CNS, Brain and Spinal Cord, Sympathetic And Parasympathetic Nevous System

1. Central Nervous System
By
Yogeshwary M. Bhongade
Assistant Professor
Kamla Neharu College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur

2. Nervous System

3. Nervous System
Central Nervous
System
Brain Spinal Cord
Peripheral
Nervous System
Motor (Efferent)
ANS
(Involuntary)
Parasympathetic Sympathetic Enteric
Somatic
(Voluntary)
Senasary (
Afferent )

4. Central Nervous System
• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The
brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions,
including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and
memory.
Central Nervous
System
Brain Spinal Cord

5. Brain
• Brain is a part of central nvous systemwhich lies within the cranial
cavity.
• Brain consist of-
Brain
Forebrain
(Prosencephalon)
Telencephalon
Cerebrum
(Cerebral
Hemisphere)
Basal Ganglia Hippocampus
Amygdalon
Nucleus
Diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Midbrain
(Misencephalon)
Hindbrain
(Rhombencephalon)
Pons Cerebellum
Medulla
Oblongata

7. Cerebrum
• It is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left
hemispheres.
• Functions
✓ Interpreting touch
✓ Vision and hearing
✓ Seech
✓ Reasoning
✓ Emotions
✓ Learning
✓ Fine control of movement

8. Parts of cerebrum
• Cerebrum consist of two parts/ hemisphere naimely
right and left hemisphere
• They are joined by a bundle of fibers called the
corpus callosum that transmits messages from one
side to the other.
• Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the
body.
• If a stroke occurs on the right side of the brain, your
left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.
• Not all functions of the hemispheres are shared.
• In general, the left hemisphere controls speech,
comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.

9. • The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical
skills.
• The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of
people.

10. Lobes
• The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain into
lobes.
• Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
3. Parietal
4. Occipital
• Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific
functions.
• It’s important to understand that each lobe of the brain does not function alone.
• There are very complex relationships between the lobes of the brain and
between the right and left hemispheres.

11. Frontal lobe
• Personality, behavior, emotions
• Judgment, planning, problem solving
• Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s
area)
• Body movement (motor strip)
• Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
Parietal lobe
• Interprets language, words
• Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory
strip)
• Interprets signals from vision, hearing,
motor, sensory and memory
• Spatial and visual perception
Occipital lobe
• Interprets vision (color,
light, movement)
Temporal lobe
• Understanding language
(Wernicke’s area)
• Memory
• Hearing
• Sequencing and
organization

12. Cortex
• The surface of the cerebrum is called the
cortex.
• It has a folded appearance with hills and
valleys.
• The cortex contains 16 billion neurons (the
cerebellum has 70 billion = 86 billion total)
that are arranged in specific layers.
• The nerve cell bodies color the cortex grey-
brown giving it its name – gray matter .
• Beneath the cortex are long nerve fibers
(axons) that connect brain areas to each other
— called white matter.

13. Spinal Cord
• The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system
(CNS). It is a long, thin, tube like structure.
• It is situated inside the vertebral canal of the vertebral
column.
• During development, there’s a disproportion between
spinal cord growth and vertebral column growth.
• It is start of medulla oblongata in the brain stem and
extend down to between the 1st and 2nd lumber
vertebrae.
• Length- around 45 cm (18in) in male and 43cm in
female. (17)

14. • Spinal cord is main pathway
for information connecting
the brain and the rest of the
body.

15. Stucture of Spinal Cord
• Cross section of spinal cord shows-
• white matter on the sureface of grey matter.
• Grey matter is H-shaped which devide the white matter into anterior,
posterior, and lateral column

16. • Like brain, spinal cord is protected
and nurished by three layers of
membrain called meninges.
1. Dura Mater (Outer Layer)
2. Arachnoid Mater ( Middle Layer)
3. Pia Matter (inner Layer)

17. Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid present in-
1. Subarachnoid space
2. Ventricle of brain
3. central canal of brain

18. Composition of CSF
• Secreted by Choroid Plexus- A network of blood vessel
• Water, glucose, proteins, nitroenous substances,
electrolyte,few cells.
• Protect brain and spinal cord from shock
• Conveys nutrients to brain and spinal cord
• Remove waste product from brain and spinal cord
Secretion of CSF
Function of CSF

19. Autonomic Nerous System
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the nervous
system that regulates involuntary functions. Examples are the
heartbeat, the digestive functions of the intestines, control of
respiration, and secretion by glands.
Division of
ANS
Sympathetic
NS
Parasympathetic
NS

21. Fuctions of SNS and PNS