551037_6 TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

1. UNIT 1_TASK 3
DINA ESPERANZA BONILLA
(TUTOR)
551037_6
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
JULIO CESAR LOPEZ
ANGELICA YOHANA TOLEDO
INGRID MARCELA MARTINEZ
JESUS JAVIER CAICEDO ARROYO
PEDRO GUERRERO GUERRERO
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
SCHOOL OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES
BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
JULY THE 14TH 2018
COLOMBIA

2. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
• Paragraph 4
“Perfume became less associated with health in 1810 with a Napoleonic ordinance which required perfumers to
declare the ingredients of all products for internal consumption. Unwilling to divulge their secrets, traders
concentrated on products for external use. Napoleon affected the industry in other ways too. With French ports
blockaded by the British during the Napoleonic wars, the London perfumers were able to dominate the markets
some time.
One of the significant changes in the nineteenth century was the idea of branding. Until then, trademarks had
little significance in the perfumery where goods were consumed locally, although they had a long history in
industries. One of the pioneers in this field was Rimmel who was nationalized as a British citizen in 1857. He took
advantage of the spread of railroads to reach customers in wider markets. To do this, he built a brand which
conveyed prestige and quality, and were worth paying a premium for. He recognised the role of design in
enhancing the value of his products, hiring a French lithographer to create the labels for his perfume bottles.”
INGRID MARCELA MARTINEZ

3. • PÁRRAFO 4
“El perfume se asoció menos con la salud en 1810 con una ordenanza napoleónica que requería que los
perfumistas declararan los ingredientes de todos los productos para el consumo interno. No dispuestos a
divulgar sus secretos, los comerciantes se concentraron en productos para uso externo. Napoleón afectó
industria de otras maneras también. Con los puertos franceses bloqueados por los británicos durante las
guerras napoleónicas, los perfumistas de Londres pudieron dominar los mercados durante algún tiempo.
Uno de los cambios significativos en el siglo XIX fue la idea de marcar. Hasta entonces, las marcas habían
tenido poca importancia en la perfumería donde los bienes se consumían localmente, aunque tenían una
larga historia en otras industrias. Uno de los pioneros en este campo fue Rimmel, quien fue nacionalizado
como ciudadano británico en 1857. Aprovechó la expansión de los ferrocarriles para llegar a clientes en
mercados más amplios. Para hacer esto, construyó una marca que transmitía prestigio y calidad, y valía la
pena pagar una prima por ella. Reconoció el papel del diseño en la mejora del valor de sus productos,
contrató a un litógrafo francés para crear las etiquetas de sus botellas de perfume.”

4. TASK 2. REFLECTION
First, I read the complete text sentence by sentence trying to understand what they told me later, I enclosed
words that I did not understand and that more than I tried to remember their meaning I could not so I locked
them up and looked for their meaning so I could understand the fashions so in more detail, this allowed me to
give coherence to the sentences. therefore, I consider that the technique I used was effective because it
me to understand the text in a complete way also, I think the difficulty I had of not knowing so much
did not allow me to advance in the understanding of the text so it was approximately six words very important
the text and crucial to make sense of the text and to be able to understand it easily. Therefore, I believe that
understanding the vocabulary makes it easier to interpret the message of the text.
Oblique Translation Techniques
Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language
cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of
the target language.
Oblique translation techniques include:
• Transposition
• Modulation
• Reformulation or Equivalence
• Adaptation
• Compensation

5. METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
It is a logical process through which knowledge
is obtained. Logical succession of steps or
stages that lead to achieving a predetermined
objective. Way to guide learning; they are
applied through techniques. Expository
or explanations method. Method of discovery,
problem solving or research method. Group
dynamics or interactive method. Experiential
learning method.
For example:
• Clinical method, Montessori method,
deductive, inductive, analog method, etc.
The strategy is a planning system applied to
an articulated set of actions that allows
achieving an objective; it serves to obtain
certain results, so that one cannot talk about
using strategies when there is no goal
towards where actions are oriented. Unlike
method, the strategy is flexible and can take
shape based on the goals you want to reach.
For example:
• Teaching strategy: it is done by the teacher.
Learning strategy: the student does it.
It is a procedure or set of rules, norms or
protocols, which aim to obtain a certain
result, whether in the field of science,
technology, art, education or any other
activity. it is considered as a didactic
procedure that lends itself to help to realize
a part of the learning that is pursued with
the strategy.
For example:
• Repeat, underline, outline, ask questions,
deduce, induce, etc. They can be used
mechanically.
TASK 3. CHART

6. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
• A cordial greeting, Jesus
Observe your individual work and I think you have done an excellent job, in terms of the translation of the
text I think you have used excellent tools or techniques that have helped you make sense of the text.
• A cordial greeting, Julio
Observe your work I think you have done a good individual job according to the guide. On the other hand,
I see that the strategies, methods and techniques that you used to develop the translation of the text were
very effective because the text was understood clearly and precisely.
• A cordial greeting, Pedro
Observe your work and I think you have also done an excellent individual work, I think your technique
and method were effective in developing the translation of the text, and in reading it you can clearly
understand the message of the text, therefore, I think they were very useful and effective for you.

7. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH 2
“At first, the use of fragrances was primarily associated with healing. Aromatic alcoholic waters were which
could be adverte by inhaling pleasant fragrances such as cinnamon. The Black Death led to an aversion
to using water for washing, and so perfume was commonly used as a cleaning agent.
Later on, the craft of perfume re-entered Europe, and was centred in Venice, chiefly because it was an
important trade ingested as well as used externally. Fragrances were used to purify the air, both for
and health purposes. During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to have resulted from a
a bad odour route and a centre for glass-making. Having such materials at hand was essential for the
distillation process. In the late seventeenth century, trade soared in France, when Louis XIV brought in
policies of protectionism and patronage which stimulated the purchase of luxury goods. Here, perfumery
was the preserve of glove-makers. The link arose since the tanning of leather required putrid substances.
Consequently, the gloves were scented before they were sold and worn. A glove and perfume makers’
had existed here since 1190. Entering it required 7 years of formal training under a master perfumer.”
JESUS JAVIER CAICEDO ARROYO

8. PÁRRAFO 2
“Al principio, el uso de fragancias se asoció principalmente con la curación. Las aguas aromáticas alcohólicas
podían evitarse inhalando fragancias agradables como la canela. La Peste Negra provocó una aversión al uso
agua para lavar, por lo que el perfume se usaba comúnmente como agente de limpieza.
Más tarde, el arte del perfume volvió a entrar en Europa y se centró en Venecia, principalmente porque era un
comercio importante, tanto ingerido como usado externamente. Las fragancias se usaban para purificar el aire,
tanto para propósitos espirituales como de salud. Durante la Peste Negra, se pensó que la peste bubónica era
resultado de una mala ruta de olores y un centro para la fabricación de vidrio. Tener dichos materiales a mano
esencial para el proceso de destilación. A finales del siglo XVII, el comercio se disparó en Francia, cuando Luis
introdujo políticas de proteccionismo y mecenazgo que estimularon la compra de artículos de lujo. Aquí, la
perfumería era exclusiva de los fabricantes de guantes. El vínculo surgió ya que el curtido del cuero requería
sustancias pútridas. En consecuencia, los guantes fueron perfumados antes de ser vendidos y usados. Un
un gremio de fabricantes de perfumes habían existido aquí desde 1190. Entrar en él requería 7 años de
entrenamiento formal bajo la dirección de un maestro perfumista.”

9. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Difficulties when translating the text
To translate the text of the reading, at the first time it was like a little demotivating because there were a few
unknown words. But when making the second reading it was more fun, since the few supposedly unknown
words I had seen before in other texts, and so I could give a sense to the translation. I must clarify that for the
translation of some words I had to use an English-Spanish dictionary. In general, I found it easy to translate
text.
I did not know words like inhaling, odour, putrid, scented, guild.
So I had to find out if the same term was also used in Spanish.
Explanation on the techniques used to get the results
When translating the paragraph I used:
Direct translation techniques such as:

10. Borrowing: the words “Perfume” and “Europe” were taken directly from English into Spanish without
translation.
Word-for-word translation:
Oblique translation techniques such as: A glove and perfume makers’ guild had existed here since 1190
Transposition: I changed the sequence of some parts of the speech; I replaced word categories without
altering the meaning of the text : During the Black Death (noun), the bubonic (adjective) plague was
thought to have resulted from a bad odour route = Durante la Peste Negra, se pensó que la peste
bubónica era el resultado de una mala ruta de olores
Reformulation: I used different expressions, which are the Spanish equivalent, to translate the following
idiomatic expressions:
• Perfume makers’ guild= Gremio de fabricantes de perfumes
• The Black Death= La Peste Negra
• Having such materials at hand was essential for the distillation process. = Tener dichos materiales a
mano fue esencial para el proceso de destilación.

11. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METHOD, STRATEGY & TECHNIQUE
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Method is a way, manner or form something is
systematically organized and done.
A translation method refers to the way a particular
translation process is carried out in terms of the
translator’s objective. It relates to whole texts.
It is a plan that specifies a series of steps or core
concepts that aim to achieve a certain goal.
Strategies are the procedures used by the translator to
solve problems that emerge when carrying out the
translation process with a particular objective in mind.
It is translator's potentially conscious plans for
solving concrete translation problems in the framework
of a concrete translation task. Krings (1986:18)
It is a potentially conscious procedure for solving a
problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of
it.
It is a series of competencies, a set of steps or
processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or
utilization of information.
It involves the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text
to translated and developing a method to translate it.
Venuti (1998:240)
Strategies are heuristic and flexible in nature, and
their adoption implies a decision influenced by
amendments in the translator's objectives. Jaaskelainen
(1999:71)
A technique is a procedure used to analyze and classify
translation equivalence.
TASK 3. CHART

12. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
• Greetings classmate Julio
I agree with you when you say
“When I tried to translate the word Mercers, it does not have a meaning in Spanish”. At this point
I see that you use the technique of oblique Translation Techniques. Since this technique is widely
used (…) When the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly
translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the
target language. To my way of thinking I think you have done a very good job.
• Greetings classmate Pedro
Your contribution is very significant, even more so when you manifest (...) there were many difficult
words because is not a common topic at least for me so I made a list with those words and look
them in the dictionary, after that with the possible meaning obviously chose the best option, I put
these words in the paragraph again and I could understand it, obviously giving it a logical sense.
At this point I can see that you used the technique of Transposition This is the process where parts
of speech change their sequence when they are translated. At the same time, the modulation
technique is evident since it consists of using a phrase that is different in the languages of origin
and destination to convey the same idea

13. Pedro Guerrero Guerrero
TASK 1. TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH 5
“Luxury fragrances were strongly associated with the affluent and prestigious cities of London and Paris.
Perfumers elsewhere tended to supply cheaper products and knock-offs of the London and Paris brands.
The United States perfume industry, which developed around the docks in New York where French oils were
being imported, began in this way. Many American firms were founded by immigrants, such as William
Colgate, who arrived in 1806. At this time, Colgate was chiefly known as a perfumery. Its Cashmere Bouquet
brand had 625 perfume varieties in the early 20th century.”
PARRAFO 5
“Las fragancias de lujo se asociaron fuertemente con las ciudades afluentes y prestigiosas de Londres y
París. Los perfumistas en otros lugares tendían a suministrar productos más baratos y falsificaciones de las
marcas de Londres y París. La industria de los perfumes de los Estados Unidos, que se desarrolló en los
muelles de Nueva York, donde se importaban aceites franceses, comenzó de esta manera. Muchas firmas
estadounidenses fueron fundadas por inmigrantes, como William Colgate, quien llegó en 1806. En esta
época, Colgate era principalmente conocida como perfumería. Su marca Cashmere Bouquet tenía 625
variedades de perfume a principios del siglo XX.”

14. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Have a good capacity for translation will always be important especially when
they are complex issues and that somehow helps us to have more confidence in
the work we are doing, this skill is acquired over time for such reason we must
constant in our process of learning to be able to reach that level.
Translation techniques
TASK 2. REFLECTION
Have a good capacity for translation will always be important especially when they are
complex issues and that somehow helps us to have more confidence in the work we are
doing, this skill is acquired over time for such reason we must be constant in our process
learning to be able to reach that level.
Translation techniques
Well, speaking of the paragraph, there were many difficult words because it is not a
common theme at least for me, so I made a list with those words and I looked for them in
the dictionary,
Here I used the compensation technique to get the possible meaning I obviously chose
best option, I put these words in the paragraph again and I could understand it, giving it a
more logical sense.

15. TASK 3. CHART

16. Example
When we want to translate a text, it is important to look for the most appropriate way to translate it
through the process with which we do not feel more comfortable. This action is what we know with the
name of method.
Now this method needs to follow certain guidelines and guidelines to carry it out, to this process or
moment of translation in which we know as a strategy and finally the application of these guidelines and
guidelines is what we know as the technique
When translating paragraph 5 of this activity I did it verbally trying to understand it as best as possible
this action we can call it the method I chose.
When I found the word I did not know, I used the dictionary to get the meaning that best suited the
context of the paragraph and give it a more coherent meaning, we can call this action as a strategy and
finally the way to follow and apply this strategy we can call it technique.

17. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
• Hello Jesús
I have checked your task and I think it's pretty good because your explanation about the technique you used to translate the
text is very useful and interesting on the other hands, the differences that you have stablished in your chart among the
concepts (method, strategy and technique) are very easy to understand.
• Hello Angelica
I think your activity is also good, a little more summarized than the rest of the classmates, but it's still good. If you are right
there are many words that are not very common and that is what makes the development of the task a bit difficult, its
description establishing the differences between the three concepts is also good and very clear.
• Hello Ingrid
I think your activity is quite good. The translation technique you used is quite useful when it comes to giving a logical sense to
what we are writing. On the other hand, the differences that you establish between method, strategy and technique are very
clear.
• Hi Julio Cesar
Regarding to your task, yes your are right, when we use the translate we must have careful because sometimes the meaning
of the words is totally different and we can change the context meaning.
Talking about the techniques you used to translate the text I think are very useful and easy to use

18. JULIO CESAR LOPEZ
TASK 1. TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH 3
“The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis XV, as the master glove-and-perfume makers,
particularly those trading in Paris, received patronage from the royal court, where it is said that a different
perfume was used each week. The perfumers diversified into other cosmetics including soaps, powders, white
face paints and hair dyes. They were not the sole sellers of beauty products. Mercers, spicers, vinegar-makers
and wig-makers were all cashing in on the popularity of perfumed products. Even simple shopkeepers were
coming up with their own concoctions to sell.
During the eighteenth century, more modern, capitalist perfume industry began to emerge, particularly in
Britain where there was a flourishing consumer society. In France, the revolution initially disrupted the perfume
trade due to its association with aristocracy, however, it regained momentum later as a wider range of markets
were sought both in the domestic and overseas markets. The guild system was abolished in 1791, allowing new
high-end perfumery shops to open in Paris.”

19. TRANSLATION:
“El comercio de perfumes floreció durante el reinado de Luis XV. Como maestros fabricantes de guantes y
perfumes, particularmente aquellos que comerciaban en París, recibían patrocinio de la corte real, donde se
que cada semana se usaba un perfume diferente. Los comerciantes de perfumes se envolvieron en otros
cosméticos, incluidos jabones, polvos, pinturas para caras blancas y tintes para el cabello. Ellos no eran los
vendedores de productos de belleza. Mercers, vendedores de especias, fabricantes de vinagres y de pelucas
estaban aprovechando la popularidad de los productos perfumados. Incluso los simples tenderos estaban
incursionando con sus propios brebajes para vender.
Durante el siglo XVIII, una industria de perfumes más moderna y capitalista comenzó a surgir, particularmente
el Reino Unido, donde hubo una floreciente sociedad de consumo. En Francia, la revolución inicialmente
interrumpió el comercio de perfumes debido a su asociación con la aristocracia, sin embargo, recuperó su
impulso más tarde a medida que se buscaba una gama más amplia de mercados tanto en el mercado
como en el extranjero. El sistema de agremiación fue abolido en 1791, permitiendo abrir nuevas tiendas de
perfumería de alta calidad en París”

20. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Difficulties when translating the text
When I started to read the paragraph, I felt that I could not understand many words and phrases but my intuition could
me find the meaning but not completely. This is when I had to support the translation with the internet and the dictionary
find the new words. Even with these tools, I was no sure about what the phrases mean because of the context and also
because it is something that refers to the XV century and so, changes the meaning of it.
Sometimes I could not find a precise or correct word to translate without alter the meaning.
For example, when I tried to translate the word Mercers, it does not have a meaning in Spanish. The other word was spicers
because even though that the noun is spice, I could not find the translation as an adjective.
This is when I considered the importance of translations techniques because in the case of a legal document is very
to find the right word avoiding misunderstanding. Now I could see the difficulty and responsibility that a professional has
when is facing these kind of situations.
Techniques used to get the results
Borrowing: I used this technique in the word Perfume and Mercers because they don’t have a meaning in Spanish
Transposition: patronage from the royal court / recibían patrocinio de la corte real.
As the master glove-and-perfume makers / Como maestros fabricantes de guantes y perfumes.
Modulation or equivalence: shopkeepers / Tenderos
Compensation: were all cashing in on the popularity / estaban aprovechando la popularidad

21. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METHOD, STRATEGY & TECHNIQUE
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
It is a particular procedure for
accomplishing or approaching
something. A way something is
done
Strategy usually requires some
sort of planning.
Technique is a procedure or skill
for completing a specific task
TASK 3. CHART

22. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
• Hi mates. Thank you for the participation in this activity.
• I posted the final work in the evaluation environment.
• Hi mates. Thanks for sharing your individual task.
• this is my work. I will try to keep improving it
• Hi, mates, I will choose paragraph 3

23. ANGELICA YOHANA TOLEDO
TASK 1. TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH 1
“The craft of perfumery has an ancient and global heritage. The art flourished in Ancient Rome, where the
emperors were said to bathe in scent. After the fall of Rome, much of the knowledge was lost, but survived in
Islamic civilizations in the Middle Ages. Arab and Persian pharmacists developed essential oils from the aromatic
plants of the Indian peninsula. They developed the processes of distillation and suspension in alcohol, which
allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than in the ancient process, by which flower petals
were soaked in warm oil. This knowledge was carried back to European monasteries during the Crusades.”
“El arte de la perfumería tiene un patrimonio antiguo y global. El arte floreció en la antigua Roma, donde se
decía que los emperadores se bañaban en esa esencia. Después de la caída de Roma, gran parte del
conocimiento se perdió, pero sobrevivió en las civilizaciones islámicas en la edad media. Las farmacias árabes y
persas desarrollaron aceites esenciales del aroma de las plantas de la península de la India. Ellos desarrollaron el
proceso de destilación y suspensión en alcohol, lo cual permitió utilizar pequeñas cantidades de materia prima
que, en el proceso antiguo, por lo cual los pétalos de rosa fueron mojados en aceite tibio. Este conocimiento
fue regresado a los monasterios europeos durante las cruzadas.”

24. TASK 2. REFLECTION
One of the problems that I faced was giving meaning to some words, for example: where the emperors
were said to bathe in scent.
Because this part do not have punctuation marks, there was not a subject or pronoun that will identify
to whom the action belongs, maybe my problem is that I am too literal with words, and I have to give
meaning to the sentence.
To solve this interpretation use the oblique translation technique, emphasizing the transposition,
organizing the words to understand it in Spanish.
For the other sentences, I used the technique of literal translation, since most of the words are used
and their context is easy to interpret.
Although this phrase generates certain questions of interpretation “by which flower petals were soaked
warm oil”, especially with the word soaked, use the word that I consider most accurate for the meaning
the sentence, although I do not know if there is a precise one.

25. TASK 3. CHART

26. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
• Hello Ingrid, I am very interested in your contribution and translation, I must tell you that on
July 11, I chose paragraph one.
• Hello Pedro, I really liked the way you explained or gave the example of the difference between
method, strategy and technique, it is very interesting the sense that you give to the text and
how you face it.
• Hello Jesus, I identify with you, it is difficult to understand or give meaning to some words, it
ends up being frustrating but reading again and looking for the meanings of the words is
progressing