This document discusses dairy development activities and technology transfer in Punjab, India. It provides background on the various organizations involved in dairy development like the Punjab Dairy Development Board and Punjab State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation. It then analyzes survey results from 600 dairy farmers which find that most receive little training and education. The document identifies farmers' main information needs and challenges with services. It provides recommendations to strengthen the dairy extension system through improved training, cooperation, and addressing issues like high input costs and exploitation by middlemen.

1. Dairy development activities
in the area for analysis of
their pattern of working
Dr. Rajinder Kaur Kalra Professor and Head (Retired )
Department of Extension Education
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab)

2. OBJECTIVES
 To provide knowledge to the students existing
dairy technology transfer system s
 To make the students aware about technology
transfer problems and adoption problems

3. State Department
of Animal Husbandry
(SDOAH)
Punjab Dairy Development
Board (PDDB)
Punjab State Cooperative
Milk
Producers Federation
(Milkfed)
Nestle India Ltd (Nestle)
ROLE PLAYERS IN DAIRY

4. 20.33
25.67
43
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Percentage
of
farmers
Illiterate Primary Matriculate Above
Matriculate
Education
Educational status of dairy farmers
Trainings received by farmers on
dairy farming
0.5
99.5
Not received training Received training
Social participation of the dairy farmers
88.67
10.5 0.83
Low Medium High
Fig.1. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION, TRAINING RECEIVED AND
SOCIAL PARTICIPATION OF THE FARMERS

5. Dairy Activities
Fig.2. PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN DAIRY
ACTIVITIES

6. Table 2: Distribution of farmers according to the services availed from
different agencies
Note: Nestle India Ltd. provides all the above services except fodder seed, subsidies
and loans only to their contact farmers and mostly the beneficiaries are large
farmers
Sr.
No.
Service areas Agencies Overall
SDOAH MILKFED PDDB QUACKS
f* %age f* %age f* %age f* %age f* %age
I. Insemination 98 16.33 11 1.83 0 0.00 44 7.33 153 25.50
II Animal Health
Care
21
0
35.00 9 1.50 0 0.00 172 28.67 391 65.17
III Milk collection 0 0.00 79 13.17 0 0.00 0 0.00 79 13.17
IV Animal Feeding 65 10.83 8 1.33 0 0.00 11 1.83 84 14.00
V Fodder Seed 35 5.83 4 0.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 39 6.50
VI Subsidies/Loans 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.33 0 0.00 2 0.33
*Multiple Response

7. Table 3: Problems faced by the farmers in availing the services
n=600
Sr.
No.
Areas/Services Frequency* %age
A Breeding
1. Non availability of nearby hospital 339 56.50
2. Non availability of AI facility on
time
280 46.67
3. Non availability of proper AI facility 216 36.00
4. Non availability of good quality
semen
164 27.33
B Animal Health Care
1 Lack of animal check-up camps 586 97.67
2 Costly medical facility 446 74.33
3 Lack of animal health care facility
at the doorstep
261 43.50
4 Non availability of animal health
care services on time
118 19.67
Insufficient animal health care
services
35 5.83

8. C Milk collection
1 Milk collection centers were far away 392 65.33
2 Lack of knowledge about clean milk production 56 9.33
D Animal Feeding
1 Lack of guidance for getting green fodder round
the year
522 87.00
2. Non availability of HYV fodder seed 508 84.67
3. No knowledge about recommended varieties 461 76.83
4 Non availability of quality feed 382 63.67
E Subsidies/Loans
1 Lack of Publicity in villages 381 63.50
2 Getting subsidy is cumbersome process 129 21.50
*Multiple Response
Contd..

9. MARKETING OF MILK TO DIFFRENT AGENCIES

10. Milkfed Nestle Sweet ShopsVendors Neighbours
Agencies
MARKETING OF MILK TO DIFFRENT SECTORS

11. 92.96
88.1 83.33 83.33
76.19
64.29
0
20
40
60
80
100
Feedback
Training
Seminar
Kisan
Mela
Newspaper
Television
Percentage
Information Sources
Fig. 4. INFORMATION SOURCES USED BY THE EXTENSION
PERSONNEL

12. USE OF EXTENSION METHODS BY THE
EXTENSION PERSONNELS
Least used
• Personal letters
• Circular letters
• Demonstration
• Field day
• Educational tours
• Visit to model dairy
farm
• Booklets
Frequently used
• Office calls
• Attended farmers
at office

13. Methods of Technology Transfer

14. Sources of information mainly used
by the farmers
Animal welfare camps
Farm & Home Visits 35.50
Literature on dairy 28.67
Mobile dispensaries 20.50
Telephone calls 19.83
Model dairy farm 19.00
Farmer meetings 18.33
Source of information

15. 56.66
35.5
26.67
20.5 19.83 19 18.33
9.33
4.83 4.33
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentage
of
Farmers
Camps
Farm
&
Home
Visits
Literature
on
Dairy
Mobile
Dispensary
Telephone
Calls
Exposure
Dairy
Farm
Farmers
Meating
TV
Radio
NewsPaper
Dairy
Mela
Sources of Information
Fig 5: SOURCES OF INFORMATION PREFERRED BY THE FARMERS

16. Table 4: Rank order of the extension methods preferred by the farmers for
receiving information on dairy farming
n=600
Sr.
No.
Extension methods for transfer
of dairy technology
Rank
A Individual Contact 2
B Group Contact 1
C Mass Contact 3

17. SDOAH
Ext Person
PDDB
Ext Person
MILKFED
Ext Person
BANKS
IVRI PAU/GADVASU
NESTLE
Ext
Person
PRIVATE
ORGS
NDRI
Fig.- 6. LINKAGES ESTABLISHED BY EXTENSION PERSONNEL WITH
DIFFERENT DAIRY DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES.

18. Table 5: Information needs of dairy farmers in different areas of
dairy farming.
n=600
Sr.
No.
Areas of dairy farming
Information Needs
Needed
Somewhat
Needed
Not Needed
F %age F %age F %age
A Breeding
1 Hybrid breeds and their selection 517 86.17 68 11.33 15 2.50
2 Artificial insemination 499 83.17 82 13.67 19 3.17
3 Pregnancy diagnosis 465 77.50 120 20.00 15 2.50
4 Time of insemination 432 72.00 119 19.83 49 8.17
5 Identification of heat symptoms in dairy
animals
413 68.83 121 20.17 66 11.00
B Feeding
1 Treatment of straw with urea 503 83.83 76 12.67 21 3.50
2 Feeding of Mineral mixture 465 77.50 98 16.33 37 6.17
3 Making of hay and silage 460 76.67 102 17.00 38 6.33
4 Balanced feed and its composition 385 64.17 168 28.00 47 7.83
5 Feeding of pregnant animals 376 62.67 179 29.83 45 7.50
6 Feeding of new born calf 351 58.50 199 33.17 50 8.33

19. C Fodder Production
1
Knowledge about high yielding fodder crop
varieties
457 76.17 117 19.50 26 4.33
2 Preservation of green fodder 382 63.67 151 25.17 67 11.17
3 Crop rotation for availability of green
fodder
361 60.17 204 34.00 35 5.83
D Care of pregnant and lactating animals
1 Care of pregnant animals 398 66.33 139 23.17 63 10.50
2. Care at the time of calving 389 64.83 175 29.17 36 6.00
3 Deworming of animals 300 50.00 129 21.50 171 28.50
E Health management
1 First aid treatment of common diseases 501 83.50 86 14.33 13 2.17
2 Knowledge and diagnosis of common diseases 477 79.50 111 18.50 12 2.00
3 Vaccination against diseases
458 76.33 133 22.17 9 1.50
Contd..

20. Fig.7. INFORMATION NEEDS OF THE FARMERS REGARDING DAIRY FARMING

21. Feeding and care of animals

22. Non availability of semen of high yielding breeds
Non availability of loan against pledge of animals
Less milk rate
Non availability of AI services at door step of farmers
Lack of knowledge about animal diseases
Adulterated feed
Exploitation of farmers by middle men
Non functional animal insurance scheme
Fig. 8. PROBLEMS OF THE FARMERS IN THE ADOPTION
OF DAIRY FARMING

23. Shortage of staff
Insufficient opportunities to try out new
ideas
Lack of transport facilities
Insufficient availability of
inputs
Low education level of the
farmers
Inadequate publicity
Non cooperation of farmers
Fig. 9. TRANSFER OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY PROBLEMS AS
PERCEIVED BY EXTENSION PERSONNEL.

24. 78.57 76.19 73.81
66.67
57.14 54.76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6
Suggestions
Frequent training
Common diseases
Make the profession remunerative
Regular training cum awareness camps in villages
Empowerment of farmers at grass root level
Cooperative marketing
Fig.10. SUGGESTIONS GIVEN BY THE EXTENSION PERSONNEL FOR
IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSFER OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY

25. OPPORTUNITIES
Dairy farming is one of the best
alternative for diversification of
agriculture
Best option for small and marginal
farmers to improve economic
conditions
Service provided by the SDOAH
Existing successful model of
Nestle
Accessibility to network of milk
cooperative, Self Help groups
Most of the small and marginal
farmers can read and write
Model Dairy Farmers
Area can be diverted from wheat
rice rotation to fodder cultivation
and which will improve soil
fertility, water problem and health
of the people
Public private partnership (PPP)
THREATS
•Village politics
•Unorganized marketing
•Poor infrastructure
•Inadequate availability of services
and supplies such as fodder
seed,feed,quality semen and
mineral mixture
•Exploitation of farmers by private
agencies and vendors
WEAKNESSES
Non professional approach of
the farmers
Poor extension services no
training (99%)
Lack of technical knowledge
(Feed & Fodder Production,
preservation of green fodder,
High Yielding breed and their
selection, treatment of straw
with urea, care of pregnant
animals, diagnosis and
treatment of common diseases
and disinfecting agents)
Difficulty to procure year round
fodder
Non-availability of AI services at
the doorstep of farmer
Non-availability of High Yielding
dairy cattle breed
Less milk rate and exploitation
of farmers by the middlemen
Lack of animal insurance
facilities
Cumbersome procedure to
obtain loan
Non-availability of loans against
pledging of primary security of
livestock
STRENGTHS
Work for whole family
Daily income
Availability of green
fodder
Easy marketing
Most of the farmers
possess milch animal
Having traditional
occupation
Basic knowledge of
dairy farming
Punjab leads in milk
production
Availability of enough
processing plants.
SWOT
Fig 11.SWOT ANALYSIS BASED ON RESEARCH RESULTS

26. PRODUCTION
RESEARCH
EDUCATION/EXTENSION
GOVERNANCE
SUPPLY
MARKETING
Source: Axinn & Thorat, 1972
Fig.12. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT AND LINKAGES IN A TYPICAL
RURAL SOCIAL SYSTEM

27. Extension
System
Marketing
• Channel of marketing
• Value addition
• Group Marketing
Inputs
• Fodder seed
• Feed
• Quality Semen
• Mineral Mixture
• Good Breed of
animal
Governance
•Punjab Dairy
Development
Board,
•Quality Control,
•Coordination
•Credit from
private and public
banks / institution
Small and marginal Dairy
Framers as part of social
system
Catalyst
Quality,
Cost Effectiveness
Fig.13. EMPIRICAL MODEL OF FARMER CENTERED TRANSFER OF
TECHNOLOGY
Catalyst
less
formalities
Participatory
Extension
Approach
Information or training needs in specific areas
Feeding* Breeding* Care of animals* Health*
• Organizations
(Milkfed, Nestle,
SDOAH and other
private agencies)
• Extension personnel
• Milkfed
• Nestle India Ltd.
• Private Agencies
Male
•Fodder
production
•Feeding
Female
Cowshed mgt
•Milking
•Marketing
•Feeding
•Training camps
•Literature on
dairy
•Telephone calls
•Farmers meetings
Research System
• GADVASU
• IVRI
• NDRI
*Feeding
Treatment of straw with urea (83%)
Feeding of mineral mixture (77%)
*Breeding
High yielding breeds and their
selection (86%)
Artificial insemination (83%)
*Health Management
Knowledge about diagnosis of common diseases(79 %)
Knowledge about treatment of common diseases (83%)
*Care of animals
Care of pregnant animals (66%)
Care at the time of calving (64%)

28. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Motivate farmers for dairy farming
• Empowerment of women through updated
Knowledge in management of cow shed,
milking, marketing and feeding of animals
• Formulation of farmer groups and cooperative
marketing
• Regular training cum awareness and animal
check up camps

29. • Integration of various agencies to avoid
duplication
• Value addition
• Control on quackery and middle man system
• Credible sources for procurement of inputs

30. • Preparation and distribution of literature
• Provision of training facilities
• Better AI facilities and its door step delivery
• Use of village cluster approach

31. Specific Observations
• Poor record keeping by the farmers
• Most of the farmers owned one to two
milch animals
• Most of the dairy farmers had
buffaloes

32. • Mostly women were involved in dairy
farming, majority of the families had
small size of dairy units
• Most of the farmers did not take dairy as a
commercial enterprise
• The area under Milkfed “Verka’’ (13.17%)
and Nestle (3.33%) is very small

33. Future Line of Action
• Preparation of training module on the basis
of information needs of the farmers
• Testing and standardization of prepared
training module under field conditions

34. A PICTORIAL VIEW-
PROJECT ACTIVITIES

35. MILK VENDOR

37. MILK VENDOR

38. FODDER COLLECTION FROM FIELD

39. FODDER CUTTING

40. UREA TREATED WHEAT STRAW

41. STORAGE OF WHEAT STRAW

42. ANIMAL FEEDING AT MANGER

43. EXOTIC BREEDS OF
COWS
gyhUMBojn, gaUDn,
Gr sl`uKxI nwr,
coKI pIT qurkIdIGoVI,
svrg inSwnIcwr[

44. WOMAN FEEDING ANIMALS
GoVyGr sulqwnW,
m`JIAWGrvirAwmW[

45. SEMI-LOOSE ANIMAL HOUSE

46. DAIRY FARMER-RESEARCHER-INDUSTRY INTERFACE AT NDRI, KARNAL

47. WASHING OF ANIMAL
ijsdy Gr lvyrIkwlI,
ausdy Grsdw idvwlI[

48. RIGHT METHOD OF MILKING

49. MILKING OF BUFFALO
bUrIhovym~JqW m`Kxrolx
ieh dyvykrqwrqW iPr kIbolx[

50. MILK SAMPLING TOOLS

51. CREAM SEPARATION FROM MILK

52. MILK SAMPLE TESTING KIT

53. MILK SALE SLIP

54. MILK COLLECTION CANS

55. MILK PRODUCER COOPERATIVE SOCIETY OF MILKFED AT VILLAGE BAHOWAL

56. ANIMAL HOUSING

57. OPEN HOUSING

58. TREATMENT OF SICK ANIMAL

59. GROUP DISCUSSION OF FARMERS REGARDING DAIRY PROBLEMS

60. GROUP DISCUSSION OF DAIRY FARMERS & EXTENSION PERSONNEL

61. ANIMALS AT KISAN MELA

62. GOVERNMENT VETERINARY HOSPITAL IN VILLAGE

63. ANIMAL FEED PROVIDED BY VERKA

64. Nestle India Ltd

65. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR INTERACTING WITH VERKA OFFICIAL

66. INTERACTION WITH DAIRY FARMER

67. THANKS