SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 63
Nervous
System
Susmita Halder
M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year
Govt . College of Nursing,
Bankura Sammilani Medical College & Hospital
An anatomical review
Brain & Limbic system
CONTENTS
Nerve Tissue
Neurotransmitters
Autonomic nervous system
An
Anatomical
Review
The Nervous System
Brain &
Limbic
system
The Brain
The adult human brain weighs on average about 1.2–1.4 kg (2.6–3.1 lb)
which is about 2% of the total body weight, with a volume of around
1260 cm3 in men and 1130 cm3 in women. There is substantial
individual variation, with the standard reference range for men being
1,180–1,620 g (2.60–3.57 lb) and for women 1,030–1,400 g (2.27–3.09
lb)
Parts of Brain
FORE BRAIN
HIND BRAIN
MID- BRAIN
Parts of Brain
The brain has major three divisions which are subdivided into six major parts.
1. Forebrain-
a. Cerebrum
b. Diencephalon
2. Mid brain-
a. Mesencephalon
3. Hind brain-
a. Pons
b. Medulla oblongata
c. Cerebellum
MAJOR PARTS OF BRAIN
CEREBRUM
DIENCEPHALON
MESCENCEPHALON
PONS
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA
OBLANGATA
The Brain
1. FORE BRAIN
i. Cerebrum: Composed of two cerebral hemispheres connected by
a deep groove which houses a band of 200 million neurons called the
corpus callosum.
• The surface of cerebrum consists of grey matter, known as
cerebral cortex.
• Another pair of masses of grey matter is called basal ganglia. It is
found deep within the cerebral hemispheres, are responsible for
certain subconcious aspects of voluntary movement such as swinging
the arms, when walking, gesturing while speaking and regulating
muscle tone
CONT..
The cerebral cortex is identified
by numerous folds called gyri,
and the deep grooves between
the folds are known as sulci.
• Left hemisphere appears
to deal with logic and problem
solving, controls speech
comprehension rationally.
• Right hemisphere is
associated with affect, behaviour,
and spatial perceptual function.
Activities Right Hemisphere Left hemisphere
Specialities • Copying of designs
• Discrimination of shapes
• Reading
• Music
• Holistic processing
• Understanding metaphor
• Expressing emotions
• Language skills
• Skilled movements
Emotions • Negative Emotions • Positive Emotions
Neurotransmitters • Higher Levels of norepinephrine • Higher levels of dopamine
Grey matter and white matter
ratio
• More white matter on right • More Grey matter on the left
Shared • Sensations on both side of the face
• Sound perceived by both ears
• Pain
• Hunger
• Position
Cortical areas and its functions
Cortical area Function
Primary motor cortex Initiation of voluntary movement
Primary somatosensory
cortex
Receives tactile information pain pressure position movement and
temperature
Motor association cortex Coordination of complex movements
Speech centre broca’s
area
Speech Production and articulation
Auditory cortex Auditory perception and healing
Auditory association area Complex processing of auditory information
Sensory association area Complex processing of multisensory information
Visual association area Primary visual perception
Wenicke’s area Spoken language Comprehension
Cont..
• Each cerebral hemisphere consists of four lobes.
• FRONTAL LOBE- Controls body movements, formation of
speaking, thinking and judgement. It has a role in emotional
experiences and expression of mood.
• PARIETAL LOBE- Controls perception and interpretation of
sensory information. Touch, taste, pain, body position, language
interpretation, is asscociated with left hemisphere of parietal lobe.
Frontal Lobe
• Voluntary body
movement
• Including movements
that permit-
• speaking
• Thinking
• judgement formation,
• expression of feelings
Parietal lobe
• Perception and
interpretation of most
sensory information
includes-
• Touch
• Pain
• Taste
• Body position
• TEMPORAL LOBE- Auditory functions are performed by upper snterior
lobe. Lowe lobe performs the function of short term memory. It
involves in complex aspets of memory and learning, functions of
abstract thought and judgement. It has a role of smell, expression of
emotions through limbic system connectivity. Left temporal lobe
helps in language interpretation.
• OCCIPITAL LOBE- It has primary areas of visual perception and
interpretation language perception through an association with visual
experiences.
Temporal Lobe
• Hearing
• Short-term memory
• Sense of smell
• Expression of
emotions through
connection with
limbic system
Occipital Lobe
• Visual reception
• Interpretation
cont..
ii. Diencephalon- Connects the cerebrum with lower structures of the
brain.
• Thalamus is a critical structure containing the consciousness.
Thalamus integrats all sensory inputs except smeel. It is involved
with emotions and moodsuch as fear and rage.
Diencephalon
• Connects cerebrum
with lower brain
structures
Thalamus
• Integrates all sensory
input (except smell)
on way to cortex
• Involvement with
emotions and mood
cont..
• Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and just above the
pituitary gland, and has a number of diverse functions.
Hypothalamus
• Regulates anterior and
posterior lobes of
pituitary gland
• Exerts control over
actions of the ANS
• Regulates appetite
and temperature.
Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and just above the pituitary gland, and
has a number of diverse functions.
3
2
1
6
7
8
4
5
9
REGULATION OF
APPETITE
POST. PITUITARY
STORES OXYTOCIN,
STIMULATES UTERUS,
SECRETS MILK
REGULATION OF
TEMPRETURE
ACTS A VITAL ROLE
DIRECT NEURAL
CONTROL OVER ANS
ACT AS ‘RELEASING
FACTORS’
POST. PITUITARY
STORES ADH AND
CONTROLS BP
REGULATION OF
PITUITARY GLAND
FUNCTIONS
Limbic System-
Part of brain known as limbic system consists of portions of cerebrum and
diencephalon.
the major components include medially placed cortical and subcortical
structures and the fibres connecting with each other and with the
hypothalamus which is is composed of
• 1. Hippocampus
• 2. Mammillary body
• 3. Amygdala
• 4. Olfactory Tract
• 5. Hypothalamus
• 6. Cirgulate gyrus
• 7. Septem pellucidum
• 8. Fornix
Limbic System
• Known as “Emotional
Brain “
• Feelings of fear &
anxiety
• Anger & aggression
• Love, joy
• Sexuality
• Social Behavior
MID BRAIN
Structures of mid brain include nuclei and fiber tracts.
It extends fro pons to hypothalamus.
It is responsible for integration of various reflexes including visual reflexes auditory reflexes and righting reflexes
(automatically keeping the head upright and maintaining the balance)
Mid brain
• Visual
• Auditory
• Balance reflexes
HIND BRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA
OBLANGATA
CEREBELLUM
C. Hind Brain
• i. Pons is a bulbous structure that lies between the mid brain and
the medulla. It is composed of large bundles of fibres forms a
connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem.
• It also contains the central connections of cranial nerves V through
VIII centres for respiration and skeletal muscle tone
Pons
• Regulation of
respiration
• Skeletal muscle tone
• Ascending and
descending tracts
connects brain stem
with cerebellum and
cortex
CONT..
• ii. Medulla is the connecting structure between the spinal cord and
the pons. All of the ascending and descending fibres pass through it.
the medulla pons and meet brain from the structure and known as
brainstem
• It contains vital centres that regulate heart rate blood pressure
respiration reflex centres for swallowing sneezing coughing and
vomiting. Also contains nuclei for cranial nerves IX through XII
Medulla
• Regulates heart rate &
BP
• Respiration
• Reflex centre for
sneezing, swallowing,
coughing and
vomiting
CONT..
• iii. Cerebellum is separated from brain by fourth ventricle but has
connections to the brainstem through the bundles of fibre tracts. It is
situated just below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
• It is concerned with involuntary movements such as muscular tone
coordination and maintenance of posture and equilibrium.
Cerebellum
• Regulates muscle
tone
• Coordination
• Maintains posture
and equilibrium
BASAL GANGLIA
• 2. Basal ganglia grey matters that are functionally related and
located bilaterally in cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain
• It controls muscle tone and movement dysfunction which leads to
Parkinson's disease
Nerve
Tissue
Parts of Neuron
NEURON
The tissue of central
nervous system consists
of nerve cells are called
neurones
CELL BODY
Contains the
nucleus
AXONS
Transmit impulses
away from the body.
DENDRITES
Transmit impulses
towards the cell
body
CLASSES OF NEURONES
SENSORY NEURONES INTER NEURONES
MOTOR NEURONES
Carries impulses from the receptors in
the internal external pathway to
central nervous system
Carries impulses from the central
nervous system effectors in the
periphery and in the muscles
Inter neurones exist in tally within the
central nervous system which carry
only sensory or motor impulses play
as integrators in the pathway between
afferent and efferent neurones.
Neuro
Transmitters
Neurotransmitters
CHOLINERGICS
• Acetylcholine
MONOAMINES • Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• Serotonin
• Histamine
AMINO ACIDS • GABA
• Glycine
• Glutamate & Aspertate
• D- Serine
NEUROPEPTIDES • Endorphins and enkephalins
• Substance P
• Somatostatin
Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased
1. CHOLINERGICS
Acetylcholine 1. Sleep, arousal, pain
perception, movement,
memory
Aljheimer’s disease Depression
2. MONOAMINES
a. Norepinephrine Mood cognition perception
locomotion cardiovascular
functioning sleep and arousal
Depression Mania anxiety States
Schizophrenia
b. Dopamine Movement and coordination
emotions voluntary
judgement release of
prolactin
Parkinson’s disease and
depression
Mania and schizophrenia
c. Serotonin Sleep arousal libido apatite
Mood aggression Pain
perception coordination
judgement
Depression Anxiety States
d. Histamine Control of gastric secretions
smooth muscle control
cardiac stimulation
stimulation of sensory nerve
endings and alertness
Depression
Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased
3. AMINO ACIDS
a. GABA Slow down of body activity Anxiety disorders
schizophrenia and various
forms of epilepsy
b. Glycine Recurrent inhibition of motor
neurons
Correlated with spastic motor
movements
Glycine encephalopathy.
. Glutamate and Aspartate Relay of sensory information
and in regulation of various
motor and spinal reflexes
Huntington’s disease temporal
lobe epilepsy spinal cerebellar
degeneration
d. D- Serine Binds at NMDA receptors,
with glutamate, is a co-agonist
who functions include
mediating NMDA receptor
transmission, synaptic
plasticity, neurotoxicity
Schizophrenia
Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased
4. NEUROPEPTIDES
a. Endorphins and
Enkephalins
Modulation of pain and
reduced peristalsis
Modulation of dopamine
activity by opioid peptides.
May indicate some lead to
the symptoms of
schizophrenia.
b. Substance P Regulation of pain Huntington’s disease and
Alzheimer’s disease
Depression
c. Somatostatin Inhibits release of
norepinephrine stimulates
the release of serotonin
dopamine and acetylcholine
Alzheimer’s disease Huntington’s disease
NEUROTRANSMITTERS & RELATED
MENTAL DISORDERS
Decrease in glutamate
level
Decrease in gamma-
aminobutyric acid
level
Increase in dopamine
level
Decrease in
norepinephrine level
Decrease in serotonin
level
Psychotic thinking
Anxiety
Schizophrenia
Depression
Alzheimer’s
disease
Autonomic
Nervous System
Parasympathetic
Division
Sympathetic
Division
Autonomic
Nervous System
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic
Division
Parasympathetic
Division
Neuronal bodies of parasympathetic division
originate in the brainstem and the sacral segments
of spinal cord and extend to the parasympathetic
ganglia where the synapse takes place either very
close or actually in the visceral organ being
innervated. The parasympathetic division dominates
when the individual is in relaxed non stressful
condition. The heart rate and respiration and
maintained in normal rate and secretions and
peristalsis increase for normal digestion. Elimination
functions are promoted.
Neuronal bodies of sympathetic division
originate in the thoracolumbar region of
the spinal cord. The their axons Austin to
the chains of sympathetic ganglia where
they synapse with other neurones that
subsequently innovate the visceral
effectors resulting in increased heart rate
and respirations and a decrease in
digestive secretions and peristalsis. Blood
is shunted to the vital organs and skeletal
muscles to ensure adequate oxygenation
SUMMMERIZATION
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Nervous system is com various complex
structures which are essential to
understand psychobiology that will
enhance knowledge
BRAIN
LIMBIC
SYSTEM
NERVE
TISSUES
CNS ANS
NEURO
TRANSMI
TTERS
THANK
YOU

More Related Content

What's hot

NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEMNEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
Himani Kaushik
 

What's hot (20)

Cerebellum
CerebellumCerebellum
Cerebellum
 
Brainstem Physiology
Brainstem PhysiologyBrainstem Physiology
Brainstem Physiology
 
Cerebrum
CerebrumCerebrum
Cerebrum
 
Limbic system
Limbic systemLimbic system
Limbic system
 
Diencephalon 1
Diencephalon 1Diencephalon 1
Diencephalon 1
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMYNERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
 
Nervous system
Nervous systemNervous system
Nervous system
 
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEMNEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
 
Nervous system
Nervous systemNervous system
Nervous system
 
Physiology of the Nervous System
Physiology of the Nervous System Physiology of the Nervous System
Physiology of the Nervous System
 
Spinal cord tracts
Spinal cord tractsSpinal cord tracts
Spinal cord tracts
 
Introduction to the nervous system
Introduction to the nervous systemIntroduction to the nervous system
Introduction to the nervous system
 
Nervous system
Nervous systemNervous system
Nervous system
 
Somatosensory pathway
Somatosensory pathwaySomatosensory pathway
Somatosensory pathway
 
Cerebral cortex - physiology
Cerebral cortex - physiologyCerebral cortex - physiology
Cerebral cortex - physiology
 
Diencephalon
DiencephalonDiencephalon
Diencephalon
 
CEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRAL CORTEXCEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRAL CORTEX
 
Spinal cord
Spinal cord Spinal cord
Spinal cord
 
Chap13 Spinal Cord powerpoint
Chap13 Spinal Cord powerpointChap13 Spinal Cord powerpoint
Chap13 Spinal Cord powerpoint
 
Neuron
NeuronNeuron
Neuron
 

Similar to Nervous system

Neoroscience
NeoroscienceNeoroscience
Neoroscience
Ulaa Iman
 
Nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
Nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous systemNervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
Nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
M Habib
 
Powerpoint for hank revised
Powerpoint for hank revisedPowerpoint for hank revised
Powerpoint for hank revised
RebekahKnittle
 
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
thiru murugan
 

Similar to Nervous system (20)

Review of structure
Review of structureReview of structure
Review of structure
 
Nervous system
Nervous systemNervous system
Nervous system
 
Concepts of psycho biology
Concepts of psycho biology Concepts of psycho biology
Concepts of psycho biology
 
AP Biopsychology PowerPoint
AP Biopsychology PowerPointAP Biopsychology PowerPoint
AP Biopsychology PowerPoint
 
Part of brain group 45 emelin anatomy
Part of brain group 45 emelin anatomyPart of brain group 45 emelin anatomy
Part of brain group 45 emelin anatomy
 
-nervous-system-powerpoint_ver_4 (1).pptx
-nervous-system-powerpoint_ver_4 (1).pptx-nervous-system-powerpoint_ver_4 (1).pptx
-nervous-system-powerpoint_ver_4 (1).pptx
 
Neoroscience
NeoroscienceNeoroscience
Neoroscience
 
Biological bases of behavior
Biological bases of behaviorBiological bases of behavior
Biological bases of behavior
 
Physio lec. 1
Physio lec. 1Physio lec. 1
Physio lec. 1
 
Powerpoint for hank
Powerpoint for hankPowerpoint for hank
Powerpoint for hank
 
Nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
Nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous systemNervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
Nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system
 
独中高中生物Chapter 13 Part 2
独中高中生物Chapter 13 Part 2独中高中生物Chapter 13 Part 2
独中高中生物Chapter 13 Part 2
 
Powerpoint for hank revised
Powerpoint for hank revisedPowerpoint for hank revised
Powerpoint for hank revised
 
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
 
Nervous System Introduction and Central Nervous System
Nervous System Introduction and Central Nervous SystemNervous System Introduction and Central Nervous System
Nervous System Introduction and Central Nervous System
 
Central Nervous system review
Central Nervous system reviewCentral Nervous system review
Central Nervous system review
 
nervous-system gollis.pptx
nervous-system gollis.pptxnervous-system gollis.pptx
nervous-system gollis.pptx
 
Nervous system.pdf
Nervous system.pdfNervous system.pdf
Nervous system.pdf
 
Psyche Physiological 5
Psyche Physiological 5Psyche Physiological 5
Psyche Physiological 5
 
Flight or flee artifact 10.29.12
Flight or flee artifact 10.29.12Flight or flee artifact 10.29.12
Flight or flee artifact 10.29.12
 

More from Susmita Halder

peri-operative care
peri-operative careperi-operative care
peri-operative care
Susmita Halder
 
Sleep Disorders
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Susmita Halder
 
Recreational therapy
Recreational therapyRecreational therapy
Recreational therapy
Susmita Halder
 
Individual therapy
Individual therapyIndividual therapy
Individual therapy
Susmita Halder
 
Theory of Object Relations
Theory of Object RelationsTheory of Object Relations
Theory of Object Relations
Susmita Halder
 

More from Susmita Halder (20)

Psychiatric History taking and mental status examination
Psychiatric History taking and mental status examinationPsychiatric History taking and mental status examination
Psychiatric History taking and mental status examination
 
peri-operative care
peri-operative careperi-operative care
peri-operative care
 
Sleep Disorders
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders
Sleep Disorders
 
Legal issues in nursing
Legal issues in nursingLegal issues in nursing
Legal issues in nursing
 
Over head projector
Over head projectorOver head projector
Over head projector
 
Retroverted uterus
Retroverted uterusRetroverted uterus
Retroverted uterus
 
Problem based learning, A teaching strategy
Problem based learning, A teaching strategyProblem based learning, A teaching strategy
Problem based learning, A teaching strategy
 
Breast self examination
Breast self examinationBreast self examination
Breast self examination
 
Urine Testing
Urine TestingUrine Testing
Urine Testing
 
Group Therapy
Group TherapyGroup Therapy
Group Therapy
 
Play therapy
Play therapyPlay therapy
Play therapy
 
Altered body temperature
Altered body temperatureAltered body temperature
Altered body temperature
 
Recreational therapy
Recreational therapyRecreational therapy
Recreational therapy
 
Assessment of Practicing skills
Assessment of Practicing skillsAssessment of Practicing skills
Assessment of Practicing skills
 
Individual therapy
Individual therapyIndividual therapy
Individual therapy
 
Theory of Object Relations
Theory of Object RelationsTheory of Object Relations
Theory of Object Relations
 
Posters
PostersPosters
Posters
 
Health care delivery system
Health care delivery systemHealth care delivery system
Health care delivery system
 
ECG
ECGECG
ECG
 
Tracheostomy care.
Tracheostomy  care.Tracheostomy  care.
Tracheostomy care.
 

Recently uploaded

Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
Dipal Arora
 
Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...
Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...
Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...
Dipal Arora
 
Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Dipal Arora
 
👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
chaddageeta79
 
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan 087776558899
 
Female Call Girls Tonk Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...
Female Call Girls Tonk  Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...Female Call Girls Tonk  Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...
Female Call Girls Tonk Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...
Dipal Arora
 
Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Dipal Arora
 
Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan 081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...
Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan  081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan  081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...
Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan 081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...
Halo Docter
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Top 10 Most Beautiful Chinese Pornstars List 2024
Top 10 Most Beautiful Chinese Pornstars List 2024Top 10 Most Beautiful Chinese Pornstars List 2024
Top 10 Most Beautiful Chinese Pornstars List 2024
 
Shazia Iqbal 2024 - Bioorganic Chemistry.pdf
Shazia Iqbal 2024 - Bioorganic Chemistry.pdfShazia Iqbal 2024 - Bioorganic Chemistry.pdf
Shazia Iqbal 2024 - Bioorganic Chemistry.pdf
 
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their RegulationCardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
 
Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
Female Call Girls Nagaur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
 
Dr. A Sumathi - LINEARITY CONCEPT OF SIGNIFICANCE.pdf
Dr. A Sumathi - LINEARITY CONCEPT OF SIGNIFICANCE.pdfDr. A Sumathi - LINEARITY CONCEPT OF SIGNIFICANCE.pdf
Dr. A Sumathi - LINEARITY CONCEPT OF SIGNIFICANCE.pdf
 
Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...
Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...
Female Call Girls Jodhpur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Se...
 
Call Now ☎ 9549551166 || Call Girls in Dehradun Escort Service Dehradun
Call Now ☎ 9549551166  || Call Girls in Dehradun Escort Service DehradunCall Now ☎ 9549551166  || Call Girls in Dehradun Escort Service Dehradun
Call Now ☎ 9549551166 || Call Girls in Dehradun Escort Service Dehradun
 
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8875999948 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
 
Top 10 Most Beautiful Russian Pornstars List 2024
Top 10 Most Beautiful Russian Pornstars List 2024Top 10 Most Beautiful Russian Pornstars List 2024
Top 10 Most Beautiful Russian Pornstars List 2024
 
Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sawai Madhopur Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
 
👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
👉 Guntur Call Girls Service Just Call 🍑👄7427069034 🍑👄 Top Class Call Girl Ser...
 
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanismsCirculatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
 
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan Dengan Cepat Selesai Dalam 24 Jam Secara Alami Bu...
 
MOTION MANAGEMANT IN LUNG SBRT BY DR KANHU CHARAN PATRO
MOTION MANAGEMANT IN LUNG SBRT BY DR KANHU CHARAN PATROMOTION MANAGEMANT IN LUNG SBRT BY DR KANHU CHARAN PATRO
MOTION MANAGEMANT IN LUNG SBRT BY DR KANHU CHARAN PATRO
 
Female Call Girls Tonk Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...
Female Call Girls Tonk  Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...Female Call Girls Tonk  Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...
Female Call Girls Tonk Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call Girl Serv...
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
 
Part I - Anticipatory Grief: Experiencing grief before the loss has happened
Part I - Anticipatory Grief: Experiencing grief before the loss has happenedPart I - Anticipatory Grief: Experiencing grief before the loss has happened
Part I - Anticipatory Grief: Experiencing grief before the loss has happened
 
Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
Female Call Girls Sri Ganganagar Just Call Dipal 🥰8250077686🥰 Top Class Call ...
 
Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan 081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...
Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan  081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan  081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...
Obat Aborsi Ampuh Usia 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Bulan 081901222272 Obat Penggugur Kandu...
 

Nervous system

  • 1. Nervous System Susmita Halder M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year Govt . College of Nursing, Bankura Sammilani Medical College & Hospital
  • 2. An anatomical review Brain & Limbic system CONTENTS Nerve Tissue Neurotransmitters Autonomic nervous system
  • 6. The Brain The adult human brain weighs on average about 1.2–1.4 kg (2.6–3.1 lb) which is about 2% of the total body weight, with a volume of around 1260 cm3 in men and 1130 cm3 in women. There is substantial individual variation, with the standard reference range for men being 1,180–1,620 g (2.60–3.57 lb) and for women 1,030–1,400 g (2.27–3.09 lb)
  • 7. Parts of Brain FORE BRAIN HIND BRAIN MID- BRAIN
  • 8. Parts of Brain The brain has major three divisions which are subdivided into six major parts. 1. Forebrain- a. Cerebrum b. Diencephalon 2. Mid brain- a. Mesencephalon 3. Hind brain- a. Pons b. Medulla oblongata c. Cerebellum
  • 9. MAJOR PARTS OF BRAIN CEREBRUM DIENCEPHALON MESCENCEPHALON PONS CEREBELLUM MEDULLA OBLANGATA
  • 10. The Brain 1. FORE BRAIN i. Cerebrum: Composed of two cerebral hemispheres connected by a deep groove which houses a band of 200 million neurons called the corpus callosum. • The surface of cerebrum consists of grey matter, known as cerebral cortex. • Another pair of masses of grey matter is called basal ganglia. It is found deep within the cerebral hemispheres, are responsible for certain subconcious aspects of voluntary movement such as swinging the arms, when walking, gesturing while speaking and regulating muscle tone
  • 11.
  • 12. CONT.. The cerebral cortex is identified by numerous folds called gyri, and the deep grooves between the folds are known as sulci. • Left hemisphere appears to deal with logic and problem solving, controls speech comprehension rationally. • Right hemisphere is associated with affect, behaviour, and spatial perceptual function.
  • 13. Activities Right Hemisphere Left hemisphere Specialities • Copying of designs • Discrimination of shapes • Reading • Music • Holistic processing • Understanding metaphor • Expressing emotions • Language skills • Skilled movements Emotions • Negative Emotions • Positive Emotions Neurotransmitters • Higher Levels of norepinephrine • Higher levels of dopamine Grey matter and white matter ratio • More white matter on right • More Grey matter on the left Shared • Sensations on both side of the face • Sound perceived by both ears • Pain • Hunger • Position
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16. Cortical areas and its functions Cortical area Function Primary motor cortex Initiation of voluntary movement Primary somatosensory cortex Receives tactile information pain pressure position movement and temperature Motor association cortex Coordination of complex movements Speech centre broca’s area Speech Production and articulation Auditory cortex Auditory perception and healing Auditory association area Complex processing of auditory information Sensory association area Complex processing of multisensory information Visual association area Primary visual perception Wenicke’s area Spoken language Comprehension
  • 17.
  • 18. Cont.. • Each cerebral hemisphere consists of four lobes. • FRONTAL LOBE- Controls body movements, formation of speaking, thinking and judgement. It has a role in emotional experiences and expression of mood. • PARIETAL LOBE- Controls perception and interpretation of sensory information. Touch, taste, pain, body position, language interpretation, is asscociated with left hemisphere of parietal lobe.
  • 19. Frontal Lobe • Voluntary body movement • Including movements that permit- • speaking • Thinking • judgement formation, • expression of feelings
  • 20. Parietal lobe • Perception and interpretation of most sensory information includes- • Touch • Pain • Taste • Body position
  • 21. • TEMPORAL LOBE- Auditory functions are performed by upper snterior lobe. Lowe lobe performs the function of short term memory. It involves in complex aspets of memory and learning, functions of abstract thought and judgement. It has a role of smell, expression of emotions through limbic system connectivity. Left temporal lobe helps in language interpretation. • OCCIPITAL LOBE- It has primary areas of visual perception and interpretation language perception through an association with visual experiences.
  • 22. Temporal Lobe • Hearing • Short-term memory • Sense of smell • Expression of emotions through connection with limbic system
  • 23. Occipital Lobe • Visual reception • Interpretation
  • 24.
  • 25. cont.. ii. Diencephalon- Connects the cerebrum with lower structures of the brain. • Thalamus is a critical structure containing the consciousness. Thalamus integrats all sensory inputs except smeel. It is involved with emotions and moodsuch as fear and rage.
  • 26. Diencephalon • Connects cerebrum with lower brain structures
  • 27. Thalamus • Integrates all sensory input (except smell) on way to cortex • Involvement with emotions and mood
  • 28. cont.. • Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and just above the pituitary gland, and has a number of diverse functions.
  • 29. Hypothalamus • Regulates anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary gland • Exerts control over actions of the ANS • Regulates appetite and temperature.
  • 30. Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and just above the pituitary gland, and has a number of diverse functions. 3 2 1 6 7 8 4 5 9 REGULATION OF APPETITE POST. PITUITARY STORES OXYTOCIN, STIMULATES UTERUS, SECRETS MILK REGULATION OF TEMPRETURE ACTS A VITAL ROLE DIRECT NEURAL CONTROL OVER ANS ACT AS ‘RELEASING FACTORS’ POST. PITUITARY STORES ADH AND CONTROLS BP REGULATION OF PITUITARY GLAND FUNCTIONS
  • 31. Limbic System- Part of brain known as limbic system consists of portions of cerebrum and diencephalon. the major components include medially placed cortical and subcortical structures and the fibres connecting with each other and with the hypothalamus which is is composed of • 1. Hippocampus • 2. Mammillary body • 3. Amygdala • 4. Olfactory Tract • 5. Hypothalamus • 6. Cirgulate gyrus • 7. Septem pellucidum • 8. Fornix
  • 32. Limbic System • Known as “Emotional Brain “ • Feelings of fear & anxiety • Anger & aggression • Love, joy • Sexuality • Social Behavior
  • 33. MID BRAIN Structures of mid brain include nuclei and fiber tracts. It extends fro pons to hypothalamus. It is responsible for integration of various reflexes including visual reflexes auditory reflexes and righting reflexes (automatically keeping the head upright and maintaining the balance)
  • 34. Mid brain • Visual • Auditory • Balance reflexes
  • 36. C. Hind Brain • i. Pons is a bulbous structure that lies between the mid brain and the medulla. It is composed of large bundles of fibres forms a connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem. • It also contains the central connections of cranial nerves V through VIII centres for respiration and skeletal muscle tone
  • 37. Pons • Regulation of respiration • Skeletal muscle tone • Ascending and descending tracts connects brain stem with cerebellum and cortex
  • 38. CONT.. • ii. Medulla is the connecting structure between the spinal cord and the pons. All of the ascending and descending fibres pass through it. the medulla pons and meet brain from the structure and known as brainstem • It contains vital centres that regulate heart rate blood pressure respiration reflex centres for swallowing sneezing coughing and vomiting. Also contains nuclei for cranial nerves IX through XII
  • 39. Medulla • Regulates heart rate & BP • Respiration • Reflex centre for sneezing, swallowing, coughing and vomiting
  • 40. CONT.. • iii. Cerebellum is separated from brain by fourth ventricle but has connections to the brainstem through the bundles of fibre tracts. It is situated just below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum • It is concerned with involuntary movements such as muscular tone coordination and maintenance of posture and equilibrium.
  • 41. Cerebellum • Regulates muscle tone • Coordination • Maintains posture and equilibrium
  • 42. BASAL GANGLIA • 2. Basal ganglia grey matters that are functionally related and located bilaterally in cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain • It controls muscle tone and movement dysfunction which leads to Parkinson's disease
  • 44. Parts of Neuron NEURON The tissue of central nervous system consists of nerve cells are called neurones CELL BODY Contains the nucleus AXONS Transmit impulses away from the body. DENDRITES Transmit impulses towards the cell body
  • 45.
  • 46. CLASSES OF NEURONES SENSORY NEURONES INTER NEURONES MOTOR NEURONES Carries impulses from the receptors in the internal external pathway to central nervous system Carries impulses from the central nervous system effectors in the periphery and in the muscles Inter neurones exist in tally within the central nervous system which carry only sensory or motor impulses play as integrators in the pathway between afferent and efferent neurones.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52. Neurotransmitters CHOLINERGICS • Acetylcholine MONOAMINES • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Serotonin • Histamine AMINO ACIDS • GABA • Glycine • Glutamate & Aspertate • D- Serine NEUROPEPTIDES • Endorphins and enkephalins • Substance P • Somatostatin
  • 53. Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased 1. CHOLINERGICS Acetylcholine 1. Sleep, arousal, pain perception, movement, memory Aljheimer’s disease Depression 2. MONOAMINES a. Norepinephrine Mood cognition perception locomotion cardiovascular functioning sleep and arousal Depression Mania anxiety States Schizophrenia b. Dopamine Movement and coordination emotions voluntary judgement release of prolactin Parkinson’s disease and depression Mania and schizophrenia c. Serotonin Sleep arousal libido apatite Mood aggression Pain perception coordination judgement Depression Anxiety States d. Histamine Control of gastric secretions smooth muscle control cardiac stimulation stimulation of sensory nerve endings and alertness Depression
  • 54. Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased 3. AMINO ACIDS a. GABA Slow down of body activity Anxiety disorders schizophrenia and various forms of epilepsy b. Glycine Recurrent inhibition of motor neurons Correlated with spastic motor movements Glycine encephalopathy. . Glutamate and Aspartate Relay of sensory information and in regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes Huntington’s disease temporal lobe epilepsy spinal cerebellar degeneration d. D- Serine Binds at NMDA receptors, with glutamate, is a co-agonist who functions include mediating NMDA receptor transmission, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity Schizophrenia
  • 55. Neurotransmitters Function When decreased When increased 4. NEUROPEPTIDES a. Endorphins and Enkephalins Modulation of pain and reduced peristalsis Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides. May indicate some lead to the symptoms of schizophrenia. b. Substance P Regulation of pain Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease Depression c. Somatostatin Inhibits release of norepinephrine stimulates the release of serotonin dopamine and acetylcholine Alzheimer’s disease Huntington’s disease
  • 56. NEUROTRANSMITTERS & RELATED MENTAL DISORDERS Decrease in glutamate level Decrease in gamma- aminobutyric acid level Increase in dopamine level Decrease in norepinephrine level Decrease in serotonin level Psychotic thinking Anxiety Schizophrenia Depression Alzheimer’s disease
  • 59.
  • 60. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division Neuronal bodies of parasympathetic division originate in the brainstem and the sacral segments of spinal cord and extend to the parasympathetic ganglia where the synapse takes place either very close or actually in the visceral organ being innervated. The parasympathetic division dominates when the individual is in relaxed non stressful condition. The heart rate and respiration and maintained in normal rate and secretions and peristalsis increase for normal digestion. Elimination functions are promoted. Neuronal bodies of sympathetic division originate in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. The their axons Austin to the chains of sympathetic ganglia where they synapse with other neurones that subsequently innovate the visceral effectors resulting in increased heart rate and respirations and a decrease in digestive secretions and peristalsis. Blood is shunted to the vital organs and skeletal muscles to ensure adequate oxygenation
  • 61. SUMMMERIZATION NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous system is com various complex structures which are essential to understand psychobiology that will enhance knowledge BRAIN LIMBIC SYSTEM NERVE TISSUES CNS ANS NEURO TRANSMI TTERS
  • 62.