The document summarizes brain anatomy and development. It begins by describing the central nervous system and its major components. It then outlines the stages of brain development from conception through formation of the three main parts - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Finally, it provides details on the anatomical subdivisions and functions of each brain region, including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.

2. Brain anatomy
• CNS consist of brain and spinal card.
• 100 billion neurons in the CNS
• According to John Eccles (1973) it is the most highly complexly
organized matter in universe
• Brain is very soft and jelly like.
• Brain weight is 3 pond

3. Brain development
• Development of CNS begins around eighteen day after conception
• Ectoderm of embryo thickens and form plate
• Plate edges form ridges that curl through longitudinal line then
ridges touch and fuse together …forming a neural tube that give
rise to the brain and spinal cord.
• By twenty-eight day of development the neural tube is closed and
its rostral end has developed three interconnected chamber.
• Chamber become ventricles and tissues surround them become
the three major part of brain.. Forebrain, mid brain and hindbrain.

4. Brain development
• As development progress, the rostral chamber (forebrain) divide
into three separate parts
• Two lateral ventricles and third ventricle
• Region around lateral ventricles becomes the telencephalon (end
brain)
• Third ventricle region become diencephalon (inter brain).
• Mid brain (also called mesencephalon) divide into tube like
structure and form cerebral aqueduct.
• Two structure developed in the hind brain: metencephalon (after
brain) and the myelencephalon (marrow brain)

5. anatomical subdivision of brain
brain
forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
 Cerebral cortex
 Basal ganglia
 Limbic system
 Cerebellum
 Pons
 Medulla
oblongata
 Tectum
 Tegmentum
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus

6. Forebrain: surround rostral end of
neural tube
Telencephalon
• Outer most portion is telencephalon
• Larger than diencephalon

7. The Cerebral Cortex
•Outermost layer of
brain
•Cerebral Cortex
•the body’s ultimate
control and
information
processing center
•Highest level of motor
sensory and cognitive
processing

8. Cerebrum
• Cerebrum consists of the cerebral cortex and underlying structure
of telencephalon.
• Central celcus divides cerebrum into two equal halves. Left and
right hemisphere
• Receive sensory input from and sends motor output to other side
of the body.

9. Function of Hemispheres
Right Hemisphere
• understanding and remembering things we do and see
• putting bits of information together to make an entire picture
• controls the left side of the body
Left Hemisphere
• understanding and use of language (listening, reading, speaking and
writing)
• memory for spoken and written messages
• detailed analysis of information
• controls the right side of the body

10. The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

11. The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Planning, decision
making speech
Sensory
Auditory
Vision

12. Frontal Lobe
• Judgments
• How we initiate activity in response to our environment.
• Controls our emotional response.
• Controls our expressive language.
• Assigns meaning to the words we choose (abstract thought)
• Attention span
• Involves word associations (language planning)
• Memory for habits and motor activities (short term memory)
• Motor cortex—Voluntary movement
• Impulse control
• Perseverance

13. Frontal Lobe Deficit—Problems
• Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis).
• Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-
stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing).
• Loss of flexibility in thinking.
• Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration).
• Inability to focus on task (Attending).
• Mood changes (Emotionally Labile).
• Difficulty with problem solving.
• Inability to express language (Broca's Aphasia).

14. Parietal Lobe Function
• Location for visual attention.
• Location for touch perception.
• Goal directed voluntary movements.
• Manipulation of objects.
• Integration of different senses that allows for
understanding a single concept.

15. Parietal Lobe—Problems resulting from deficit
• Inability to attend to more than one object at a time.
• Inability to name an object (Anomia).
• Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia).
• Problems with reading (Alexia).
• Difficulty with drawing objects (Apraxia)
• Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia).
• Lack of awareness of certain body parts (Apraxia) that leads to
difficulties in self-care.
• Inability to focus visual attention.
• Difficulties with eye and hand coordination.

16. Temporal Lobe Function
• Hearing ability
• Memory acquisition (storage and retrieval)
Of new information in memory)
• Some visual perceptions
• Categorization of objects.

17. Temporal Lobe Deficits—Problems
• Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia).
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia).
• Disturbance with selective attention to what we see and hear.
• Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects.
• Short-term memory loss.
• Interference with long-term memory
• Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior.
• Inability to categorize objects (Categorization).
• Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking.
• Increased aggressive behavior.

18. Occipital Lobe
Function: vision
Occipital Lobe Deficits—Problems
• Defects in vision.
• Difficulty with locating objects in environment (visual Agnosia)
• Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia).
• Production of hallucinations
• Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects.
• Word blindness - inability to recognize words.
• Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects.
• Inability to recognize movement of an object (Movement Agnosia).
• Difficulties with reading and writing.

19. The Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal (Forehead to top)  Motor Cortex
• Parietal (Top to ear)  Sensory Cortex
• Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex
• Temporal (Above ears)  Auditory Cortex

20. Limbic system
• The limbic system is an older term for a group of subcortical
structures dealing with basic drives, emotions and memory
• It involve Hippocampus and amygdala.
• Even every different part of limbic system perform different
functions

21. hippocampus
• Two hippocampi in each temporal lobe
• If deficit in one part then cause extreme disturbance
• General intelligence is effected due to lesion in this part
• It also depends upon the type of hemisphere
• Hippocampus  Memory processing
• Amygdala  Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)

22. Basal ganglia
• Above cerebral cortex and thalamus
• It control Motor system
• Also involved in thinking, Recall
• Parkinson disease is due to degeneration of neuron at this part
• Diminished learning
• Lack of initiative

23. Diencephalon
• Consisted of thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal body
• Pineal body
• Pea sized structure that sites at the centre of the brain
• Secrets melatonin which helps in regulation of biological cycle

24. Thalamus
• Small bifurcated structure
• Relay station
• located on top of the brainstem.
• directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
• Lesions can cause threshold for pain may be raised
• It involve in Memory attention and speech, emotion

25. • There are many projection fibres(whose cell bodies at one region
and axons at another).
• So it consisted of nuclei that project information from one region
to another.
• Some nuclei receive information from sensory system and project
them to the cerebral cortex.

27. hypothalamus
• Below thalamus
• 0.3 percent of brain weight
• More studied in animals
• Controls pituitary gland
• Control autonomic nervous system
• Endocrine system
• Organize behaviours which are important for the survival.
• Pituitary gland is attached to the base of hypothalamus through
the pituitary stalk.

28. • Hypothalamus control four f’s. Feeding, fleeing, fighting and
mating
• Much of the endocrine system controlled by hormones produced
by cells in the hypothalamus.
• The hypothalamus is connected internally with the pituitary gland.
• The hypothalamus hormones are secreted by neurosecretory cells
present at the base of the pituitary stalk.
• Hormones stimulate the pituraty gland to release the hormones
such as gonadotrophin-releasing hormone called gonadotrophic
hormone ----important is reproduction and behaviour.

29. Brainstem
Function:
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla
• Breathing, Heart Rate ,Swallowing
• Controls sweating, blood pressure,
digestion, temperature (Autonomic
Nervous System).
• Affects level of alertness.
• Ability to sleep.

30. Brainstem Deficits—Problems
• Decreased vital capacity in breathing, important for speech.
• Swallowing food and water (Dysphagia).
• Difficulty with organization/perception of the environment.
• Problems with balance and movement.
• Dizziness and nausea (Vertigo).
• Sleeping difficulties (Insomnia, hypersomnia).

31. Mid brain :Mesencephalon .
• Consists of two main divisions.Tectum andTegmentum
• Wrap around a fluid filled aqueduct
• Tectum as roof andTegmentum as floor
• Tectum consists of two bilaterally symmetrical nuclei called
colliculli
• Superior colliculli used to mediate head and eye movement during
following any visual stimuli
• Inferior colliculli used to follow same function for audition.

32. Tegmentum
• It is a relay station for sensory and motor fibers.
• It also includes the rostral end of reticular formation, several nuclei
controlling the eye movement.
• Control Blood pressure,Temperature , Emotional influence.

33. Hind brain:
Myelencephalon
• Medulla oblongata
• Pass through the spinal cord
• Breathing vomiting swallowing blood pressure and heart rate
• Talking and singing
• Degeneration causes Opposite side of paralysis, partial loss of pain
and temperature, Polio virus do effect on it

34. Reticular formation
• It is at lower border attached to the medulla and at upper border to
the mid brain.
• It receives sensory information and project it to the cerebral cortex,
thalamus and spinal cord.
• It play role in the sleep and arousal, attention ,muscle tone and
movement.
• Coma.

35. Hind brain :Metencephalon
• Cerebellum
the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem,
cerebellum actually means little brain.
• Involve in Coordination of voluntary movement
• Balance and equilibrium
Also helps involved in nonverbal learning and in case of
injury in cerebellum you would have difficulty walking,
keeping your balance, shaking hands.

36. Cerebellum Deficits—Problems
• Loss of ability to coordinate fine movements.
• Loss of ability to walk.
• Inability to reach out and grab objects.
• Tremors.
• Dizziness (Vertigo). Moving object surrounding
• Slurred Speech (Scanning Speech). Explosive speech
• Inability to make rapid movements

37. Pons
• Function
• Respiration
• Chewing
• Taste
• Arousal, wakefulness, alertness
Pons lesion
• Semi-coma
• Abnormal extensor tone
• Apneusis
• Withdrawal