It is important understanding extension education

1. EXTENSION EDUCATION IN
INDIA DURING PRE-
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
Rajinder Kaur Kalra
Professor and Head (Retired)
PAU Ludhiana 9814067709

2. Extension Service is divided
into following different parts
 Purely government efforts with
peoples’ cooperation.
 Rural Reconstruction efforts made in
the country by individuals /
organizations with or without
government support.

3. A. Efforts by British Government
 Till last quarter of the 19th century, nothing was done for villages.
 A number of famines in the country, from 1875 to 1901 (18 of
them) forced the British government to appoint commissions.
 Various Acts were passed which helped credit availability.
 Various development departments were also established in the
states.
 Irrigation projects were also taken.
 In 1935, the rural development work transferred as a state
subject.
 There is no people’s cooperation, participation and involvement.

4. B. Projects taken in hand by
individual organizations with or without
government
Gurgaon experiment: 1920, By F L Brayne
Objectives: Irrigation, Afforestation,
Composting, Cattle improvement, improved
seeds, implements, Improved methods of
cultivation, health practices and social
functions.
Teaching Aids: Films, folk songs and drama.
Base was force not persuation.

5. Marthandam Project – 1921. Spencer Hatch.
Purpose: Spiritual, mental, physical, social and economic
development of rural people.
Achievements : Introduced – Improved practices in poultry,
dairy, bee-keeping, Agriculture and cooperative movement to
finance, sale and supplies to its members.
Shriniketan Experiment :- 1921 Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal.
Aim:- Cultural and social development of Bengal villages.
emphasis was on village surveys, training of youth and village
leadership and Adult Education.
Line of activities: - Agriculture, Village welfare, Cooperation
scout organizations, Industries Education etc.

6. Sevagram: 1920 By M K Gandhiji at Sevagram and later at
Wardha in 1938
Objectives
• Service of under privileged and villagers
• Rebuilding of the villages.
• Objectives were to be achieved on the basis of truth
and non-violence.
Rural Reconstruction Movement – 1932 By V T Krishnamachari
at Baroda State
Objectives:
 Rapid increase in standards of living, Industrialization and
expansion of the Education system.
 To increase Agricultural production, provision of link roads and
drinking water.

7. Firka Development scheme – 1946 in Madras in 34
selected Firkas and later extended to 108 Firkas in
1953.
Aims – were based on Gandhian ideology by bringing
about not only the educational, economic, sanitary and
improvements of village life but also by making self
confidence and self reliant.
In October 1953, this scheme was merged with the
community development programme.
Activities – Village communication rural water supply,
formation of panchayat, cooperation, electrification
basic education and Khadi and cottage industries.

8. Reasons for the failures of rural
development projects
• Projects mostly based on individual initiative
• Lack of Government and Financial support
• Isolated uneven, and discontinuance
• Ill defined objectives
• Inadequate inexperienced, untrained staff
• No Parallel programme of supplies, services, guidance and
supervision
• Lack of research and evaluation
• Limited coordination with development departments
• Lack of involvement of village people

9. Extension Service in India During Post
Independence Period
Nilokheri Experiment – 1947 S K Day.
Aim:
 Rehabilitate 7,000 displaced persons from West Pakistan and
later integrated with 100 surrounding villages.
 Self sufficiency for rural cum urban township in all essential
requirements of life.
Mr Dey worked on the saying “seeing is believing”
and “Learning by doing”

10. Etawah Pilot Project – 1948 Mr Albert Mayer launched
by government of Uttar Pradesh in 64 villages
Objectives:
 To see the extent of improvement possible in
Production, social improvement, development of
initiative, self compliance and cooperation in an average
district.
Key person – Village level workers
Activities:
 Increasing farm yields, soil conservation, Animal
husbandry, Village sanitation and social Education.
Achievements
 Success and the pattern was accepted for CDP
Main Features
 Integrated approach to village life.

11. Community Development Projects (CDP) 1952
Aims
To assess Public cooperation and gain administrative experience.
Grow More Food Enquiry Committee made an elaborated study of the
agricultural situation in India and recommended the establishment of
National Extension Organization, for rural work, which could reach every
farmer.This recommendation was accepted for opening more Blocks and it
led to Govt to start diluted form of Community Development called the
National Extension Services (NES – 1953)
Achievements : -
• Provision of Amenities in villages.
• Awakened the rural people regarding their rights.
• Increased the agricultural production.
Failures : -
• Focused much on amenities than economic development.
• People did not participate equally and adequately.
• Officers were not rural oriented.
• Failed to solve food problems and enlarge agricultural base.

12. Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) 1961
(also known as package programme)
Aims: -
 To increase productivity of agricultural land.
 To develop the package of practices for different crops.
 To evolve effective Agricultural technology.
Special Feature:-
 IADP was path finder and pace setter.
 The programme showed that the small farmers were as
good as big farmers, if they were given the resources.
Achievements :- Yield increased by 10-20%

13. Farm advisory service scheme (FASS) -1962
Developed by PAU Ludhiana at University level as well as at the
district head quarter.
Aims: -
 To promote quick transfer of technology research in different
agro-climate situations in district of the farmers field.
 To get first hand feed back of their farm problems.
 To amend recommendations to the actual farm situations by the
District Extension specialist of PAU.
 Activities : Adaptive research traits, front line
demonstration, surveys of field crops, block and village
level training camps, field days, demonstrations,
campaigns and on the spot guidance.

14. The intensive Agricultural Area Programme ( IAAP )
1964
Objectives: -
• Increase the production and yield of main crops in selected
areas through intensive efforts.
High Yielding varieties programme (1966) (HYVP)
Objectives: -
• To achieve self sufficiency in cereal foods Under this
programme
 Farmers training and education .
 Farm broad casts.
 National demonstrations.

15. National Demonstration Project (NDP) 1965
It is the first line project sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture. (GOI)
Objectives:-
* To demonstrate the technology for Obtaining maximum yield per
unit area per unit time by adopting all package of practices.
Multiple cropping Programme (1967-68) Small farmers / Marginal
farmers and Agricultural Labourers. Development agency (SFDA &
MFALA) 1971-1972
Objective: To deal with the problem of small farmers by formulating
specific programmes of crop husbandry, occupation to increase their ?????
Functions of SFDA & MFALA :
 Identify small farmers on the basis of potential viability and
investigate their problems
 Formulate economic programmes
 Promote rural industries
 Evolve adequate institutional, financial and administrative
arrangements for implementing various programmes
 Promote and create common facilities for providing storage,
marketing, etc.
 To strengthen the existing cooperative institutions.

16. Drought Prone Areas programme
(DPAP) 1970-71
Objectives:-
 Promoting a more productive dry land
agriculture on the basis of the soil, water,
climate resources of the area.
 To create durable community assets.
Components :-
 Irrigation, soil conservation and dry land
farming, a forestation , livestock and fisheries
development.
 Minikit Programme (1971) Ministry of
Agriculture, Govt. of India

17. Tribal Area Development programme
(TADP) 1971-72 Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
Objectives:-
 Study in depth the problems of tribal areas relating to
communication, administration social services and economic
development especially agriculture.
 To encourage to adopt poultry-dairy Agriculture and fisheries.
Command Area Development Programme (CADP) 1974
Aim:-
 To reduce the wastage of water and to adopt crops in
consonance with available water, soil and topography etc.
Components :-
 Irrigation
 Land shaping and leveling
 Enforcing suitable cropping pattern
 Farm plans and inputs supply
 Stregthening extension services
 Installation of Tubewells.

18. Training and Visit System (T&V) 1974
By Deniel Benor
Aim:-
• To improve and expand agricultural extension services
through an intensive system of training and visits.
Characteristics of T&V
• Single line of administration
• Clear and specific functions and close supervision
• ADOs have latest knowledge and their training is regular
and continuous.
• Full time responsibility of Agricultural Extension Work
• Regular visits of ADOs to the farmers
• Information about 3 or 4 crucial points is given
• Coordination between research and extension
• Operational area of ADO has been decreased

19. Time bound work
It begins with simple practices and is developed into
complex practices over time.
Best use of local resources
Strong feedback mechanism and more emphasis on
management practices
Recommendations according to ability
Hill Area development Programme(HADP) 1975
Aim:-
All round development of Agriculture and improvement
in living conditions of the farmers in hilly areas.

20. Whole village Development Programme
(WVDP) 1975
Components:- Overall land development planning through
irrigation, support and restructuring
of the cropping pattern.
Operational research Project (ORP) 1975
Objectives :-
 To test, adopt and demonstrate new Agricultural
technology on farmers field on area basis.
 To calculate critically the profitability of new Agril
technology.
 To identify the socio- economics bottle necks.

21. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) 1974
KVK’s are grass root level institutions designed
to impart need based, skill-oriented, short and
long term vocational training to farmers,
extension workers and to male, female,
rich/poor, illiterate, literate farmers. Who intend
to go for self employment. Learning is provided
through work experience. Learning is provided
to work experience.

22. Objectives :
 To impart training to inservice extension personnel dealing
with agriculture and allied disciplines.
 To impart training to the farmers and unemployed rural
youth for increasing agricultural productivity and bringing
them in subsidiary occupations to supplement the farm
income.
 To organise frontline demonstrations to generate
production data and feedback information.
 To collaborate with scientists of Regional Research Stations
and State Extension Personnel in on Farm Testing.

23. Activities
1. Each KVK has a farm area which is used for raising
foundation / certified seeds and providing lice
demonstration for the trainees.
2. To impart practical oriented training in diversified areas of
agriculture.
No. Year Mansa
Total KVK in India 564 2007
Punjab 18 2007
Gurdaspur Kapurthala Bahowal
(Hoshiarpur)Langroya
(Nawan
Shahr)
Rauni
(Patiala)
Kheri
(Sangrur)
Bathinda Faridkot Ferozepur Ropar Kalan
Amritsar
(Tarantaran)
Moga Mohali Samrala
Mukatsar Fatehgarh
Sahib
Barnala Jalandhar

24. Mandate of KVK
 Collaborate with subject matter specialist for on-
farm testing, refining and documenting
technologies.
 Organize training to update extension personnel
in required areas.
 Organize long-term vocational training
courses in agriculture for the rural youth.
 Organize Front Line Demonstrations in
various crops.
Antyodaya (1977)
Objective:
 To solve poverty problems bit by bit , with family as
a unit.

25. Desert Development Programme (DDP) 1977
Ministry of Agriculture
Aims :-
 Control desertification, up grading the local resource
endowments, income and employment
Components:-
 A forestation
 Minor irrigation
 Soil and water conservation
 Livestock development

26. Food for Work Programme (1977)
Objectives
 To generate additional gainful employment in
rural areas, improve income and nutritional level.
 To maintain, create community assets and
strengthen rural infrastructure to enhance
production and improve living standards.

27. National Adult Education Programme
(NAEP) 1978
Concept :
 Literacy and numeracy
 Functional development
 Social awareness
Objectives:
 To identify requirements of different areas.
 To explore available resources.
 To orient the adult education properly.
 To motivate the illiterates.
 Economic and social development
 Development of personality of individuals

28. Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP) 1978
Centrally sponsored scheme funded in 50:50 basis by the
center and the states
Objectives:-
 To identify the poorest of the poor families in village and
to provide them employment.
Achievements :-
• Subsidy is made available to small farmers @ 25%
• And to marginal farmers Agricultural laborers rural
artisans @ 33.5 % of the total project cost.

29. Lab to Land Programme 1979 (ICAR)
Objectives :-
 To improve the overall economic conditions of
the selected families
 To improve the overall farming system of
selected families by transfer of technology (TOT)
 To impart skill to the farmers, farm women, farm
rural youth in the latest Agricultural Technology
 To establish a strong and meaningful feed back
process between scientists and the farmers

30. Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
(TRYSEM) 1979
Objective
Training rural youth in the group of 18-35 belonging to families having an
income of less than Rs. 4800/ per annum.
Components :
 To train 40 rural youth per block per ;year.
 To pay monthly stipend, daily allowance.
 Grant of subsidy to the trained youth at the rate of 33.5 percent of the
cost of the scheme.
Subsidies - Rs.3000 - Non-DPAP
Rs.4000 - DPAP areas
Rs.5000 - ST families
(Scheduled tribe)
Emphasis:
Strengthening of infrastructural facilities like marketing, provision of at least
one composite training centre in every District and proper coordination among
bank and Block authorities.

31. National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP) – 1980
Objectives :
 Generate additional gainful employment for unemployed
both men and women.
 Create durable community assets.
 Improve nutritional status and living standard of rural poor.
National Agricultural Research Project
(NARP) - 1979 by ICAR Indian Bank of Rural
Development IBRD
Aims :
 Strengthening regional research centers selected on the basis
of specified local needs in given agro-climatic situation.
 Rationalizing of university research programmes, research
organizations, research needs, linking research service with
extension service.

32. Council for Advancement of Rural Technology
(CART) 1982
Objectives :
 To act as the nodal point for coordination of all efforts for
development and dissemination of technology.
 To act as a catalyst for development of technology by
identifying the problems of rural people.
 To strengthen existing institutions of research and
development.
 To act as a clearing house of information and a data bank.
 To disseminate knowledge of farm machinery technology
to manufacture.
 To conduct a sponsor training programmes for trainers.
 To carry out research studies, surveys, evaluation etc. on
the use of appropriate technology.

33. Front Line Demonstration “FLD” (1974)
Objectives:
• To demonstrate the newly released crop
production and protection technologies and
their management practices at the farmers’ field.
• To prepare technical leadership in villages by
way of imparting desired training.
• To organize need based training programmes for
SMS and farmers.
Field demonstrations conducted under close supervision
of the technology demonstrated first time by the scientists
2-4 hectares of land.

34. National Agriculture Extension Project
(NAEP) – 1983
It is being launched with help of IBRD World Bank affiliate, to
overcome the various constraints.
Aim :
 To bridge the gap between well developed research
system with extension system for faster transfer of
technology.
 Further strengthen the capabilities of the State Department
of Agriculture in context of overall development
activities.
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP) – 1983
Objectives
 To improve and expand employment opportunities for rural
landless.
 Creation of durable community assets for
 Strengthening the rural infrastructure.

35. Development of Women and Children
in Rural Areas 1982-83 (DWCRA)
It is a sub scheme of the Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP).
Objectives:
 To provide income generating skills and activities to poor
women in rural areas in order to improve their social and
economic status.
 Enhancing the welfare and quality of life of the family
and the community by improving the access of rural
women to health, education, safe drinking water,
sanitation and nutrition.
Salient features
 Members group consists 10-15 women. Fund amounting
to Rs 25,000/- per group.

36. Million Well Scheme (1988-89) MWS
It is sub-scheme of the National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
(RLEGP). Both Programme (NREP and RLEGP) merge into
Jawahar Rozgar Yojna (JRY) in 1989. MWS delinked from JRY
and made an independent scheme from January,1996.
Objectives:
 To provide open irrigation wells free of cost to poor, small
and marginal farmers below the poverty line belonging to
SC/STs. And freed bonded labourers.Expenditure Ratio:
80:20 (Central:State Govt.)

37. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) 1989
Objectives
Primary Objectives :
 Generation of employment.
Secondary Objectives :
 Creation of sustained employment
 Creating Community and social assets
 Positive impact on wage levels.
 Overall development of rural areas.
Salient features
 Employment : 30% reservation for women.
 Zila Parishad is responsible for implementation at District
level
 Gram Panchayat at the village level.

38. Supply of Improved Tool Kits to
Rural Artisans (1992) (SITRA)
Objectives :
 Enabling rural artisans to enhance the quality of
their products, increase their production and
income and reducing their migration to the
urban areas.
DRDA: District Rural Development Agency is the
nodal agency for implementation of the
scheme.

39. Employment Assurance Scheme (1993)
Objectives :
 To provide assured gainful employment.
 Creation of economic infrastructure.
 Maximum of two adults per family are provided employment
under the scheme.
Institution Village Linkage Programme
(IVLP) 1994 by ICAR
Objectives :
 To identify the gaps and problems in the existing farming
system.
 To facilitate adoption of post harvest technologies.
 To monitor socio-economic impact of the technological
intervention for different farm production system.

40. National Social Assistance Programme (1995)
Components are :
 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
 National Family Benefit Scheme ( NFBS)
 National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS)

41. National agricultural technology project
(1998) NATP
World Bank Aided Project. Launched by GOI.
Ministry of Agriculture.
Objectives :
 To revitalize the national technology generation, assessment,
refinement and dissemination systems.
 To address location, specific production problems for
which technical solutions exists.
 To strength frontier areas of research to take advantages of
modern tools now available.
 To conserve natural resource base and enhance productivity
of these resources.
 To strengthen management tools, procedures and
development of information management systems, suited
to national needs.
 To strengthen national capacity in research and extension
management, policy planning, priority, monitoring and
evaluation to meet current and emerging needs of
agricultural development.

42. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
(JGSY) (1999)
Objectives :
 Creation of demand driven community village
infrastructure. (Wage Material ratio of 60 : 40)
 Generation of supplementary employment for rural areas.
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yozana
(SGSY) 1990
Objectives :
 Establishment of micro-enterprises.

43. Salient Features of Scheme
 It aims at establishing a large number of micro enterprises in
the rural areas, building upon the potential of rural poor.
 The assisted families may be individuals (Swarozgaris) or
groups(Self Help Groups). Emphasis is on group approach.
 It is proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block in
the next five years.
 It will target at least 50% SCs/STs, 40% women and 3%
disabled.
 It will cover all aspects of self employment (SHGs) and their
capacity building, planning of activity clusters, infrastructure
build up, technology, credit and marketing.

44.  It lays emphasis on activity clusters based on the
resources, occupational skills of the people and
availability of markets.
 Selection of key activities will be with the approval of
Panchayat Samitis at the block level and the DRDAs/ZP
at the district level.
 A group approach will be adopted for each key activity.
 In each Panchayat Samiti, at least half of the groups will
be exclusively women groups.
 The Gram Sabha will authenticate the list of families
below the poverty line. Identification of individual
families for each key activity will be made through a
participatory process.

45. INDIA
Area Sq.Km. 33 lakh
Population 11.41b
Population growth rate 1.93
Population density 324
Literacy rate 64.84
Sex Ratio F/M 1.07
Life Expectancy 62.5
IMR 60
Birth rate 24.8
Death rate 8.9
Population below poverty 26
Unemployment rate 9.1

46. PUNJAB
Area Sq.Km. 50,360
Population 2.5 crore
Population growth rate
Population density
Literacy rate 69.70
Sex Ratio F/M 1.14
Life Expectancy
IMR
Birth rate 20.6
Death rate 7.0
Population below poverty
Unemployment rate