Slides of Literature review and theoretical framework

1. Literature Review and
Theoretical Framework

2. Meaning and Definition of Literature Review
It is a way to discover what other research in the area of your
problem has uncovered.
It is the process of identifying and studying about current problem
and the research from the available secondary sources
Nicholas Walliaman (2006): “ A literature review (or overview) is a
summary and analysis of current knowledge about a particular topic
or area of enquiry.

3. Purposes of Literature Review
Broaden the knowledge base of the researcher in the problem area and
research methodology.
Avoids needless duplication of the research work.
Minimizes the risk of pursuing the dead ends in the research.
Keeps researcher up to date to current empirical or theoretical controversies
in the research area.
Helps to save time and cost.
Design a theoretical framework for the current research.
Formulate hypotheses

4. Types of Literature review
1. Survey of Research Articles
Examination of the previous research works.
2. Conceptual Review
A theoretical review that examines various topics
pertaining to the research problem.
Sources: Books, encyclopedias, Journals, etc.

5. Phases of Literature Review
Working with
Literature
Locating Obtaining Reading Evaluating
Encyclopedias Libraries
Efficient and
Selective Reading
Content Analysis
Card and Computer
Catalogues
Online Services
Keeping Track or
References
Criteria of Review
Journal Indexes CD ROM Sources
Arguing your
rationale
Annotating Your
Response
Developing a
Structure
Critical Review
Style and Tone
Meta Analysis

6. 1. Locating Materials and Composing a Bibliography
Decide which subjects are relevant to the research problem.
Look in the encyclopedias under possible topic heading to obtain
background information and facts.
Go to the card or computer catalogue and check it for available
materials.
Check journal indexes for pertinent articles.
Check the journal indexes for pertinent articles.
Check the catalogue of university libraries, FNCCI, NRB, CBS etc. and their
bibliographies.

7. 2. Obtaining Books and Other Materials
Go through the sources like
•Library
•Online sources
•Secondary storage devices

8. 3. Reading and Reviewing the Literature
Scanning the materials
Identifying what the material is about
Identifying and marking ideas
Identifying new ideas, issues, methods used
Note taking relevant points in card
Do not over read, skim and read
the relevant

9. Note Taking
Direct Quotation
• Block and Indented Quotation:
• E.g. The UNDP (2001) makes an assessment of the current status of
technology transfer in Nepal in the following words
• Foreign aid has played a major role in the source and value of technology
imports including those in the manufacturing sector. Much of the
technology transfer under this category has been the turnkey type. The
presence of foreign technical personnel has assisted in acquiring
operational competence. However foreign technical personnel has assisted
in acquiring operational competence. However, it does not seem to have le
to the development of indigenous capabilities for technological innovation
and upgradation.(p. 44)
• Within-sentence Quotation :
• According to Koirala (2010), “Hypothesis is the assumption of relationship
between the variables under study.”(p. 85)

10. Paraphrased Quotation
• E.g. UNDP (2001) argue that the increasing use o foreign
technical personnel working in Nepal does not lead to the
development of local capabilities for technological
innovation.
Generalized Quotation
• e.g. There is wide agreement that the presence of foreign
experts would ultimately affect the capability-building of
the local people. The increasing use of such foreign
experts in Nepal has increased the country’s dependence
on them for technological innovation an upgradation
(Gurung 1997; Tuladhar & Thapa, 2002; and Yadav, 2005).

11. 4. Evaluating the Contents of the Literature
Criteria for Evaluation
•Accuracy and dependability
•Suitability for specific requirements
•Scope and arrangement
•Author
•Up-to-dateness
•Publisher

12. Steps in Evaluating/Analyzing Literature
1. Initial Appraisal
•Analysis of author, date of publication, edition,
publisher, and title of journal.
2. Analysis of Contents
• Evaluating the Introduction
• Evaluating the Methods Selection
• Evaluating the Results Section
• Evaluating the Discussion Section

13. Evaluating Introduction
• Are the results from the previous research unbiasedly stated?
• Is the purpose of the study clearly stated?
• Does hypotheses match the problem and the theoretical framework?
• Are the hypotheses clearly stated and testable?
Evaluating the Methods
• Who are the participants? Is the sample sizable?
• Is the hypothesis testing adequate?
• Does the research design allow hypothesis testing?
• Is there any flaw with the materials that can challenge the validity of the
study?

14. Evaluating the Results
• Do findings properly follow data analysis?
• Were the appropriate statistics used?
• Does the text tables, figures match?
Evaluating the Discussion
• Do the conclusions follow the results?
• Does the author offer speculations concerning the results?
• How do the findings of the study mess with the previous research and
existing theory?
• Does the author point the way to directions for future research in the
area?

15. Format of Presenting the Literature Review
Bharat (2005) found that………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………… (Arati,
2008).
…………………………………………. (Shyam & Ram, 2006; August,
2007; Hari & Hikmat, 2012)
Different researchers have emphasized different objectives of
operations performance, e.g. quality (Vaughan, 2007), speed
(Zikmund 2005; Merriam 2010), flexibility (Krishna, 2001; Ram
2007).

16. Literature Search Through Internet
• Web system first introduced in 1992 (Pant, 2012)
• Invention of internet has revolutionized the research patterns.
• Facilitated literature search.
• Internet is the largest source of literature.
• Risk involved about reliability and validity of findings.
• Use of search tools- search engines.

17. Pre-requisites for Going Online Literature
Search
• Right equipment: a PC, modem, and a telephone.
• Subscription
• Skill of using databases.

18. Searching the Internet

20. Meta Analysis
It is a systematic review that uses quantitative methods
to summarize the literature.
It is more objective way of reviewing the literature.
It is also called aggregate quantitative review.
Involves two techniques
a) Comparing Results
b) Combining Results

21. • A theoretical framework is a conceptual model of how one theorizes
or makes logical sense of the relationships among the several factors
that have been identified as important to the problem
• The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the
variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the
situation being investigated
• From the theoretical framework, testable hypotheses can be
developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

22. • A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying
values.
• The values can differ at various times for the same object or
person, or the values can differ at the same time for different
objects or persons.
• Examples are exam scores, inflation rate, absenteeism, and
motivation
CONCEPT: VARIABLE

23. • The dependent variable (criterion variable)
• The independent variable (predictor variable)
• The moderating variable
• The intervening variable
TYPES OF VARIABLES

24. • The variable of primary interest to the researcher
• Main aim is to understand and describe the dependent variable (e.g.
the factors that affect it)
• By analyzing it, researcher finds answers or solutions to problems
• Sometimes there may be more than one dependent variables
Dependent Variable

25. • An independent variable is one that influences dependent
variable in either a positive or negative way.
• The variance in the dependent variable is accounted for by
the independent variable (s).
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

26. • The moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent
effect on the independent variable-dependent variable
relationship.
• The presence of a third variable (the moderating variable)
modifies the original relationship between the independent
and dependent variables.
Moderating variable

27. • An intervening variable is one that surfaces between the
time the independent variables operate to influence the
dependent variable and their impact on the dependent
variable
INTERVENING VARIABLE

28. Presentation of Theoretical Framework
(Format or Schematic Diagram)
Workforce diversity
Creative
Synergy
Organizational
effectiveness
Managerial
expertise
Ind. V
M.V.
Int. V.
Dep. Var.

29. Identification of the variables under study
Discussions about how two or more variables are related to each
other
If the nature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the
basis of the findings from previous research, then there should be an
indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would
be positive or negative
Explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist.
The arguments could be drawn from the previous research findings
A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework
COMPONENTS OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

30. RESEARCH AND THEORY
 RESEARCH
Research includes any gathering of data,
information and facts for advancement of knowledge or to
solve the problem.
 THEORY
According to William(2006) “ A theory is a
statement of relation among concepts within a set of
boundary assumption and constraints.”

31. Theory provides a conceptual model for a
research.
Research, in turn, contributes to the
development of theory.
Research initiates and tests an existing theory.

32. Where Do Theories Come
From?
A theory
may be
developed
with
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning

33. You begin with a theory about your topic of
interest. You then narrow that down into
more specific variables that you can test.
Example: Since all squares are rectangles, and
all rectangles have 4 sides, so all squares have
four sides.
DEDUCTION: TESTING THEORY

34. In this researcher tries to understand the nature of
problem, gather the required quantitative and
qualitative data, and analyze them to draw conclusions.
Bottom-up approach
Induction: Building Theory

35. Deduction and Induction
Deduction
Induction

36. Guidelines for writing literature review:
 Use evidence
Be selective
Use the quotes sparingly
Summarize and synthesize
Keep your own voice
Use caution when paraphrasing