3. 3
Apa ke-khusus-an penanganan pasien gawat darurat ?
Waktu untuk bertindak : terbatas
Data dasar untuk bertindak : terbatas
Konsep berfikir yang sederhana
Tindakan yang sistematik
Ketrampilan yang memadai
4. 4
PASIEN TRAUMA/ NON TRAUMA
LIFE SUPPORT
Resusitasi
Stabilisasi
A = airway
B = breathing
C = circulation
D = disability
TERAPI DEFINITIF/
SPESIALISTIK
5. 5
Life support
A ─B─ C─ D ─ E
Quick Diagnosis – Quick Treatment
A= Airway, bebaskan jalan nafas, Lindungi C-spine
B= Breathing, beri bantuan nafas, tambah oksigen
C= Circulation, hentikan perdarahan, beri infus
D= Disability/SSP, cegah TIK ↑
E= Exposure, buka semua baju, cegah hipotermi
Pasien obstruksi (A) atau apneu (B) akan mati dalam 3-5 menit
Pasien shock berat (C) akan mati dalam 1-2 jam
Pasien coma (D) akan mati dalam 1 minggu
6. 6
Bagaimana mengamankan jalan nafas?
Intubasi trakea = Gold standard
?
Bagaimana pendapat para ahli anestesiologi?
1.Intubasi oleh bukan ahli dapat timbulkan trauma
2.Resiko: hipoksia fatal/ secondary brain damage,
vagal reflex→ bradikardi berat, cardiac arrest
3.TIK naik hanya dapat dicegah dengan obat-obatan
4.Tidak semua fasilitas kesehatan dilengkapi peralatan untuk
intubasi trakea
9. 9
Pasien mati karena hipoksia, bukan karena tidak
terpasang endotrakeal tube (ETT)
Tidak semua masalah airway harus
diselesaikan dengan intubasi trakea
17. 17
Patients talks clearly ?
Airway is adequate
Management: observation and selective intubation
Special consideration in :
•Maxillofacial injury
•Soft-tissue injury of the neck
•Facial or neck burns
18. 18
Patient is hoarse ?
Laryngeal injury
Larngeal/ tracheal burn
Management: Evaluate and perform (if necessary):
•Intubation
•Surgical airway
Patient cannot respond ?
•GCS ≤ 8
•Obstruction due to: Tongue
Aspiration
Foreign body
Maxillofacial injury
Neck Injury
•Cyanosis
•Rocking respirations
19. 19
•Decreased or no air exchange
•Face or neck crepitus
•Neck hematoma or swelling
Management :
Simple management manuevers:
•Suction
•Chin lift
•Jaw thrust
Intubation
Caution !! Protect C-Spine During
Airway Management
28. 28
3. Head tilt – Chin lift
•Gabungan antara manuver Head tilt
dan Chin lift.
•Head tilt: meletakkan telapak tangan di
dahi, kepala diekstensikan.
•Pada pasien trauma: hati-hati cedera
pada C-spine.
•Pada pasien multipel trauma dengan suspek cedera cervical,
manuver yang paling aman : Jaw Thrust.
•Bila dengan Jaw Thrust tidak bisa buka airway: lakukan Head
Tilt – Chin Lift dengan ekstensi kepala minimal.
•Airway tetap merupakan prioritas, meski terdapat cedera C-
spine.
31. Airway Dasar 31
1. Oropharyngeal Airway (OPA)
•Menahan lidah tidak jatuh ke
belakang .
•Fasilitas suction.
•Mencegah lidah/ ETT tergigit
•Merangsang muntah pada pasien
sadar/ setengah sadar.
•Hati – hati pada anak dapat lukai
jaringan lunak.
36. 36
2. Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)
Jalan nafas buatan dengan ujung di belakang lidah.
Hati hati pada fraktur basis cranii.
Indikasi:
Pasien setengah sadar dengan nafas spontan.
Lebih dapat ditoleransi pasien daripada OPA, kecil kemungkinan
rangsang muntah.
38. Cara Pemasangan Nasopharyngeal Airway
Cara pemasangan: beri jelly pelicin, didorong memasuki
lubang hidung hingga ujung pipa terletak di orofaring. Arah ujungnya
datar menyusur dasar rongga hidung, arah menuju anak telinga
(tragus).
38
1.
2.
3.
42. 42
Persiapan Intubasi Endotrakeal
1. Alat:
A. Laryngoscope
Terdiri dari : Blade (bilah) dan Handle (gagang).
Pilih ukuran blade yg sesuai.
Dewasa : no 3 atau 4
Anak : no 2
Bayi : no 1
Pasang blade dengan handle
Cek lampu harus menyala terang.
47. 47
B. Endotrakeal Tube (ET)
Pilih ukuran yang sesuai: (ID: Internal Diameter)
Dewasa : ID 6.5 , 7 atau 7.5 Atau ± sebesar
kelingking kiri pasien
Anak : ID = 4 + (Umur : 4)
Bayi : Prematur : ID 2.5
Aterm : 3.0 – 3.5
Selalu menyiapkan satu ukuran dibawah dan diatas.
Pilih ET yang High Volume Low Pressure (ETT putih/ fortex)
Bila memakai yg re-useable, cek cuff dan patensi lubang ET.
49. 49
C. Spuit 20 cc.
D. Stylet (bila perlu).
E. Handsgloves steril.
F. KY jelly.
G. Forcep Magill (bila perlu).
H. AMBU Bag dg kantung reservoir dihubungkan dengan
sumber oksigen.
I. Plester untuk fiksasi ETT.
J. Oropharngeal Airway.
H. Alat suction dg suction catheter .
K. Stetoscope.
50. 50
2. Obat Emergency
- Sulfas Atropin (SA) dalam spuit
- Adrenaline dalam spuit.
3. Pasien
Informed consent mengenai tujuan dan resiko tindakan.
Ingat resiko/komplikasi intubasi bisa berakibat
fatal !!!
52. 52
Langkah – langkah Intubasi Endotrakeal
Ventilasi tekanan positif dan Oksigenasi
Harus dilakukan sebelum intubasi.
Dada harus mengembang selama ventilasi diberikan.
Oksigenasi dengan oksigen 100% (10 L/menit).
Bila intubasi gagal (waktu >30 detik), lakukan ventilasi dan
oksigenasi ulang, bahaya hipoksia !!!
53. 53
Posisi Tangan Saat Ventilasi Tekanan Positif
Ibu jari dan jari telunjuk
menekan face mask ke bawah
sambil mempertahankan sekat
yg tidak bocor antara face
mask dan penderita.
Jari tengah, jari manis dan
kelingking pada ramus
mandibula, mendorong ke atas
sambil membuka airway.
55. 55
POSITION OF THE TIP OF LARYNGOSCOPE BLADE
VALEKULA
EPIGLOTIS
LIDAH
Sniffing Position
Mambantu Visualisasi laring
Trakea
Esofagus !!!
56. 56
ELEVASI LARINGOSKOP
Gunakan kekuatan tangan untuk mengangkat. Jangan diungkit dg
menggunakan gigi seri atas sebagai titik tumpu (awas patah!!).
Arah elevasi laringoskop Jangan diungkit !!!
59. BURP MANUEVER
Menekan kartilago krikoid ke bawah, atas, kanan
(Back, Up, Right Pressure= BURP)
Membantu visualisasi plika vokalis
Dilakukan oleh asisten yg membantu intubator
59
BURP
THYROID
CRICOID
ADAM’S APPLE
60. 60
INTUBASI TRAKEA
G. H.
Cara cegah intubasi endobronkhial:
Masukkan ETT hanya sampai ujung distal cuff lewati plica
vocalis
Ujung distal cuff
Intubasi endobronkhial
61. TEKNIK INTUBASI TRAKEA
Buka mulut dengan tangan kanan, gerakan jari menyilang (ibu jari menekan
mandibula, jari telunjuk menekan maksila)
Pegang laringoskop dg tangan kiri, masukkan melalui sisi sebelah kanan
mulut, singkirkan lidah ke samping kiri
Cari epiglotis. Tempatkan ujung bilah laringoskop di valekula (pertemuan
epiglotis dan pangkal lidah)
Angkat epiglotis dg elevasi laringoskop ke atas (jangan menggunakan gigi
seri atas sbg tumpuan !!!) untuk melihat plika vokalis
Bila tidak terlihat, minta bantuan asisten utk lakukan BURP manuver (Back,
Up, Right Pressure) pada kartilago krikoid sampai terlihat plika vokalis
Masukkan ETT, bimbing ujungnya masuk trakea sampai cuff ETT melewati
plika vokalis
Kembangkan cuff ETT secukupnya (sampai tidak ada kebocoran udara)
Pasang OPA
Sambungkan konektor ETT dg ambu bag. Beri ventilasi buatan. Cek suara
paru kanan = kiri, Awas intubasi endobronkial !!
Fiksasi ETT dengan plester
61
72. 72
3. Advanced Airway
B. Laryngeal Mask Airway
Keuntungan :
•Teknik pemasangan lebih mudah
•Trauma lebih sedikit
•Tidak membutuhkan laringoskop
Kerugian :Tidak melindungi terhadap aspirasi
75. Conscious Adult Choking 75
1. To confirm that the victim is choking, ask: “Are you choking?”
If the victim is choking, he will not be able to Speak, Breathe or Cough.
If “YES”, say “I am trained, can I help?”
2. If the victim is upright, the rescuer stands behind the victim.
If the victim is sitting, the rescuer kneels down and positions himself
behind the victim.
3. Put your arms around the victim’s abdomen.
Place fist with thumb side against victim’s abdomen in the mid line about
2 fingers’ breadth above the navel and well below the tip of the xiphoid.
Give quick inward and upward thrusts in one motion into the victim’s
abdomen until the foreign body is expelled or the victim becomes
unconscious.
Steps Involved in Relief of FBAO ( Conscious)
76. ADULT HEIMLICH MANEUVER
Look for the Universal Sign of the victim's hand across their throat . . . . . . .
•if the victim is making sound or moving air, encourage them to cough.
•If the victim is not making sound, or is turning color, intervene.
•Announce to the victim that you know the Heimlich Manuver and can help!
•Have someone activate emergency medical system - CALL 911.
76
77. •Stand behind the victim with your arms wrapped around the
victims chest.
•Feel for the victim's xiphoid process with your right hand.
77
78. Make a fist with your left hand and place it (THUMB IN) below the right hand.
•Wrap the right hand over the left hand.
•Give inward and upward thrusts towards the shoulder blades.
•Repeat this until either the obstruction is removed, or the victim becomes
unconscious.
•If the victim becomes unconscious, assist them to the ground and perform
•C.P.R. CONTINUE UNINTERRUPTED UNTILADVANCED LIFE
SUPPORT IS AVAILABLE.
78
82. CHILD HEIMLICH MANUVER
Look for the Universal Sign of the victim's hand across their throat.
•If the victim is making sound or moving air, encourage them to cough.
•If the victim is not making sound, or is turning color, intervene.
•Announce to the victim that you know the Heimlich Manuver and can help!
•Have someone activate emergency medical system - CALL 911.
82
83. •If you are alone, perform Heimlich Manuver first, then call 911, because children
need air !!!
•Stand behind the victim with your arms wrapped around the victims chest.
•Feel for the victim's xiphoid process with your left hand.
•Make a fist with your right hand and place it (THUMB IN)below the left hand.
83
84. Wrap the left hand over the right hand.
Give inward and upward thrusts towards the shoulder blades.
Repeat this until either the obstruction is removed, or the victim becomes
unconscious.
84
85. •If the victim becomes unconscious, assist them to the ground and
perform C.P.R.
CONTINUE UNINTERRUPTED UNTILADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT IS
AVAILABLE.
85
87. INFANT HEIMLICH MANUVER
Intervene if the infant is turning color, or is not making sound !!!
•Place victim flat on his/her back with their head to your right, on
a hard surface.
87
88. With your left hand cupped in a "C" shape, grab the infant by the jaw
and rest the remainder of your arm across the infant's body.
•Lift the infant with your left hand and invert the victim so their body is resting across
the rescuer's left arm with the legs straddling your arm.
•Lower the victim's head.
88
89. Back blow in an infant.
•With the infant's back towards you, perform 5 back blows at the
level of the infant's shoulder blades with the heel of your right
hand.
89
90. •Sandwich the infant between both arms, supporting the head with your
right hand.
•Invert the victim to the right arm, facing upwards with the legs
straddling your right arm and move the victim to the level of your chest.
90
91. •Take the left hand,and extend the middle 3 fingers. Place them on the
infant's chest with the index finger in the center of the chest at the nipple-
line.
•Raise the index finger and depress sternum 1 inch using the remaining 2
fingers.
•Perform 5 compresions (Chest Thrust)
91
92. 92
•Look in the infant's mouth to see if the foreign body has been
displaced.
93. •If no air goes in, reposition the head and try again.
•If no response after 1 minute, call emergency medical system dial-911
•Return to victim and continue the Heimlich Manuver.
CONTINUE UNINTERRUPTED UNTILADVANCED LIFE
SUPPORT IS AVAILABLE.
93
95. 95
1. Ask: “Are you choking?”
2. Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) / For pregnant and
very obese victims, perform chest thrusts.
If the victim becomes Unconscious,
3. Position the victim on his back and call “Help! Call 995”
4. Open the airway – Perform Head-Tilt-Chin Lift
5. Push chin down and check mouth for foreign body object
6. If foreign body is seen, If foreign body is seen, insert the index finger of
the other hand down along the inside of the cheek and deeply into the throat.
Use a hooking action to dislodge the foreign body and maneuver it out of
the mouth./ Take precaution not to force the foreign body deeper into the
throat. This maneuver is known as the finger sweep.
Steps Involved in Relief of FBAO ( Conscious to Unconscious)
96. 96
Finger Sweep
Use a hooking action to dislodge the foreign body and
maneuver it out of the mouth./ Take precaution not to
force the foreign body deeper into the throat. This man
oeuvre is known as the finger sweep.
Check for Foreign Body – use Push chin
down
If foreign body is seen, insert the index
finger of the other hand down along the
inside of the cheek and deeply into the
throat.
97. 97
7. Check breathing – Look, Listen and See
8. If there is no breathing, attempt to ventilate (1st ventilation). If the chest
does not rise, reposition victim’s head and reattempt to ventilate
(2nd ventilation)
9. If the chest does not rise again, give 30 chest thrusts. The hand position
for chest thrusts is the same as chest compression performed in CPR.
10. Repeat S/N 4 to 8 until there are 2 successful ventilations, and check the
breathing.
Steps Involved in Relief of FBAO ( Conscious to Unconscious)
98. 98
1. To treat one’s own complete FBAO, make a fist with one hand, place
the thumb side on the abdomen above the navel (2 fingers breadth) and
below the xiphoid process, grasp the fist with the other hand, and then
press inward and upward toward the diaphragm with a quick motion.
2. If unsuccessful, the victim can also press the upper abdomen over any
firm surface such as the back of a chair, side of table, or porch railing.
Several thrusts may be needed to clear the airway.
The Self-Administered Heimlich Maneuver
99. 99
May be used as an alternative to Heimlich Maneuver. It is performed on
obese or pregnant victim.
1. To confirm that the victim is choking, ask: “Are you choking?”
If the victim is choking, he will not be able to Speak, Breathe or Cough.
If “YES”, say “I am trained, can I help?”
2. If the victim is upright, the rescuer stands behind the victim.
If the victim is sitting, the rescuer kneels down and positions himself
behind the victim.
Chest Thrust
100. 100
3. Place your arms under the victim’s armpits to encircle the chest.
Place one fist with thumb side on the middle of the breastbone.
Grasp fist with the other hand and give successive quick backward
thrusts..
Deliver each thrust firmly and distinctly with the intent of relieving
the obstruction until the foreign body is expelled or the victim
becomes unconscious.
When the victim becomes unconscious, the rescuer should activate
emergency medical services by dialing 995 for an ambulance and
begin CPR.
