3. Introduction
12pairs of cranial nerves
Connects brain to different parts of the body
Each nerve-Roman numerals[I-XII]
Intracranial and extracranial
Development: Ectodermal placode,neural
crest cells, pharyngeal arches
7. Lesions:
• Blunt trauma such as coup- contrecoup damage
• Meningitis
• Tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain
• Injury-reduce ablity to smell
Foster kenedy syndrome:
• Olfactory groove meningioma
• Ipsilateral- anosmia,
• Ipsilateral optic atropy
• Contralateral- papilledema
8. Optic nerve
Exit - Optic canal
Nerve of sight
Transmit all visual
information
No neurilemma
sheath,so no power to
regenerete,it is a track
not a nerve.
Special afferent
9. Lesions:
Visual pathway lesions:
Complete blindness
• Bi-temporal and bi-nasal hemianopia
•
• Loss of field of vision
• Multiple sclerosis.
• Orbital apex syndrome:
• Dysfunction of optic nerve – manifested
• vision loss, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia.
10. Oculomotor nerve
Exits from the Superior orbital fissure
Functions:
1. Movement of eyeball
2. Constrict pupil
3. Accomodation
4. Convergence
Innervates-4 EOM ,LPS
General somatic efferent
General visceral efferent
12. Trochlear nerve
• Exit-Superior orbital fissure
• Function – Abduction of eyeball
• General somatic efferent
• Head injury-Bilateral palsy
• Trochlear nerve pain syndrome
• [trochleitis]-inflamation
• of superior oblique tendon
13. Trigeminal nerve
• Exit-superior orbital fissure, foramen ovalae,
foramen
rotundum
• Functions
1. Largest cn
2. Supplies- mastication
3. Sensory –face,
4. nasal cavity, oral cavity
• General somatic afferent
Special somatic efferent
Loss of general sensation of face
Loss of corneal reflex
Flaccid paralysis of mastication muscles
Trigeminal neuralgia
14. Adbucent nerve
• Exit-superior orbital fissure.
• Function –abduction/move
eye towards temporal.
• General somatic efferent
• Lesion-alternating abducent
hemiparesis.
• Paralysis-seen in pateint with
meningitis,subarachnoid
hge,late stage of syphillis,
trauma.
15. Facial nerve
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial movements
Taste
Salivation
Lacrimation
General sensation of external
ear
Muscles of facial expression
General somatic afferent,
Special afferent,
General visceral efferent,
Special visceral efferent.
18. Glossopharygeal nerve
Exit-jugular foramen
Functions -
1. Taste
2. Salivation
3. Swallowing
4. Carotid sinus- baroreceptors -regulates blood pressure.
5. Carotid body- chemoreceptors -monitor co2 o2 conc in blood.
General visceral afferent
Special afferent
General visceral efferent
Special visceral efferent
Lesion –difficult swallowing ,loss of taste.
19. Vagus nerve
Exit-jugular foramen
Functions
1. Internal organ function
2. Digestion
3. Swallowing
4. Heart rate
5. Vasomotor activity
6. Reflexes –cough,sneezing,vomiting
It supplies viscera of neck, throax ,abdomen
Lesions-paralysis -pharynx, larynx
abnormalities-esophageal motility , gastric acid
secretions , gall bladder emptying
20. Spinal accessory nerve
• Exit-jugular foramen
• Head and shoulder
movements
• sternocleidomastoid
• and trapezius muscle.
• Lesion-difficulty in turning
head and neck , shoulder
drop
21. Hypoglossal nerve
Exit-Hypoglossal canal
All tongue movements
General somatic efferent
Injuries-sublingual
Surgeries,traumatic
Occipital fracture
22. Recent
Cranial nerve 13 is also known as the “zero nerve” or “nerve
N”
First discovered in 1870 in sharks - nerve of pinkus,
Dysfunction points.
Cranial nerve 14 was first identified in 1563, it was
mentioned in a textbook as the nerve of Wrisberg .
Nervus intermedius
Otalgia
25. Oral & maxillofacial injuries[RTA]--trigeminal nerve damaged
in angle of mandible-jaw immobile
Iatrogenic during laryngeal mask placement , tonsillectomy
Sec304 A
Cochlear implant helpful- forensic identification
10-25%-orbital fractures 0.5-3%- blindness
Café coronary syndrome –fatal chocking of food..
sec320ipc
26. Cont-
Vagal stimulation Vagal inhibition
•Medical treatment –stimulate vagus
nerve with electrical impulses.
• Benefits –lowers blood
pressure,decreasese heart rate,
reduces body response to stress.
•Vagus nerve stimulation therapy
–epileptic patients.
•Sudden Pressure on neck
•Sudden death
•Hanging
•Strangulation
•Drowning
Implantable vagal stimulator Pathway of vagal inhibition
27. Brain stem death
cranial nerves reflexes
1.Optic nerve[2] Loss of pupillary reflex
2.occulomotor,trochlear,
abducent[3,4,6]
eye motion is lost in reaction
to head
3.Trigeminal ,facial[5,7] Loss of corneal reflex
4.vestibulococchlear[8] Loss of oculo vestibular reflex
5.Glossopharyngeal,vagus[9][
10]
Loss of gag reflex
28. References
1.BD Chaurasia human anatomy head and neck.
2.High yeild neuroanatomy-lippincot williams and wilkins.
3.Colour atlas charles catanese .
4.Clinical neuroanatomy Richard s.snell.
5.Anil agarwal text book of forensic medicine.
6.Narayan reddy essential of forensic medicine.
7.Journal of multidiciplinary healthcare.
8.leg med 2015mar;epub2014 nv 11 J Oral Maxillofac Su
9.journal 2006 Apr;13(3):135-8.epub dec 13
10.Journal of emergency trauma and shock 2018 Jul-
Sep;1
11.Prospective study of hertzernr,feldman,beven,tucker
12.International journal of ophthalmology
13.Journal of critical care medicine