Extension approaches in India and USA

1. ASSIGNMENT
ON
EXTENSION APPROACHES IN INDIA &
IN USA
Submitted to,
Dr.B.P.Singh
Sr,Scientist
Div. of Extension Education Submitted by,
Dr.Balaraj BL
M. V. Sc, 5076
Div. of Extension Education

2. Definition :-
• Extension approach
• Is the overall orientation of extension activity within
a particular organisation or geographical area.
• “The Style Of Action Within A System” - (FAO,
1990)

3. Introduction
• Before coming of British to India, all villages were
self-sufficient, self-contained, self -governed units, so
there was very little need for the social welfare and
all requirement met with in the village. But this was
disrupted by invasion of British and Mughals rule.
• Because of this different extension approaches started
in India.

4. Extension approaches by British
government in India
• Till the last quarter of 19th century nothing was done
by foreign rulers. During 19th century 33 famines
took place, in that 18 famines occurred b/w 1875-
1901. This forced the Government to appoint some
commissions and recommended rural development
work.
• They followed certain act like:-
• Land improvement loan act and Agriculture loan act
1888.

5. • Cooperative loan act 1904.
• Amendment of cooperative act in 1912.
• Establishment of Development Departments like
AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
IRREGATION, etc.
• Some irrigation project for control of famine.
• In 1935 Village uplift Board was started.
• These acts were failed because the activities not
based on detailed studies or need and resource of
people, it never emphasized the people’s
participation, cooperation & involvement. It never
tried to create confidence in the people through
education.

6. Extension by different agencies and organization
before 1952
• Work at Shanthinikethan:- ( WEST BENGAL)
• In 1908 Rabindranath Tagore under his scheme for
Rural development work, started youth organization
in village in Kaligram Pargan of Zamindari.
• in 1921 he established Rural Reconstruction Institute
at shanthinikethan.
• A group of 8 villages was the center of the
programme .
• Activities: agriculture,cooperation,industries & edun.

7. Objectives of RRI :-
• To create a real interest in people for rural welfare .
• To study rural problem & to translate conclusion into
action.
• To help villagers develop their resources.
• To improve village sanitation.
• These objectives were desired to be achieved by,
creating a sprit of self-help, develop village leadership,
organizing village scouts, establishing training centers
for handicrafts, establishing demonstration center at
shantiniketan.

8. The type of demonstration at shantiniketan
• Improved agricultural practices.
• Establish a dairy to supply pure milk and better
animals to the farmers for breeding.
• Poultry farm development.
• The institute could not get much help from govt and it
could not conduct research work, so its work
remained limited to the 8 villages.

9. Gurgaon Experiment:-
• Started by F.L.BRAYNE, Deputy commissioner in the
Gurgaon district of Punjab.
• It was rural uplift movement on mass scale.
• In this experiment village guide was appointed in each
village, this guide was acting as bridge between rural
people and researcher.
• In this they were mainly concentrating on Agriculture
development like improved seeds & implements,
improved method of cultivation.
• The village guides were non technical men so
achievement were less.
• After 1933 this work again gathered movement.

10. Servants of India society, Poona
• At Mayapura village in madras this organization
started a center to impart training in Agriculture and
cottage industries to village boys & girls.
• It also started centers in UTTAR PRADESH and
MADHYA PRADESH.
• Published booklets on subject like basic education,
labour problem.

11. Daniel Hamilton scheme for rural reconstruction,
• In 1903 Daniel Hamilton formed a scheme to create
Model Village in an area in sundarban(WB).
• he organized one village of this type & set up one
cooperative credit society which functioned up to
1916.
• In 1924 he organized a central cooperative bank and
cooperative marketing society .
• In 1934 established a Rural Reconstruction Institute.
• This institute provided training facility in cottage and
subsidiary industries.

12. Rural reconstruction work by CHRISTION
missions.
• The three main activities of this missions were,
• 1) Education,
• 2) Medical service,
• 3) Rural Reconstruction.
• Education :- the aim of education their education
system has been to impart education which is in
harmony with the rural environment.
• Some Educational institutions run by the mission ,
2000 elementary schools, 325 high schools, 38 colleges

13. The educational objectives of mission:-
• Character building.
• Raising standard of general intelligence.
• Spread of literacy.
• Recreation.
• Cultural activity.
• Constructive employment.
• In order to impart both theoretical & practical training to the
students & to equip them for life.
• Even the colleges which were located in urban area were took
interest in village welfare work.
• E.g. The Christian college, Lahore.
Allahabad agriculture institute,
Christian college Nagpur.

14. Medical Services :-
• There are many Mission Hospital spread throughout
the country which have become effective centers for
imparting training in medicine, nursing, midwifery,
compounding.
• Many students after receiving training in these
institution have established themselves in villages to
carry out their work.

15. Rural Reconstruction by Christian Mission
• Several AGRICULTURRAL demonstration centers at
Marthandam,
Ramanathpuram,
Patanchery.
other Y.M.C.A & Y.W.C.A institutions have been
doing useful work in rural areas.

16. Marthandam Project, 1921
• Dr. Spencer Hatch was the pioneer of this work.
• It was intended to symbolize the three fold
development of Sprit, Mind & Body and evolved a
five sided programme representing a development in
SPIRITUAL, MENTAL, PHYSICAL, ECONOMIC &
SOCIAL aspect.
• The essential technique of the center was self-help
with intimate expert counsel.
• at Marthandam about 100 villages were covered
through Y.M.C.A,.

17. Extension activities in Marthandam project,
• Keeping superior Bulls and Bucks for breeding.
• Demonstration of honey bee hives, and plot with
vegetable crops and improved grains.
• The main emphasis of this project was Self Help &
Cooperation.
• Most successful projects was the EGG selling club and
Honey club.
• By 1939 egg selling cooperative body become self
governing body.
• Honey club :- villagers was taught the use of modern bee-
hives, extracted scientifically marketed cooperatively.

18. Gandhian Constructive Programme:-
• MAHATHMA GANDHI the great social & economic
reformer of India. He made people knew that India
lives in village & that the common man’s uplift is the
uplift of the country.
• “If the village perishes India will perish too. India
will be no more India, her own mission in world will
be lost”.
• Regarding development work in country he
emphasized The Salvation of India lies in Cottages.

19. • The key words for his economy were “Decentralized
production & equal distribution of wealth.
Self sufficiency of Indian villages.
• For development of village MG formulated an 18
point programme which includes “Promotion of
village industries, Basic & adult education, Rural
sanitation, Uplift of backward tribes, uplift of women,
Education in public health & hygiene, Propagation of
national language, Love for the mother tongue,
economic equality, Organization of kissans labours &
students.

20. Etawah pilot project, 1947
• Lt.Col.Albert Mayor started this project in 1947 but
came to action in 1948 September at Mahewa village
in Etawah(UP).
• First 64 villages then increased to 97 villages.
• Objective : to see what degree of production & social
improvement, initiative & cooperation could be
obtained from agriculture area,
• The pilot programme includes instruction of
improved agriculture and animal husbandry practices,
public health education. Cattle diseases like RP and
HS were controlled,

21. Adarsh Sewa Sangh,
• This plan of rural reconstruction was put into
operation in 232 villages falling in Jagirdari of
Col.Shitole.
• Aim : to increase per capita income of villagers.
• Establishes “village reconstruction society in each
village”
• Important works were: demonstration of compost
making, deep ploughing, improved breeding &
management of cattle.
• Released monthly journal RURAL INDIA.

22. INDIAN VILLAGESERVICE (IVC), 1945
• Founders: Mr.Arther.T.Mosher & B.N.Gupta.
• Objective: assist village people to realize the best in
their own villages by developing individuals,
volunteer leaders & local agencies for enabling them
to be effective in helping themselves & others,
• The adapted techniques of this service were : personal
contact, informal group discussion, use of volunteers,
demonstration s, tour , trips, drama, books and
periodicals.

23. Sarvodaya Programme
• it was Gandhian concept & evoked great enthusiasm
in in BOMBAY state.
• Main features were:
simplicity, non-violence, sanctity of labour &
reconstruction of human values.
• Aims: standard living , social development,
promotion of cottage, literacy. Medical and health ,
village panchayath development.

24. Nilokheri Experiment
• Originally started to rehabilitate 7000 displaced
persons from Pakistan & later integrated with 100
surrounding villages .
• The center figure of this project was S.K.DAY.
• this scheme was also called as “mazdoor manzil”
• It was aimed at self sufficiency for rural cum urban
township in all essential requirement of life. The
colony had agriculture farm, dairy & poultry farm,
garment factory, etc.

25. Extension Approaches in USA
• About 200 years ago nearly 75% of the population of
the USA depends on the agriculture, as situation at
present in India . From the Extension work the
growth rate is very high in in USA compared to India.
• In USA b/w 1910-1955 good growth occurred in
agriculture by implementing new technology in
agriculture.
• So increased in the out put from farm increases their
income and standard of living of the farmers,
increased purchasing power and this gave rise to
INDUSTRIALIZATION.

26. • Industries gave higher profitable employment so the
farmers shifted towards industries.
• in 1950-1970 only 7% population depend on
agriculture.
• In USA extension service is called as
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION & HOME
ECONOMIC SERVICE.
• It ties together the local people or county govt, the
state through its college of agriculture {LAND
GRANT COLLEGE}

27. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES WERE BY,
• COUNTY AGENT
• LOCAL LEADERS
• HIME ECONOMIC AGENT
• 4-H CLUB.
• 4-H club, head heart, hands, health.
• Organization set up
Creed , pledge, motto