1

Agriculture Village Education Services
industries
Development Modernization Technical Dispensary
Mechanization Technical training Artisan skills Health guidance
High Yielding Marketing Agriculture Family welfare
2
Rural Development
According to Ensminger, “Rural Development is a process of
transformation from traditionally oriented rural culture towards
an acceptance and reliance on science and technology”.

Why we need NGOs
Gaps in the development process between reach and
requirement of services
 Ignorance.
 Lack of willingness.
 Lack of awareness.
 Reluctance.
 Non-availability of services.
3

Seminar
4
Krishna D K
10753
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) in agricultural extension and rural
development
Strategies, Approaches and Constraints

Introduction toNGO 5
A Non Governmental Organization
(NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens'
group which is legally constituted,
organizedandoperated on a local, national
or internationallevel.
TheyareTask-orientedanddriven by
peoplewith a commoninterest
Someare organized around specific issues:
→ Human rights
→ Environment
→ Health
→ Poverty eradication
→ Rehabilitation
→ Employment
Include project implementation
and advocacy.
Principles
Altruism Voluntarism

NGOs / Voluntary Service 6
• Term NGO became popular in India only in the 1980s,
the voluntary sector has an older tradition.
• Since independence from the British in 1947, the
voluntary sector had a lot of respect in the minds of
people- Mahatma Gandhi was an active participant
• India has always had the tradition of honouring those
who have made some sacrifice to help others.

NGOs
Classification
Bythe levelof
Orientation
Charitable
Orientation
Service
Orientation
Participatory
Orientation
Empowering
Orientation
Bythe levelof
Operation
Community
Based
Organizations
City Wide
Organizations
National NGOs
International
NGOs
7

Charitable Orientation-Needs of the poor -distribution
of food, clothing or medicine; provision of housing, transport, schools
etc
Service Orientation- Provision of health, family
planning or education services in which the programs are
designed by the NGO
Participatory Orientation- Self-help projects
where local people are involved particularly in the
implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land,
materials, labour etc.
Empowering Orientation- The aim is to help poor
people develop a clearer understanding of the social, political
and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen
their awareness of their own potential power to control their
lives.
8

Community-based Organizations- These can include
sports clubs, women's organizations, and neighborhood organizations, religious
or educational organizations.
Citywide Organizations- Its Include organizations such as the Rotary
or lion's Club, chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or
educational groups and associations of community organizations.
National NGOs- Its Include organizations such as the Red Crrss,
YMCAs/YWCAs, professional organizations etc. Some of these have state and
city branches and assist local NGOs.
International NGOs- Redda Barna and Save the Children
organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to
religiously motivated groups.
9

10

11
Grassroots Development
• Targets disadvantaged groups through small, locally based projects.
• The overall aim is to empower people to become self-reliant
• These projects usually involve training and education programs to
transfer skills and build the capacity and confidence of local organisations
and communities.
• This approach at its most successful allows the benefits of a project to
continue beyond the duration of the project itself.
Humanitarian/Emergency Relief
focuses on relief in times of disaster such as earthquakes, floods
and cyclones. NGOs in this area aim to gain access to disaster zones as
quickly as possible to provide emergency health services and food aid.
Approaches of NGOs

12
Advocacy
• Aims to draw public attention to an issue and influence government policy either
on behalf of, or alongside, a particular community interest group.
• Different NGOs target specific communities, groups or sectors in their advocacy
work.
• Advocacy can be approached through NGO participation in high level policy
dialogues, lobbying, or through grassroots and community campaigning.
• Approaches to advocacy and the level of involvement of affected communities
differ with each organisation.
Volunteer
• Programs run by NGOs facilitate sending volunteers overseas to offer technical
assistance, project support and capacity building in a variety of sectors such as
nursing, education, engineering and agriculture.

FeaturesofNGOs 13
 Support democratic system
 Function on no profitbasis
 Non Political in character
 Clearly defined objectives
 Limited external control
 Voluntary Character
 Wide operational area
 Positive contribution
 Need financial support
 Interest in long-termprojects

ActivitiesofNGOs 14
 Create awareness
 Protect human rights
 Encourage rehabilitation
 Gainful employment
 Combat man made crisis
 Protect environment

Basic Facts on NGO
Total Number of NGOs in
India
3.3 million
Rural Based 53%
Urban Based 47%
15
(Source: Invisible, Yet Widespread: The Non-Profit Sector In India, December , PRIA)

NGOs in India 16
There are 31,74,420 societies in the States and Union
Territories
The PRIA survey reveals that 26.5% of NGOs are
engagedin religious activities
21.3% work in the area ofcommunity and/or social
service
About one in five NGOs works in education
7.9% are active in the fields ofsports and culture.
6.6% work in the health sector.
Source : Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India,

 Uttar Pradesh tops the list with more than 5.48 lakh NGOs, followed
by Maharashtra which has 5.18 lakh NGOs.
 Kerala comes third with 3.7 lakh NGOs, followed by West Bengal with
2.34 lakh NGOs.
 Delhi alone has more than 76,000 NGOs of the 82,250 NGOs in the
Union Territories,
17

Sources Percentage of Total Fund
Local (peoples contribution and
Corporate Contribution)
80%
Government 13%
International 7%
18
(Source: Invisible, Yet Widespread: The Non-Profit Sector In India, December 2008, PRIA)
Sources of funding in India

Types of funding
Types Percentage of Total Fund
Self Generated 51.0%
Loans 7.1%
Grants 29.0%
Donations 12.9%
19
(Source: Invisible, Yet Widespread: The Non-Profit Sector In India, December 2008, PRIA)
Long-term sustainability

20

List of Agriculture NGOs 21
Name of NGOs
Nanndi Foundation
ASA(Action For Social Development)
PRADAN(Professional Assistance for Development Action)
SRIJAN(Self-Reliant Initiative through Joint Action)
ISAP(India Society of Agri-Business Professionals)
CARD(Centre for Advanced Research and Development)
Aga Khan Foundation (India)

22
DHAN Foundation(Development of Humane Action)
GREENPEACE
Digital GREEN
AFC INDIA LIMITED
IFFCO FOUNDATION
GVT(Gramin Vikas Trust)
COHESION FOUNDATION TRUST

Analytical frameworks for the rural development
programme of NGOs
Aspect Points considered
A) planning
1.Goals
2.Objectives
3. Resource acquisition
4. Market scope
5. Coalition building
Encompassing all living situation of rural people
Specific to land and land based activities
1. Locally available 2. External
1.Locally market 2. Internal 3. External
Village institutions, other NGOs research institutes
B) Implementation
Planning
Monitoring and review
Leadership
Motivational reward
People selection
Bottom up approach
Close supervision
Local cosmopolite
Incentives to village institution
Resource poor as beneficiaries
23
Tawade et.al (2001)

Strategies used by few NGOs
for rural development and
agricultural extension
24

 Use of ATMA funds
 Funds released by ministry under various schemes
 Collaboration with institutions-IARI VO linkage model, DAESI
training by MANAGE, establishment of KVK (BIRDS,BAIF)
 Using CSR funds for rural development
 Use of various extension methodologies for transfer of technologies-
PRA, Farmer to Farmer extension, krishi melas, demonstrations
 Adoption of villages
 Research and development
25

26Illustrations
Agriculture :
• Sapling Service
• Demonstrations
• Technical Support
• Seed & Fertilizer Service
• Marketing of Agro produce
• Sub Soil Irrigation
Horticulture :
• Sapling Service
• Demonstrations
• Technical Support
• Marketing of Horticultural produce
• Promotion of Intercropping technique
• Fruit Processing
Sericulture : • Support to rural youth in Silk reeling
Vermi culture :
• Demonstration
• Extension
Women's Activities :
• Establishment of women's Industrial co-operative
• Establishment of women's Poultry farming co-operative
• Establishment of women's Credit co-operative
• SHGs
• Employment generation through Electronic assembly work
• Income generating through stitching and hand weaving
Yerala project society, sangli

27
Animal Husbandry :
Support to rural youth in dairy farming
Processing of Milk
Distribution of Mulch Animal
Goat farming training
Goat Bank
Demonstration of Goat farming
Extension of Goat Farming
Free Vetererian Services
Poultry farming
Youth training in Poultry farming
Marketing of Poultry Produce
Trainings :
Training in Electrical & Electronic appliances maint.
Repairs & Maint. Of water lifting machines.
Computer training
Tailoring & Embroidery Training
Beauty Parlour Training
Agriculture School for young farmers.
Training to youth in life skills.

WASME 28
Itstands for World Association for Small and Medium
Enterprises (WASME)
Type:Primary Level NGO
Established in 1980
Headquartered in Noida, India
Objectives of WASME
 Developing relationship between SMEs in developed and developingcountries.
 Networking with related / similar organizations.
 Enlarging collaboration with UNagenciesand international organizations.
 Capacity building of SMEsthrough managerial and skill development programmes.
 Disseminating information on and about international developments in SMEsector.
 Carrying out research and studies on topical issuesconfronting SMEs.

AWAKE 29
It stands for Association ofWomen Entrepreneurs of
Karnataka
Type:Intermediate NGO
Established in 1983
Headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka,India
Strives to promote entrepreneurship among women asameansto achieve selfreliance
and socio-economic independence.
AWAKEaimsto:
 Topromote entrepreneurship among women and thereby empower them to join
the economic mainstream
 To enhance the status of women in the society, by creating a culture of
entrepreneurship amongst women in both rural and urbanareas
 Todevelop successful models of entrepreneurship for emulation world-wide

OXFAM(India) 30
India
Amember of aglobal confederation of 17Oxfams.
It stands for Oxford Committee forFamine Relief
Type:Primary LevelNGO
Operating in India since1951
Theyfight poverty and injustice by linking grassroots programming (through
partner
NGOs)to local, national and global advocacy andpolicy-making
Oxfam India works in partnership with over 130 grassroots NGOsto address rootcauses
of poverty and injustice in the fourareas of
o Economic Justice,
o Essential Services,
o Gender Justice and
o Humanitarian Response and
o Disaster RiskReduction (DRR).

CRY 31
It stands for Child Rights and You
Type:Grassroot level NGO
Established in 1979
It was started by RippanKapur
Non-profit organization in India that aims to restorechildren'srights in India.
It focuses mainly on the 4 basicrights:
 Survival,
 Development,
 Protection
 Participation

SEWA 32
 Member’s Employment
 Better Income
 Foodand Nutrition
 Safety and Security
 Housing
 Literacy
 Organizational Strength
 Self Reliance
It standsfor Self EmployedWomen'sAssociation
Type:Intermediate NGO
Headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat,India
Establishedin 1972
It isanorganisationof poor,self-employedwomenworkers who earnaliving through
their own labour or smallbusinesses.
SEWA’s areaof concerns are:

NGOs in Intergovernmental Processes 33
4 important functions:
Setting agendas
Negotiating outcomes
Conferring legitimacy
Implementing solutions

Examples of potentially replicable
NGO-GO interaction
 NGO-GO Configurations for Providing Technical Advice and Feedback - This
has been done in Chile, where government has contracted private technology
companies to cater to the larger commercial farmers, and NGOs for small
subsistence-oriented farmers. But an attempt to do so was failed in India.
 NGO-GO Configurations in Training-In Gujarat, India, the Aga Khan Rural
Support Project (AKRSP) identified village training needs through discussions
with farmer groups
 NGO-GO Configurations in Group Formation-NGOs can effectively organize
groups around integrated pest management, soil and water management, and
the management of common property resources and capital assets.
34

What extension services can do to
further collaborate with NGOs?
 NGOs have supported local groups to produce seed,
including vegetable and soya bean seed production in
Bangladesh, and the multiplication of planting material for
potatoes in the Ecuadorian Andes
 PRADAN-support the introduction of chrome-leather
tanning by a local group, encouraged links with commercial
lending organizations and private leather traders, not least
because the latter could give accurate feedback on product
quality.
35

 Very specific efforts will have to be made to convey both
feedback on existing technologies and NGOs' requirements
for new technologies to researchers.
 GO and NGO staff can jointly participate in training courses
(ideally led by a joint team) in the action-oriented methods
such as participatory rural appraisal favoured by NGOs.
 NGOs are concerned to develop local capacities for
experimentation which build solely on farmers' indigenous
knowledge or on this and relevant "outside" ideas.
36

Important NGOs
RUDSETI
SKDRDP
MYRADA
AME
BAIF
KARUNA TRUST
37

RUDSETI
Started: 1982
President: Dr. D Veerendra Hegde.
Place: Ujire in Karnataka
38

Vision statement
 RUDSETI considers the youth as valuable human resource of
the country to exploit the scope available in various avenues
by launching the lucrative micro enterprises.
 Transformation of youth into productive assets by short
duration intervention.
 To identify , orient, train counsel and assist young people to
take various self-employment ventures and to take up all such
activities as are relevant in the field of self-employment.
 To train rural development workers required by various
organization.
39

Training programmes
1) EDP (Entrepreneurship Development Programme)
a) Agriculture EDP
b) Product EDP
c) Process EDP
d) General EDP
2)Programme for established Entrepreneurs
a) Skill up gradation
b) Growth programme
3) Rural Development &HRD programme
4) Technology Transfer Programme
40

Special features of RUDSETI
 Individual attention at all stages to beneficiaries.
 Development through constant counseling and
continuous follow up.
 Excellent co-ordination between the beneficiary
and other agencies.
 Low budget project which can be emulated.
41

SKDRDP
SKDRDP- Srikshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development
Project
President: Dr. D Veerendra Hegde.
Place: Karkala (taluk) Dakshina kannada (district)
Started: 1982
42

Aim of the project:
Rejuvenating the villages by strengthening their
natural, social and economic roots, besides promoting
balanced development of natural and human resource
in rural areas.
43

Objectives of the (SKDRDP)
To work towards the upliftment of the rural poor.
To organize the rural populace in mobilizing the rural
infrastructure for a swift development.
To utilize locally available natural and human resources for
progress.
To introduce gainful sustainable means for development of
agriculture.
44

Cont….
To encourage farm sector and the non-farm sector
activities.
To blend integrity, discipline and values in the
process of development.
To facilitate participatory community and village
development programmes.
45

MYRADA
MYRADA-Mysore Resettlement and Development Agency
Established in -1968
Mission
To foster of ongoing change in favour of the rural poor.
To promote strategies through which the full potential of
women and children are realized.
To influence public polices in favour of the poor.
46

Areas of work
Rural credit system
Organizations of women
Management of micro-watershed
Forestry
Resettlement
47

BAIF
BAIF- Bharathiya Agro-Industry Foundation
Started -1980
Aim –implementing an Integrated Rural Development
programme
Mission -is to create opportunities of gainful self-
employment for the rural families, especially
disadvantaged sections, ensuring sustainable livelihood,
enriched environment, improved quality of life and good
human values.
48

Programmes
Livestock development
Integrated watershed development programme
Agri-Horti-Forestry
Agri-Business
Empowerment of women
49

RESEARCHSTUDIES
50

Impact of SKDRDP on land development
Category Before SKDRDP
No. %
After SKDRDP
No. %
Land development
work done 28 27.0 97 96.0
Land development
work not done 74 73.0 5 4.0
Total 102 100.00 102 100.0
51
(n=102)
Nagaraja (1987)

Category Before SKDRDP
No. %
After SKDRDP
No. %
Irrigation
facilities
available
26 25.0 65 64.0
No irrigation
facilities
76 75.0 37 36.0
Total 102 100.00 102 100.0
52
(n=102)
Nagaraja (1987)

Impact of SKDRDP on increase in employment opportunity for
the beneficiaries
Category Below average
No. %
Above average
No. %
Before SKDRDP 41 40.0 61 60.0
After SKDRDP 28 27.0 74 73.0
53
Nagaraja (1987)
(n=102)

Impact of SKDRDP on starting subsidiary
occupation
Nature subsidiary
occupation
Before SKDRDP
No. %
After SKDRDP
No. %
Dairy 4 3.0 11 11.0
Poultry 2 2.0 3 3.0
Bee-keeping 2 2.0 12 12.0
Rubber cultivation - - 8 8.0
Sericulture - - 19 18.0
Beneficiaries not
started any of above
subsidiary
occupation
94 93.0 49 48.0
Total 102 100.00 102 100.0
54
(n=102)
Nagaraja (1987)

Impact of SKDRDP on changes in cropping pattern
(n=102)
Cropping
Category
Before SKDRDP
No. %
After SKDRDP
No. %
Mono cropping 93 92.0 8 8.0
Double cropping 9 8.0 11 11.0
Integrated mixed
cropping - - 12 12.0
Double cropping
with integrated
mixed cropping
- - 71 69.0
Total 102 100.00 102 100.0
55
Nagaraja (1987)

Role of Non- Governmental Organizations in Rural
Development: A case study-2001
INDU BHASKAR AND GEETHAKUTTY, P.S
56

Distribution of beneficiaries based on the Index of
consequences of rural development efforts of the NGOs
Group Class Frequency Percentage
Least beneficial 0.0-0.2 - -
Less beneficial >0.21-<0.6 - -
Moderately
beneficial
0.61-<0.9 10 10.00
Most beneficial 0.91 and above 90 90.00
57
Indu Bhaskar and Geethakutty (2001)

Dynamics of voluntary organization-2001
TAWADE et.al
58

Programmes and activities undertaken by pratishthan
Activity Benefits accrued
100Power tillers distribution
Cultivation of kokum
Watershed development
Stone fencing to area
Land development
Concept of village planning institute
Health service center
Gokul vigyan yatra
Literacy campaign
Cultivation of citronella
Agro industries estate
Total eight villages
Increased mango plantation in area
200 ha fallow land comes under cultivation
21 lakh seedlings were prepared
Two villages were covered
300 villages, 1.50 lakh people benefited
Skill improvement techniques and skill of their
profession
59
Tawade et.al (2001)

Why some NGOs are successful?
Strengths
 The majority of NGOs are small and horizontally
structured with short lines of communication
 capable of responding flexibly and rapidly to clients'
needs and to changing circumstances.
 They are also characterized by a work ethic conducive
to generating sustainable processes and impacts.
 NGOs‘ concern with the rural poor means that they
often maintain a field presence in remote locations,
where it is difficult to keep government staff in post.
60

NGO Strengths
 One of NGOs' main concerns has been to identify the
needs of the rural poor in sustainable agricultural
development.
 They have therefore pioneered a wide range of
participatory methods for diagnosis and, in some
contexts, have developed and introduced systems
approaches for testing new technology, for example in
Chile (Sotomayor, 1991).
 Multi stakeholder approach-farmer, rural women, old
age, children and youth
61
Contd.

NGO Strengths
 Integration of local knowledge systems in the design of
technology options (Chaguma & Gumbo, 1993).
 Innovative dissemination methods, relying on farmer-to-
farmer contact, whether on a group or individual basis
(e.g., Sollows, Thongpan, & Leelapatra, 1993).
 NGOs have developed new technologies such as soya
production in Bangladesh (Buckland & Graham, 1990) or
management practices such as the sloping agricultural land
technology in the Philippines (Watson & Laquihon, 1993)
 But more often they have sought to adapt existing
technologies, such as PRADAN's efforts in India to scale
down technologies developed by government for mushroom
and raw silk production and so make them accessible to
small-scale farmers (Vasimalai, 1993).
62

The weakness
 NGOs' small size means that their projects rarely address the
structural factors that underlie rural poverty.
 Small size, independence, and differences in philosophy also
militate against learning from each other's experience and
against the creation of effective forums, whether at national
or provincial levels.
 Some ‘fashionable locations’ have become so densely
populated by a diversity of NGOs that problems have arisen
not merely of competition for the same clientele, but of
some undermining the activities of others (Ayers, 1992).
 NGOs have limited capacities for agricultural technology
development and dissemination and limited awareness of how
to create effective demand-pull on government services.
63

The weakness
 Some NGOs are more accountable to external funding agencies than to the
clientele they claim to serve.
 Donor pressure to achieve short-term impacts, combined with a lack of
cross-learning, has led in some cases to the promotion of inappropriate
technology, such as protected horticultural systems in the Bolivian Andes
(Kohl, 1991).
 Many NGOs place great emphasis on voluntarism. Whilst such concepts as
"volunteer extension workers" have great intuitive appeal and reflect widely
commended values, they are some times promoted at the expense of
financially sustainable alternatives.
 This was evident in SIDA's farm-level forestry project in North Vietnam, for
instance, where the scope for supporting an emerging private nursery sector
in the provision of technical advice was ignored, and complex and largely
voluntary advisory services at the village level were promoted instead.
64

ChallengestoNGOs
 Need for honest and
dedicated persons.
 Need for transparency to
create confidence.
 Protect the interest of the
people rather than members
 Transparent and easy to
operate mechanism.
 Codes of conduct
 Lack of Funds:
 Absence of Strategic Planning
 Poor networking
 Poor Communications
 Political Interference
 Watchdog agencies and
government oversight
 Long-term sustainability
65

ROLE OF NGOS IN GLOBALIZING WORLD
Per Boutros-Ghali in 1995
“ Non-governmental organizations are a
basic element in the representation of
the modern world. And their
participation in international
organizations is in a way a guarantee of
the latter’s political legitimacy…From the
stand point of global democratization, we
need the participation of international
66

67