A preliminary study of high porosity pervious concrete for non-pavement applications. Also discussed is the feasibility of including recycled aggregate and the photocatalyst titanium dioxide in the mix design.

1. Improving the Performance of Recycled Aggregate
Pervious Concrete via Cement Binder Additives
ACI Convention Spring 2015
Patrick Barnhouse, EIT | MS Candidate
Sustainable Infrastructure Materials Laboratory (SIMLab)
University of Colorado Boulder
April 15, 2015

2. Agenda
• Beyond Horizontal Infrastructure
• Macroporous Pervious Concrete
• Materials and Methods
• Mix Designs
• Results
• Property Relationships
• Conclusions
• Future Research
2

3. Beyond Horizontal
Infrastructure
3

4. Beyond Horizontal Infrastructure
• Examples
o Historic
-Post World War II Europe 7
o Future Opportunity
-Sound barriers and reinforced panels 8
-Tennis courts 7
-Solar heating systems 7
-Marine “biohabitats” 9
• Properties of Interest
o Acoustic
o Thermal
o Porous
(Tarnai, et al. 2003)
4

5. Beyond Horizontal Infrastructure
• Material Design for Alternative Applications
• Favor properties other than mechanical
-e.g. acoustic absorption and high porosity over high strength
• No substantive research has been conducted on such
a material
• Main research focus has been on material for horizontal
infrastructure (5-30% porosity)
5

6. Macroporous
Pervious Concrete
6

7. Macroporous Pervious Concrete
• Macroporous Pervious Concrete (MPC)
• Pervious concrete with a porosity > 30%
• Expected Properties
• Low Strength
• High Permeability
7

8. Macroporous Pervious Concrete
• Alternative Applications
o Historic Example
-Post World War II Europe 7
o Future Opportunity
-Sound barriers and reinforced panels 8
-Tennis courts 7
-Solar heating systems 7
-Marine “biohabitats” 9
• Properties of Interest
o Acoustic
o Thermal
o Porous
(Tarnai, et al. 2003)
8

9. Macroporous Pervious Concrete
• Macroporous Applications
o Historic Example
-Post World War II Europe 7
o Future Opportunity
-Sound barriers and reinforced panels 8
-Tennis courts 7
-Solar heating systems 7
-Marine “biohabitats” 9
• Properties of Interest
o Acoustic
o Thermal
o Porous
(Tarnai, et al. 2003)
9

10. Materials and Methods
10

11. Materials and Methods
• Research Goal
• Investigate and Characterize MPC
• Analyze mechanical and physical properties
• Observe the potential for sustainability
• Research Design
• Replace virgin aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)
 Work to sustainability
• Incorporate sand and the photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2) as
cement binder additives
 Maintain or improve performance
• Compare MPC properties to conventional pervious concrete
11

12. Materials and Methods
• Mortar Compressive Testing
o Effective proxy of studying the paste of MPC
o Study the impact of TiO2 on binder strength
-Previous studies have shown promise 10,11
12

13. Materials and Methods
• MPC Casting
o Light compaction
• MPC Mechanical Testing
o Compression testing
o Observe the impact of RCA 12-14, sand 15 and TiO2
• MPC Physical Measurements
o Porosity
o Permeability
13

14. Materials and Methods
• Simulated Field Testing
o Pervious concrete is sensitive to moisture while curing 16
o Ideal conditions may not give realistic results
• Mortar Field Conditions
o Exposed to ambient conditions
o Control specimen cured for comparison
• MPC Field Conditions
o Wrapped in plastic for 7 days 17
o Exposed to ambient conditions
14

15. Mix Designs
15

16. Mix Designs
• Mortar Cubes
o Three (3) sets of six (6) cubes for each formulation
o “2.5” or “5” = % addition of binder
o “C” or “T” = Cement or TiO2 binder material
16

17. Mix Designs
• MPC Cylinders
o Seven (7) mixes to study aggregate and paste
o “2.5” or “5” = % addition of TiO2
o “RCA” or “RCAs” = Recycled Aggregate or Recycled Aggregate
with Sand
o “HRWR” = High Range Water Reducer
17

18. Results
18

19. Results
• Mortar Cubes
19

20. Results
• Mortar Cubes
 TiO2 gave early strength benefits
 TiO2 performed better than cement for 3- and 7-day tests
 5% addition of TiO2 gave no significant benefit at 28-days
 2.5% TiO2 gave more strength improvement than ideal-curing
20

21. Results
• Mortar Cubes
o % increase is the relative gain from one w/b ratio to the other
 Both additions of TiO2 gave noticeable increases
21

22. Results
• Mortar Cubes
o % increase is the relative gain from one w/b ratio to the other
 2.5% TiO2 comparable to ideal-curing
22

23. Results
• MPC Cylinder
23

24. Results
• MPC Cylinder
o Strengths are low—non-pavement applications
 No difference between aggregate type
 2.5% TiO2 was beneficial while 5% TiO2 was detrimental
24

25. Results
• MPC Cylinder
 RCA has the largest porosity and permeability
 Permeability follows porosity
25

26. Property Relationships
26

27. Property Relationships
• MPC Cylinder
 Compressive strength independent of unit weight
27

28. Property Relationships
• MPC Cylinder
 Compressive strength independent of porosity
28

29. Property Relationships
• MPC Cylinder
o Carman-Kozeny model used to predict permeability 20,21
o Coefficient varies for data sets
29
𝐾 = 𝛼
𝑝3
1 − 𝑝 2
K = permeability (cm/s)
p = porosity (%)
α = empirical coefficient
(Eqn 1)

30. Property Relationships
• MPC Cylinder
o Carman-Kozeny model used to predict permeability 20,21
 Coefficient varies for data sets
30

31. Property Relationships
• MPC Cylinder
o Proposed piecewise solution
31
𝐾 =
= 30
𝑝3
1 − 𝑝 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑝 ≤ 30%
= 45
𝑝3
1 − 𝑝 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑝 ≥ 30%
(Eqn 2)
K = permeability (cm/s)
p = porosity (%)

32. Property Relationships
• MPC Cylinder
o Proposed piecewise solution
 Modified Carman-Kozeny sufficiently fits all data
32

33. Conclusions
33

34. Conclusions
TiO2-Cement Materials
1. TiO2 enhances early strength and 28-day strength
2. 2.5% TiO2 by weight of cement is suggested addition
• Enhance hydration without negative side effects
3. Field simulation is key for TiO2-cement materials
• Results differ from existing data
34

35. Conclusions
Macroporous Pervious Concrete (MPC)
1. RCA can be used without a loss in performance
2. Sand was more beneficial than TiO2
• Work best together
3. Strength independent of porosity & unit weight
• Atypical for pervious concrete
4. Modified Carman-Kozeny model required
35

36. Future Research
36

37. Future Research
• MPC Properties
• Life Cycle Analysis
• Further characterization of
MPC
-Tensile strength
-Freeze-thaw durability
• Binder strength improvements
for MPC
-SCMs
-Internal Curing
• Slab vs cylinder results
37
• TiO2-Cement Materials
• Mechanical properties of
TiO2 additions on
conventional pervious
concrete
• Impact of TiO2 on rheology
of fresh-state pervious
concrete
• Lower doses of TiO2

38. References
[1] Welker AL, Barbis JD, Jeffers PA. A Side-by-Side Comparison of Pervious Concrete and Porous Asphalt. Journal of the American Water Resources
Association 2012;48:809–19.
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[3] Haselbach L, Boyer M, Kevern JT, Schaefer VR. Cyclic Heat Island Impacts on Traditional Versus Pervious Concrete Pavement Systems.
Transportation Research Record 2011;2240:107–15.
[4] Starke P, Gobel P, Coldeway WG. Urban Evaporation Rates for Water Permeable Pavements. Water Science and Technology 2010;62:1161–9.
[5] Nemirovsky EM, Welker AL, Lee R. Quantifying Evaporation from Pervious Concrete Systems: Methodology and Hydrologic Perspective. Journal of
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-ASCE 2013;139:271–7.
[6] Goel PK. Water Pollution-Causes, Effects and Control. New Delhi: New Age International; 2006.
[7] Ghafoori N, Dutta S. Building and Nonpavement Applications of No-Fines Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 1995;7:286–9.
[8] Carsana M, Tittarelli F, Bertolini L. Use of no-fines concrete as a building material: Strength, durability properties and corrosion protection of
embedded steel. Cement and Concrete Research 2013;48:64–73. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.02.006.
[9] Tarnai M, Mizuguchi H, Hatanaka S, Katahira H, Nakazawa T, Yanagibashi K, et al. Design, Construction and Recent Applications of Porous Concrete
in Japan. Our World in Concrete and Structures, Singapore: 2003.
[10] Chen J, Kou SC, Poon CS. Hydration and properties of nano-TiO2 blended cement composites. Cement and Concrete Composites 2012;34:642–9.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.009.
[11] Jayapalan AR, Jue ML, Kurtis KE. Nanoparticles and apparent activation energy of Portland cement. Journal of the American Ceramic Society
2014;97:1534–42. doi:10.1111/jace.12878.
[12] Berry BM, Suozzo MJ, Anderson I a., Dewoolkar MM. Properties of Pervious Concrete Incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Transportation
Research Board Annual Meeting, 2012.
[13] Gaedicke C, Marines A, Miankodila F. A method for comparing cores and cast cylinders in virgin and recycled aggregate pervious concrete.
Construction and Building Materials 2014;52:49–503.
[14] Rizvi R, Tighe S, Henderson V, Norris J. Evaluating the Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Pervious Concrete Pavement. Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2010;2164:132–40. doi:10.3141/2164-17.
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39. [15] Kevern JT, Schaefer VR, Wang K, Suleiman MT. Pervious Concrete Mixture Proportions for Improved Freeze-Thaw Durability. Journal of ASTM
International 2008;5:101320. doi:10.1520/JAI101320.
[16] American Concrete Institute (ACI). 2013. “ACI 522.R-10—Report on Pervious Concrete.” Farmington Hills, MI.
[17] American Concrete Institute (ACI). 2010. “ACI 522.1-1—Specification for Pervious Concrete Pavement.” Farmington Hills, MI.
[18] Chen J, Poon CS. Photocatalytic construction and building materials: From fundamentals to applications. Building and Environment 2009;44:1899–
906. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.01.002.
[19] Diamanti MV, Ormellese M, Pedeferri M. Characterization of photocatalytic and superhydrophilic properties of mortars containing titanium
dioxide. Cement and Concrete Research 2008;38:1349–53. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.07.003.
[20] Kevern JT, Schaefer VR. Mixture Proportioning Considerations for Improved Freeze-Thaw Durability of Pervious Concrete. ISCORD 2013:471–81.
[21] Montes F, Haselbach L. Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity in Pervious Concrete. Environmental Engineering Science 2006;23:960–9.
doi:10.1089/ees.2006.23.960.
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40. Questions
40

41. Proposed Mechanism
• Why is 5% TiO2 not beneficial?
(Chen, et al. 2012)
41

42. Proposed Mechanism
• Field Simulated Curing
1. UV Radiation
-TiO2 is hydrophilic after UV exposure 18,19
2. Autogeneous shrinkage
-TiO2 particle size makes path more tortuous
42

43. Sustainability
• MPC Sustainability
 Use of RCA
-Waste reduction
-Conserve resources
43

44. Sustainability
• MPC Sustainability
 Incorporation of TiO2
-Improved strength
-Pollutant removal
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