5. 2023/1/25 5
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
• The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or
most of the gas has been removed, permitting electrons to
move with no or low interaction with any remaining gas
molecules.
6. 2023/1/25 6
• A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of
electricity through it, depending on how much electricity is
input to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However,
unlike the vacuum tube, it is solid state.
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
7. 2023/1/25 7
• Solid state means that it doesn't change its physical form as
it switches. There are no moving parts in a transistor.
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
8. 2023/1/25 8
• Compared to the vacuum tube , transistors were much
smaller, faster and cheaper to manufacture. They were
also far more reliable and used much less power.
Transistor vs. vacuum tube
9. 2023/1/25 9
• While most materials either insulate from electrical flow
(air, glass, wood) or conduct electricity readily (metals,
water).
• There are some that only conduct electricity a small
amount or only under certain conditions. These are called
semiconductors.
Conductivity & semiconductor
11. 2023/1/25 11
• The most commonly used semiconductor is of course
silicon.
Conductivity & semiconductor
12. 2023/1/25 12
• Miniaturization means the reduction in size of
components and circuits for increasing package density
and reducing power dissipation and signal propagation
delays.
Miniaturization, IC, LSI, VLSI
13. 2023/1/25 13
• The integrated circuit is a group of transistors manufactured
from a single piece of material and connected together
internally, without extra wiring. Integrated circuits are also
called ICs or chips.
Miniaturization , IC, LSI, VLSI
14. 2023/1/25 14
• LSI：Large-scale Integration
• Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the
creation of integrated circuits that had previously been
made from multiple discrete components.
• VLSI：Very Large-scale Integration
• VLSI circuits can contain millions of transistors.
Miniaturization , IC, LSI, VLSI
16. 2023/1/25 16
• 1900's: The Vacuum Tube.
• 1905: First electronic diode vacuum tube is built by English
physicist J. Ambrose Fleming, allowing the change of alternating
current into a direct one-way signal.
• 1906: First electronic triode vacuum tube is built by American
electrical engineer Lee De Forest, allowing signals to be controlled and
amplified. Technology of electronics is born.
• Late 1940's: The Transistor.
• 1947: The point-contact bipolar transistor is invented by Bell Lab's
Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain.
• 1951: Junction field-effect transistor (JFET) is invented.
• 1952: Single-crystal silicon is fabricated.
• 1954: Oxide masking process is developed.
17. 2023/1/25 17
• Late 1950s: Key IC discoveries.
• 1958: First silicon integrated circuit is built by Texas
Instrument's Jack Kilby.
• 1959: Planar process to distribute transistors on silicon, with passive
oxide layers to protect junctions, is developed by Fairchild
Semiconductor's Noyce and Moore. A modern version of this process
is used today.
• 1960's: Small Scale Integration (SSI), up to 20 gates per chip.
• 1960: Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistor is invented.
• 1962: Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL) is developed.
• 1963: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) is
invented.
• Late 1960's: Medium Scale Integration (MSI), 20-200 gates per chip.
• 1968: MOS memory circuits are introduced.
18. 2023/1/25 18
• 1970's: Large Scale Integration (LSI), 200-5000 gates per chip.
• 1970: 8-bit MOS calculator chips are introduced, 7 micrometer
chip geometries.
• 1971: 16-bit Microprocessors are introduced.
• 1980's: Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), over 5000 gates per chip.
• 1981: Very High Speed Integration (VHSIC), tens' of thousands of
gates per chip, 1.5 micrometer chip geometries.
• 1984: 0.5 micrometer chip geometries.
20. 2023/1/25 20
• AT&T Bell Laboratories, Inc., byname Bell Labs, the
longtime research and development arm of the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It now
serves the same function in Lucent Technologies Inc.,
which was spun off from AT&T in 1996. Headquarters for
the laboratories are in Murray Hill, N.J.
Bell Laboratories
21. 2023/1/25 21
• Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American
manufacturer of calculators, microprocessors and digital
signal processors with its headquarters in Dallas, Texas.
Texas Instruments
22. 2023/1/25 22
• Intel Corporation is an American manufacturer of
semiconductor computer circuits. Besides microprocessors,
the company makes microcontrollers (single-chip
computers), memory chips, computer modules and boards,
network and conferencing products and parallel
supercomputers. The company was founded in 1968 by
Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Its headquarters are in
Santa Clara, California.
Intel Corporation
23. 2023/1/25 23
• Outline
– Transistor and vacuum tube (para.1, 2)
– Transistors and ICs (para.3)
– Semiconductors and ICs (para.4, 5)
– Miniaturization: from LSI to VLSI (para.6, 7, 8, 9)
Text tour
24. 2023/1/25 24
• Invented by Bell Lab in 1948
• A digital switch …
• A solid state device …
• Advantages over vacuum tube in size, speed, price
and power consumption etc., …
Transistor and vacuum tube
25. 2023/1/25 25
• Originally, …
• Like other discrete devices, …
• Invention of integrated circuit …
• Integrated circuit vs. discrete circuit
• Integrated circuit = IC = chip
Transistors and ICs
27. 2023/1/25 27
• Semiconductors : a special
material
• Conduct electricity …
• Silicon: the most commonly
used semiconductor
• Transistors created on
ICs …
• First IC in history invented
by TI in 1959
Semiconductors and ICs
28. 2023/1/25 28
• Miniaturization: the key to
IC tech.
• LSI: hundreds of
transistors …
• VLSI: millions of
transistors …
• The first VLSI
microprocessor: Intel 4004
introduced in 1971 …
Miniaturization: from LSI to VLSI
Intel 4004
33. 2023/1/25 33
• A contrivance or an invention serving a particular purpose,
especially a machine used to perform one or more
relatively simple tasks.
• A technique or means.
• A plan or scheme, especially a malign one.
• A decorative design, figure, or pattern, as one used in
embroidery.
device in dictionary
34. 2023/1/25 34
device in text
1. The transistor was originally a single, discrete
device, which you could place individually into a
circuit much like any other.
2. These devices typically contained hundreds of
transistors.
36. 2023/1/25 36
• Constituting a separate thing; distinct.
• Consisting of unconnected distinct parts.
• Defined for a finite set of values; not continuous.
discrete in dictionary
37. 2023/1/25 37
• Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the
creation of integrated circuits that had previously been
made from multiple discrete components.
discrete in text
39. 2023/1/25 39
• To operate or control by skilled use of the hands; handle：
– She manipulated the lights to get just the effect she wanted.
• To influence or manage shrewdly or deviously:
– He manipulated public opinion in his favor.
• To tamper with or falsify for personal gain:
– tried to manipulate stock prices.
manipulate in dictionary
40. 2023/1/25 40
• By careful chemical composition and arrangement, it is
possible to create a very small transistor directly on a layer
of silicon, using various technologies to manipulate the
material into the correct form. These transistors are small,
fast and reliable, and use relatively little power.
manipulate in text
41. 2023/1/25 41
• Manipulate, exploit, maneuver
The central meaning shared by these verbs is to influence,
manage, use, or control to one's advantage by artful or
indirect means.
– manipulates people into helping him;
– exploiting her friends;
– maneuvering to gain an edge over their corporate competitors.
manipulate in use
42. 2023/1/25 42
• A constituent element, as of a system.
• A part of a mechanical or electrical complex.
component in dictionary
43. 2023/1/25 43
• Originally, the functions performed by a processor were
implemented using several different logic chips. Intel was
the first company to incorporate all of these logic
components into a single chip.
component in text
