THIS IS JUST A BASIC INFO AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT IPR

1. Objectives of research, types of
research, research process, approaches
to research; conducting literature
review- information sources,
information retrieval, tools for
identifying literature, Indexing and
abstracting services, Citation indexes,
summarizing the review, critical review,
identifying research gap, conceptualizing
and hypothesizing the research gap

2. • What is a research problem?
• A research problem is a statement that addresses a
gap in knowledge, a challenge or a contradiction in a
particular field.
• Scientists use research problems to identify and
define the aim of their study and analysis.
• You may decide to conduct research based on a
problem if you're interested in contributing to social
or scientific change or supplying additional
knowledge to an existing topic.

3. • Why is the research problem important?
• Without a well-defined research problem, you are
likely to end up with an unfocused and
unmanageable project.
• You might end up repeating what other people have
already said, trying to say too much, or doing
research without a clear purpose and justification.
• Whether you’re planning your thesis, starting
a research paper, or writing a research proposal, the
research problem is the first step towards knowing
exactly what you’ll do and why.

4. How to define a research problem
• 1. Identify a general area of interest
• As you determine an area of study, consider areas that
haven't been explored thoroughly or present challenges
within a particular field.
• Assess how you might address the area of concern and
whether you can develop a research problem related to
this issue.
• If your research is action-based or applied, consider
contacting those who work in a relevant field to attain
feedback about problems to address.
• You can also follow up on research that others have
already conducted

5. • 2. Learn more about the problem
• The next step is to learn more about the area of
interest
• Ask yourself what you need to know about a
particular topic before you begin your study.
• Assess who or what it might affect and how your
research could address those relationships.
• Consider whether other research groups have
already tried to solve the problem you're interested
in analyzing and how your approach might differ.

6. • Review the context of the information
• Reviewing the context of your research involves
defining and testing the environmental variables
in your project, which may help you create a
clear and focused research problem.
• It may also help you note which variables are
present in the research and how to account for
the impact that they may have on it.
• By reviewing the context, you may easily
estimate the amount of data your research is
likely to require.

7. • Determine relationships between variables
• After identifying the variables involved in your
research, you can learn how they're related to
one another and how these relationships may
contribute to your research problem.
• Identifying the may be useful whrelationships
between variables en deciding the degree to
which you can control them in your study and
how they might affect potential solutions to the
problem you're addressing.

8. • Select and include important variables
• A clear and manageable research problem typically
includes the variables that are most relevant to the
study.
• Selecting the most important variables can help the
study's audience better understand the trajectory of
your research and the potential impact of the
solution.

9. • Receive feedback and revise
• Consider contacting mentors, teachers or
industry experts for feedback on your
research problem.
• They may present you with new information
to consider or suggest you edit a particular
aspect of your research design.

12. Criteria in selecting a good research
problem.
A good criteria which are keep in your mind when selecting a
research problem are:
• The researcher should have interest in the problem area.
• The selected problem should be of theoretical importance
and fill gaps in literature.
• Data should be accessible.
• Peer recognition of its importance.
• The problem should enhance and broaden researchers’
knowledge and skills In research.

13. Criteria in selecting a good research problem.
• The research problem should of sufficient
magnitude and scope to fulfill the requirements
that motivate the study.
• The solution to the research problem should be
practicable.
• The research problem should have enough
variables.
• It should contribute to the advancement of
knowledge
• It should meet publication standards.

14. Formulating and Stating the Problem
• After the problem has been selected, it must
be definitely formulated and stated. The type
of statement to be employed depends on the
preference of the worker and the nature of
the problem.
• There are two different ways of stating a
problem:
• (i) Posing question/questions
• (ii) Making declaration statement/statements

16. Formulation of the problem includes
• i)stating the problem in the form of
statements or questions which make the
problem clear and understandable,
• ii)identification and operationalisation of the
variables concisely, and
• iii)evaluating the problem in terms of its
significance, novelty and feasibility.

17. What is hypothesis
• A hypothesis is defined as “A tentative
proposition suggested as a solution to a
problem or as an explanation of some
phenomenon

20. Different approaches of research
problem
1. Application- Pure and Applied Research
Applied- Finding solutions for immediate problems
facing a society/industry
Pure- Concerned with generalization and formulation
of a theory
2. Inquiry Mode- Quantitative and qualitative
Quantitatative- Measurements of quantity or amount
Qualitative- Concerned with qualitative phenomena
(reasons for human behavior)

21. Different approaches of research
problem
• Based on research objectives:
Exploratory or formulative research- To gain
familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve
new insights into it
descriptive research- To study accurately the
characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group-includes survey

22. Different approaches of research
problem
Diagnostic research- To determine the
frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something
else
hypothesis-testing research- To test a
hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables

27. • DATA INTERPRETATION
The usual step proceeding data analysis is
interpretation. “Interpretation involves
attaching meaning and significance to the
analysis, explaining descriptive patterns, and
looking for relationships and linkages among
descriptive dimensions. Once these processes
have been completed the researcher must
report his or her interpretations and
conclusions

28. conducting literature review-
information sources
• There are several sources you can use to
conduct a literature review, including:
Academic databases: These include Google
Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science,
which provide access to academic journals,
books, conference proceedings, and other
scholarly

29. • Which AI tool is best for literature review?
Elicit: Enhancing Literature Discovery with
Precision: Elicit is a powerful AI research
assistant tool that empowers researchers to
efficiently discover and access relevant
academic papers and literature.

30. What is the difference between primary and
secondary publications?
• Primary sources offer raw information, or the
first-hand evidence compiled by research,
whereas secondary sources interpret or
analyze the information from primary sources.

31. Indexing and abstracting periodicals
• Indexing and abstracting periodicals are categorized as
secondary publications. These secondary publications
present the contents of the primary documents in a
systematic condensed form.
• They together list and arrange the relevant items from
the primary documents for easy and quick access.
• Indexing and abstracting periodicals, though report
current literature, are useful for retrospective search
also and they have a permanent use.
• They are different from Current Awareness Services,
whose use is temporary and emphasis there is on quick
reporting of current literature.

32. • The word `index' is derived from the Latin word
`indicare' meaning `to point out' or `to show'.
• An indexing periodical is an access tool to a
systematically arranged list of periodical
literature providing complete bibliographical
references of already published individual items
of primary documents, which a republished in
regular interval. It is organised in a convenient
manner to search the location of entries.
• An Index can be alphabetical, classified,
chronological, geographical or numerical. They
are access tools to identify and locate the
required information which appeared in a
particular periodical

34. Functions of indexing and abstracting
The primary functions of indexing and abstracting periodicals are:
• to keep scholars and information users abreast of current literature
in their fields of interest. They can be benefited from scanning the
issues of indexing and abstracting periodicals. This can be termed as
current use function;
• to find information on the literature of the subject fields as and
when need arises. The indexing and abstracting periodicals are key
tools to librarians and information workers for day to day reference
and bibliographical work, though research scholars also use them
extensively. This can be termed as retrospective search function;
• to provide bibliographical control of literature output either by
country or by subject or by kind of materials, if the aim of the
indexing and abstracting services is exhaustive coverage. This can be
termed as comprehensive use function.

35. secondary functions
The secondary functions are:
• to help users get over language bather, particularly in the
case of abstracting periodicals;
• to obtain correct and complete bibliographical details of
particular items of literature, when there is any doubt;
• to look up for information on a topic, which may not have
been well covered by books, encyclopaedias, etc.;
• to make known the work of individual scientists or scholars;
• to serve as a source for carrying out statistical, bibliometric
and sociological studies on the growth and pattern of
literature, indicative of research and development efforts
taking place; and to help users to get information which is
otherwise scattered in other sources.

36. Citation Indexes
Citation indexes are unique from the point of view of technique followed.
They are based on citations made in current documents.
They follow a novel method of detecting subject relationship of documents
through citations, and are claimed to be a useful tool for subject retrieval.
The fact of the association through citation is transformed into an index
keeping the direction from cited to citing documents.
The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science (1983) defines
Citation Index as an index consisting essentially of a list of works which
have been cited in other, later works and a list of the works from which the
citations have been collected.
Citation Index is the contribution of Eugene Garfield of the "Institute for
Scientific Information"(ISI); Philadelphia, USA.

37. • Examples 1) Science Citation Index
• a) Science Citation Index (SCI). Philadelphia: ISI, 1965- It provides
access to 3300 leading scientific and technical journals of the world
in all disciplines. Apart from journals some books are also covered.
It is available in various physical formats and media.
• Printed form is published 53 times a year. Back issues are available
in annual, five year and ten year cumulations through 1965 from
ISI, Philadelphia. CD-ROM version is published since 1988, 4 times a
year. Fourth disc is an annual cumulation. Back volumes are
available through 1980.
• The SCI comprises several parts like citation index, source index,
the permuterm subject index and the corporate index. The
`Citation Index' provides access to full bibliographic data. It is
arranged alphabetically by cited author.
• It provides year of citation, name of the journal, volume number
and page number. Under the cited author, name of the author,
name of the journal, citing year, volume number and page number
are given.

38. • 2) Social Sciences Citation Index a) Social
Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Philadelphia: ISI
1973- It provides access to over 1700 leading
Social Sciences journals in various disciplines as
well as selected relevant item from over 3300
leading scientific and technical journals &the
world. It also covers some monographs. Indexes
are on the pattern of SCI It is available in various
physical formats and media. Printed form is
published three times a year, with annual and
multi-year cumulation. CD-ROM published four
times a year started from 1989. .

39. • In both these examples, the Citation Index (1) (a) and (2) (a)
provides access to complete bibliographic information whereas
Citation Index with Abstracts includes abstracts provided by authors
in addition to index and are available only in CD-ROM format.
• Journal Citation Reports (or JCR) is a comprehensive, unique
resource from Clarivate for evaluating and comparing journals using
citation data drawn from scholarly and technical journals in the
fields of science, technology, and the social sciences.
• The JCRs of the Citation Indexes offer a systematic and objective
means of determining the relative importance of journals with
regards to – • how frequently a journal has been cited; • by which
journals, a journal has been cited; • how soon after publication and
for how long a journal has been cited; and • which journals are cited
by a particular journal.

40. What is summarizing in literature review?
• Summarize and synthesize: Give an overview
of the main points of each source and
combine them into a coherent whole.
Analyze and interpret: Don't just paraphrase
other researchers – add your own
interpretations where possible, discussing
the significance of findings in relation to the
literature as a whole.

41. • A typical research summary includes the
following key sections: introduction (including
the research question or objective),
methodology (briefly describing the research
design and methods), results (summarizing
the key findings), discussion (highlighting the
implications and significance of the findings),
How do you summarize a research
review?

42. Literature review
• A literature review is a summary of prior or existing studies that are
related to your own research paper. A literature review can be a part of
a research paper or can form a paper in itself. For the former, the
literature review is designed as a basis upon which your own current study
is designed and built. The latter forms a synthesis of prior studies and is a
way to highlight future research agendas or a framework.
• Writing a literature review
• In a literature review, you should attempt to discuss the arguments and
findings in prior studies and then work to build on these studies as you
develop your own research. You can also highlight
the connection between existing and prior literature to demonstrate how
the current study you are presenting can advance your knowledge in the
field.
• When performing a literature review, you should aim to summarise your
discussions using a specific aspect of the literature, such as by topic, time,
methodology/design and findings. By doing so, you should be able to
establish an effective way to present the relevant literature and
demonstrate the connection between prior studies and your research.

43. • A literature review is a comprehensive summary and
evaluation of the literature on a particular topic. It is a
way to gather and analyze information about a specific
subject, and to identify gaps in the existing research.
• A critical analysis, on the other hand, is an
examination of a piece of literature, film, or other
work, in which you evaluate its strengths and
weaknesses, and make an argument about its
meaning or significance.
• The two are related, but they have different purposes
and goals. A literature review is more focused on
synthesizing and summarizing existing research, while
a critical analysis is more focused on interpreting and
evaluating a specific work.

45. UNIT II
RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION
Statistical design of experiments- types and
principles; data types & classification; data
collection - methods and tools

46. • Statistical Design of experiment is a scientific approach to
data collection and measurement. The concept focuses on
creating an intervention in a controlled environment with
the purpose of establishing a relationship between the
independent and dependent variable.
• The process of the experimental design tests out a
hypothesis using observational and statistical measurement
skills to provide data that backs up the validity of the
hypothesis. The researcher controls an independent
variables to study the impact that it has on the dependent
variables.
• Experimental design starts by establishing a research
purpose, state the hypothesis to be tested, identify target
population, choose suitable methodology, define conditions
under which the experiment intervention would take place,
determine method of data recording and tools to be used
for final analysis.

47. • What is the statistical design of experiments in
research methodology?
• Statistical design of experiments identifies
sources of variation, (both random and
systematic) and then takes them into account
in designing the experiment and in the
subsequent analysis. Thus the resources
expended in carrying out a well designed
experiment result in the maximum amount of
information.

48. Meaning of statistical experiment:
• By a statistical experiment we mean the
procedure of drawing a sample with the
intention of making a decision. The sample
values are to be regarded as the values of a
random variable defined on some meas
urable space, and the decisions made are to
be functions of this random variable.

49. statistical experiment examples:
• Like a coin toss, rolling dice is a statistical
experiment. There is more than one possible
outcome. We can specify each possible
outcome in advance. And there is an element
of chance.

52. Principles
• Randomization: Random assignment of treatment to
experimental units.
• Replication: Repeated application of the basic treatment to
multiple experimental units.
• Local Control: Usage of balancing and blocking techniques to
eliminate the influence of extraneous variables in
experimental research design.

53. Random sample

54. Replicating the measurements taken on a set of
samples. Examples include taking two blood
pressure readings on each person or dividing a
blood sample into two aliquots and measuring
the concentration of a substance in each
aliquot