling
8 square metres 1.8 metres
2 bedroom dwelling 8 square metres 2 metres
3 or more bedroom
dwelling
12 square metres 2.4 metres
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
The useability, accessibility and functionality of the private open space.
The amenity of the private open space based on the orientation of the lot, the wind
conditions and the sunlight it receives.
The availability of and access to public or communal open space.

23. 23
Minimum private open space dimensions
Communal open space
Objectives
To provide adequate and useable communal open space for the benefit of residents.
To integrate the layout of development with communal open space provided in the
development.
Standard
Developments with 40 or more dwellings should provide a minimum area of communal open
space of 2.5 square metres per dwelling or 250 square metres, which ever is lesser.

24. 24
Decision guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
Any relevant urban design objective, policy or statement set out in this scheme.
The design response.
The amenity of the communal space based on the orientation of the lot, the wind conditions
and the sunlight it receives.
The useability of the communal open space based on its size, accessibility and reasonable
recreation needs of residents.
The availability of and access to public open space.
Landscaping
Objectives
To encourage development that respects the landscape character of the neighbourhood.
To encourage development that maintains and enhances habitat for plants and animals in
locations of habitat importance.
To provide appropriate landscaping.
To encourage the retention of mature vegetation on the site.
To promote climate responsive landscape design and water management in developments
that supports thermal comfort and reduces the urban heat island effect.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
Any relevant landscape character objective, policy or statement set out in this scheme.
Any relevant plan or policy for landscape design in the State Planning Policy Framework and
Local Planning Policy Framework, including the Municipal Strategic Statement and local
planning policies.
The design response.
The location and size of gardens and the predominant plant types in the neighbourhood.
The health of any trees to be removed.
Whether a tree was removed to gain a development advantage.
The suitability of the proposed location and soil depth for canopy trees.
The ongoing management of landscaping within a development.
The soil type and drainage patterns of the site.

25. 25
Accessibility
Objective
To ensure the design of dwellings meets the needs of people with limited mobility.
Standard
At least 50% of dwellings should comply with all of the following requirements:
A clear opening width of at least 850mm at the entrance to the dwelling and main bedroom.
A clear path with a minimum width of 1.2 metres that connects the dwelling entrance to the
main bedroom, an adaptable bathroom and the living area.
At least one adaptable bathroom that meets one of the design options specified in Table 1:
Minimum accessible room dimensions
Minimum accessible bathroom dimensions
Building entry and circulation
Objectives

26. 26
To provide each dwelling and building with its own sense of identity.
To ensure the internal layout of buildings provides for the safe, functional and efficient
movement of residents.
To ensure internal communal areas provide adequate access to daylight and natural
ventilation.
Standard
Entries to dwellings and buildings should:
Be visible and easily identifiable.
Provide shelter, a sense of personal address and a transitional space around the entry.
The layout and design of buildings should:
Clearly distinguish entrances to residential and non-residential areas.
Provide windows to building entrances and lobbies, including open stairs and lift areas.
Provide common areas and corridors that: Include at least one source of natural light and
natural ventilation.
Avoid obstruction from building services.
Maintain clear sight lines.
Building entry layout

27. 27
Waste and recycling
Objectives
To ensure dwellings are designed to encourage waste recycling.
To ensure that waste and recycling facilities are accessible, adequate and attractive.
To ensure that waste and recycling facilities are designed and managed to minimise impacts
on residential amenity, health and the public realm.
Decision Guidelines
Before deciding on an application, the responsible authority must consider:
The design response.
Any relevant waste and recycling objective, policy or statement set out in this scheme.
Integrated water and stormwater management
Objectives
To encourage the use of alternative water sources such as rainwater, stormwater and recycled
water.
To facilitate on-site stormwater collection, utilisation and infiltration within the development.
To encourage measures to filter sediment and waste from stormwater prior to its discharge
from the site.

28. 28
FEATURES
SITE
Environmental
Site Servicing
Access and Transportation
Environmental Protection
Built Environment
Exterior Space
Landscaping
Storm Water Management
Circulation
BUILT FORM
Safety & Security
Accessibility
Structure
Building Envelope
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning(HVAC)
Exhaust Fans
Ductwork
Plumbing and Drainage
Electrical
Lighting
Roofing
Windows
Door Design
Building Entrance
Unit Entrances
Finished Hardware
Materials/Finishes
Acoustical
Equipment
Furnishings
Outdoor Storage
Common Corridors
Stairs
Elevators
Elevator Lobbies
Moving Room
Amenity Space/Multipurpose room
Bicycle Room
Scooter Room/Area
ECO FRIENDLY
Fountain
Landscape Garden

29. 29
Rain Water Harvesting
Sewage Treatment
ENTERTAINMENT & SOCIALIZING
Billiards
Conference room
Jacuzzi
Multipurpose Hall
Party Lawn
Reading Lounge
Sauna
Theater Home
• SPORTS & FITNESS
• Aerobics Centre
• Golf Course
• Indoor Games
• Infinity Pool
• Jogging Track
• Spa
• Squash Court
• Steam Room
• Swimming Pool
• Table Tennis
• Yoga/Meditation Area
• CONVENIENCE & SECURITY
• 24x7 Security
• CCTV Camera Security
• Changing Area
• Piped Gas
• Property Staff
• Video Door Security
• Water Softener Plant
• Wi-Fi Connectivity
LIFTS
• 2 passenger lifts of 15 persons capacity and 1 service lift to access your apartment
FIRE SAFETY
• Fire sprinkler system in all apartments and common areas
• Smoke detectors in all apartments and common areas
• Fire hydrant system in common areas
• Manual call points with hooters near staircase landing on all floors
AC AND ELECTRICAL
• VRV unit with adequate tonnage
• Modular switches - Le Grand / equivalent
• Fire resistant electrical wires of reputed brand
• One earth leakage circuit breaker for each apartment

30. 30
• Sufficient power outlets with concealed wiring with PVC insulated copper wires.
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
1.Parking Slot
2.50m x 5.00m – perpendicular and diagonal
2.15m x 6.00m – parallel parking
3.00m x 9.00m – Jeepney parking
3.60m x 12.00m- Truck or Bus Parking
3.60m x 18.00m- Articulated truck
SLOPE CLASSIFICATION
0-5% excellent
5-10% good/ fair
10-25% poor
over 25% unsuitable
BYELAWS
 Minimum land area should be 2 Ropani
 Maximum ground should be 50% of the total
 FAR excluding old city areas should be: Terai : 1.5, Mountain : 2, Kathmandu Core City: 3,
Kathmandu Outer City: 3.5
 The main access road should have minimum width of
-4 m for 4 housing unit
- 4.5m for 10 housing unit
- 6m for 50 housing unit
-8m for 80 housing unit
-Dead end can only be on straight road and the maximum length should be 100m
-The radius of driving curve should be 9m and the intersection curve of 2 roads have
minimum radius of half the width of the road.
 Open spaces for city areas of Terai: 40%, Mountain: 30%, Kathmandu Valley: 30%
 Width of main gate should be minimum 4.5m.
REGION TERAI MOUNTAIN KATHMANDU
Front 8m 6m 6m, Back 6m 4m 4m, Side 6m 4m 4m
 Minimum set back should be: Front: for Terai 8 m, Mountain 6 m, Kathmandu 6 m , Back
and Side: Terai 6m, Mountain 4 m, Ktm 4m
The distance between two blocks in the city areas of Terai, mountain and Kathmandu valley
region should be 6 m
 Ground floor, basement or semi basement of these apartments should not be used as

31. 31
housing purpose. If those ground floor, basement or semi basement is used as lift well,
electrical room, water tank then that area is not counted in FAR.
 Basic infrastructure like water supply, drainage should be fully equipped. Lift, Fire escape
stair, stand by generator, overhead tank (20,000 lit), underground tank (50,000 lit) should
compulsory provided.
 Minimum parking area for a housing unit of area 80 m2 or more should have a space for 1
car, 2 motorbikes, and 2 bicycles. For every 4 housing units, area less than 80 m2 should
have space for 1 car, 4 motorbikes, and 4 bicycles.
 The height of a building cannot exceed, H = 2 x (a+b+c)
BYELAWS OF KATHMANDU VALLEY
• Max ground coverage – 50%
• Max far – 3
• Min parking area – 15% total land
• Min circulation – 15% of total land
• Min open or green space – 20% of total land
• Min set back in both side and back side – 4m
• Min set back in front – 6m
• Min gap between 2 blocks – 6m
• If ground floors basement or semi basement is used for liftwell, water tank, then area is
not counted in far
• Min width of main gate – 4.5m
• Lift of escalator should be provided for bldg with height more then 17m
• Fire escape stair, stand by generator, over head tank of capacity 20,000ltrs and
underground tank of 50,000 should be compulsarily provided.

32. 32
HOUSING CASE STUDY : 1 . EASTERN CITY
Biratnagar, a very beautiful city located in the eastern part of Nepal, is all set to witness a
work of art, which ensures the excellent living that you have dreamt of. Eastern City
Developers proudly presents its state-of-the-art and magnificent – Eastern City
Located at the heart of the city, yet far away from the hustles and bustles of the city, Eastern
City is perfectly designed keeping the natural properties intact and tantalizing. Beautifully
blended with the nature, the luxuriant Eastern City offers you serene ambience and an easy
access to modern amenities.
The first project of its kind in Biratnagar, located at Shahid Marg Eastern City has four
magnificent buildings spread across an area of approximately 12.5 kathas.
Fig. Location of eastern apartment
The elegant Eastern city offers well furnished 156 apartments. The apartments available from
approximately 470 square feet to approximately 1450 square feet are especially crafted for
you keeping in mind the best standards of urban living. The high quality materials used in the
buildings assure you the safety. All rooms are airy and make sure that plenty of natural light
compliments the air circulation ensuring good health of your family.
The amenities provided by Eastern City cater to every specific need and aspiration of the
family members. Adequate play area for the kids energizes your children's physical
development. The Eastern City equipped with lush garden, community house, amphitheatre
and temple ensures comfortable as well as spiritual living. If you want to refresh in a healthy
way, then you have different options like gym, sauna steam and Jacuzzi. Or if you want to take
a refreshing dip in the world-classpool and relax your senses just sitting around the poolside,
the options are infinite.

33. 33
EASTERN CITY
Project Name: Eastern City
Developer: Eastern City Developers
Project Consist of: Apartment
Project Status: Planning
Construction Date: January, 2012
Handover Date: March, 2014
Total Number of Units: 156
Total Site Area (Ropani, Sq. Ft): 8-2-0-0.02 (44493 Sq. Ft.)
Price Range: NRs.1,200,000.00 to NRs.5,500,000.00
Area Sizes Range: 0-1-1-2.44 (480 Sq. Ft.) to 0-4-0-1.45 (1400 Sq. Ft.)
Fig. Site plan

34. 34
FACILITIES / AMENITIES
-Available of Basement Parking
-Fire safety by supply of water pipes in each floor
-proper excess to the buildings from gates
-Single lift system in each blocks
-Proper sanitation system STP(Soil and Treatment) management underground tunnel supply for
disposal of waste
PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS
* Premium location with widest road accessibility
* Earthquake Resistance RCC Frames structure
* Branded Sanitary ware and fittings
* Grand Entrance
* Automatic elevators in each tower
* Adequate water supply
* Ample car/motorbike parking space
* Emergency power back-up for all common area
* Amphitheatre with sitting area
* Hydrant fire fighting system
* Community hall
* Sewage treatment plant
* Swimming pool & children play area
* 24 hours security and cctv surveilance

35. 35
FACILITIES
24 hr generator backup
Car and bike parking
Fire fighgting system
RSS frame structure
Security-community hall
Swimming pool
Treated water supply
TVtelephone points

36. 36
MERITS
Good Facilities is provided to the owners
There is good facilities of parking, community hall and communication
Proper sanitation within the building is done
RSS frame structure is there in the building
Proper sanitation system around the building
Security system is there in the apartment
DEMERITS
No proper shading devices
It lies within the busy city zone
There is no proper maintenance around the building. There was no proper space around the
buildings
Facilities for elder people, children and playing area is not allocated.
CONCLUSION
In this growing age the demand of people for apartment is growing and in the eastern part
of Nepal Eastern City is its part. The developer had tried their best to highlight the facilities
for the owners of the people. Eight story apartment has lots of facilities for the owners.

37. 37
HOUSING CASE STUDY : 2 .OMAXE HEIGHTS
• Name : Omaxe Height
• Type : Residential – Apartment
• Developers: Omaxe Constructions Ltd.
• Architect : C.P. KUKREJA
• Planning Type : Circular
• Locations: Vibhuti Khand , Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 227106 UTTAR PRADESH,INDIA
• Total Building Units : 11
• Approved By Authority : LDA
• Omaxe heights consists of 3BHK,4BHK Pent house
LOCATION
Vibhuti Khand , Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 227106 UTTAR PRADESH,INDIA

38. 38
SITE AREA
Total site area : 28,282 metere square
11 building Block
3 entry/exit
SITE PLAN
PLANNING

39. 39
AMENITIES

40. 40

41. 41
INFERENCES
Merit
• Security guards at every gates,provided cctv.
• Well ventilated and proper lighting.
• Aminities likeswiming pool,gym,spa,banquet hall,play court.
• Basement parking.
• Rooms were funtional.
Demerit
• In occuring seepage problems.
• Circular planning causing negative spaces.
• Problems in the fittings of split ac.
• The glasseson the balcony of the pent houses due to heat absorption.
• Low quality of materials.
Conclusion
• High rise building.
• Development in the aspect of modernisation building blocks in linear Form.
• Made for hig and mig. Formal entry
• Amenities like swimming pool , gym, spa,playing court ,dance floor , Lounge etc.
• Site area 28282sqm
• Concrete wall
• Aluminium frame
• Glass window
• Ceramic and vitrified tiles used for flooring.
• Area of 3 bhk 104197746.1sqmm

42. 42
HOUSING CASE STUDY: 3.HABITAT ‘67’
INTRODUCTION
Moshe Safdie is an Israeli-born leading architect, urban
planner, educator, theorist, and author. Embracing a
comprehensive and humane design philosophy. He is
committed to architecture that supports and enhances a
project’s program; that is informed by the geographic, social,
and cultural elements that define a place; and that responds to
human needs and aspirations. Having completed a wide range
of projects, such as cultural, educational, and civic institutions;
neighbourhood's and public parks; mixed-use urban centres
and airports; and master plans for existing communities and
entirely new cities.
Safdie moved to Canada in the 1950s, first developed the ‘’Habitat ’67‘’ concept as part of his
thesis at McGill University in 1961, entitled "A Case for City Living" .When Safdie, still an intern,
starting his career in the office of Louis Khan, he submitted his design for the Montreal Expo
’67 entitled as “Man and his World’’

43. 43
INSPIRRATION
Habitat's living units resembled a Taos Indian pueblo. Pueblos,( community - town – village)
Communities housed in apartment structures built of stone, adobe mud, and other local
material. These structures were usually multi-storied buildings surrounding an open plaza. The
rooms were accessible only through ladders lowered by the inhabitants, thus protecting them
from break-ins and unwanted guests
PROJECT OVERVIEW
Habitat 67 is a housing complex located in Montreal, Canada designed by Moshe Safdie and
built in 1967 for the World’s Exposition. The housing complex is made up of prefabricated
modules combined in different ways to make up various combinations. Each uses between
one and five modules. The complex consists of 354 modules making up 158 residences. The
residences themselves range from 600 square feet (one bedroom) to 1800 square feet (four
bedrooms). The complex contains three elevator cores that stop every fourth floor of the
twelve story complex, giving the residents access to pedestrian footpaths that link the
dwellings. The complex contains roof gardens, private terraces, central heating and cooling,
and covered parking for the residents in each dweling. The original design was meant to
contain 1000 units, including a retail facility. However, the project was minimized for the
World’s Exposition. All the parts of this 12 story complex are load bearing and connected by
post tensioning cables, hightension rods, cables, and welding. This makes the complex one
continuous suspension system.
It’s a multi-leveled residential modules on five different stories and was built in 1967. It took
three years to develop (1964-67) and cost $17 million Canadian. The total area of the property
comprises 22,160 sq. m. (238,500 sq ft).

44. 44
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Habitat ’67 pioneered the combination of two major housing typologies – the urban garden
residence and the modular highrise apartment building. The Habitat ’67 is actually 12- storey
complex (158 dwelling units) with the following main characteristics:
- 15 models varying between 1 and 5 modules
- Views on 3 sides and landscaped terraces
- Surface areas vary from 624 to 3,000 square feet,
- Spread out over 1, 2, 3 floors
- Private terraces from 225 to 1,000 square feet
- 6 elevators
- Walkways at various levels giving access to residences
- Central heating and air conditionin
- Central heating and air conditioning
- excellent Sound proof
CONSTRUCTION
As Habitat was designed, it resembled a
curious concrete mountain of dwelling
places, strikingly modern. Each rectangular
module would cross over another, so the
roof of the one underneath would bear the
load of the one on top, with the non-
overlapping areas generating patches of
outdoor space.
 The apartments consist of one to
four 55m² boxes creating various
configurations.
 All of the houses have one 20m² to 90m² private roof garden.
 Each unit looks similar to the rest , creating a common external appearance. But
every house is differs from the others when it comes to the interior, as the resident
can transform his space.

45. 45
CIRCULATION
 Common circulation =Circulation within the habitat is achieved through 18 external
corridors- streets 7 stair shafts and 6 elevator shafts, without the elevator being the
main access to upper stories as it stops at every forth floor.
 Private circulation= Many of the apartment consist of more than one boxes that are
interconnected through small staircases The circulation system gives to the habitat
the essence of a vertically developed village.
Diagrams-Sections
Every apartment gets at least three hours of sunlight every day.
Combining private and public elements
Views-Common Areas-Parking Lot-Entrance

46. 46

47. 47
CONCLUSION
Not only revolutionary in its time, Habitat 67 has continued to influence architecture
throughout the decades as a manifesto for a universal, modular, urban housing.
 Habitat 67 is a historic monument, recognized around the globe. This emblematic
building, had significant press coverage and caused a lot of ink to flow, both locally and
internationally and still does.
 Moshe Safdie and his work, have definitely brought an architectural revolution. His
fresh ideas about how a housing complex should actually be, have changed the way
we design and the way we think about the apartment blocks once and for all
 Not only he came up with ways to improve the housing complexes :with the
prefabricated interlocking and interconnecting overlapping modules, creating private
and communal spaces, planted terraces and more , but he also sets the tone as to
where architecture should be taking as next in this new lifestyle witch demands
different housing qualities.
REFERENCE
 NEUFERT DATA
 TIMESAVER STANDARDS
 WIKIPEDIA
 SITE VISIT : Eastern city,Biratnagar, Nepal
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM : Omaxe heights, Vibhuti Khand , Gomti Nagar,
Lucknow 227106 Uttar pradesh,India and
Habitat ‘67’,
THANK YOU