Translation Techniques

1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
551037A_473
Unit 1_Task 3
JOSE WILSON CASTRO COD. 19462380
WENDY DE JESUS GUTIERREZ COD. 1042437707
ANGGIE TATIANA CUELLAR COD. 1081731989
DAYANA OLAYA COD. 1110597329
ERIN CONTRERAS COD. 28554983
GROUP 551037_7
TUTOR
DINAESPERANZA BONILLA
LICENCIATURA EN INGLES COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
IBAGUE – TOLIMA
COLOMBIA
16th July 2018

2. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Choose a paragraph, read carefully and translate it into Spanish.
The text is attached where you find this activity guide with the
name: Perfume Reading. Each student must select a different
paragraph and inform the choice in the forum, so no paragraphs
are repeated among students.
PERFUME
PARAGRAPH 1
The craft of perfumery has an ancient and global heritage. The art flourished in Ancient
Rome, where the emperors were said to bathe in scent. After the fall of Rome, much of
the knowledge was lost, but survived in Islamic civilizations in the Middle Ages. Arab
and Persian pharmacists developed essential oils from the aromatic plants of the Indian
peninsula. They developed the processes of distillation and suspension in alcohol, which
allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than in the ancient process, by
which flower petals were soaked in warm oil. This knowledge was carried back to
European monasteries during the Crusades.
Translation: PÁRRAFO 1, Por: Erin Contreras
La artesanía de la perfumería tiene un patrimonio antiguo y global. El arte floreció en la
antigua Roma, en donde se decía que los emperadores se bañaban en perfumes. Después
de la caída de Roma, mucho del conocimiento se perdió, pero sobrevivió en las
civilizaciones islámicas en la Edad Media. Los farmacéuticos árabes y persas
desarrollaron aceites esenciales a partir de las plantas aromáticas de la península india.
Ellos desarrollaron los procesos de destilación y suspensión en alcohol, lo que permitió
utilizar cantidades menores de materias primas que en el proceso antiguo, mediante el
cual los pétalos de las flores se remojaban en aceite tibio. Este conocimiento fue llevado
de vuelta a los monasterios europeos durante las Cruzadas.

3. PARAGRAPH 2
At first, the use of fragrances was primarily associated with healing. Aromatic alcoholic
waters were ingested as well as used externally. Fragrances were used to purify the air,
both for spiritual and health purposes. During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was
thought to have resulted from a bad odour which could be averted by inhaling pleasant
fragrances such as cinnamon. The Black Death led to an aversion to using water for
washing, and so perfume was commonly used as a cleaning agent.
Later on, the craft of perfume re-entered Europe, and was centred in Venice, chiefly
because it was an important trade route and a centre for glass-making. Having such
materials at hand was essential for the distillation process. In the late seventeenth
century, trade soared in France, when Louis XIV brought in policies of protectionism and
patronage which stimulated the purchase of luxury goods. Here, perfumery was the
preserve of glove-makers. The link arose since the tanning of leather required putrid
substances. Consequently, the gloves were scented before they were sold and worn. A
glove and perfume makers’ guild had existed here since 1190. Entering it required 7 years
of formal training under a master perfumer.
Translation: PÁRRAFO 2, Por: Anggie Cuellar
En el inicio, el uso de fragancias fue primeramente asociado con las curaciones. Las aguas
aromáticas alcohólicas eran ingeridas también como usadas externamente. Las fragancias
eran usadas para purificar el aire, tanto para propósitos espirituales como de salud.
Durante la peste negra, se pensó que la plaga bubónica era el resultado de un mal olor que
podía evitarse inhalando fragancias agradables como la canela. La peste negra condujo a
una aversión a usar el agua para el lavado, por lo cual el perfume se usaba comúnmente
como agente de limpieza.

4. Más tarde, el oficio del perfume volvió a entrar a Europa, y se centró en Venecia, sobre
todo porque era una importante ruta comercial y un centro de fabricación de vidrio. Tener
dichos materiales a mano fue esencial para el proceso de destilación. A finales del
decimoséptimo siglo, el comercio se disparó en Francia, cuando Luis XIV trajo políticas
de proteccionismo y patrocinio que estimularon la compra de artículos de lujo. Aquí, la
perfumería era exclusiva de los fabricantes de guantes. El enlace surgió desde que el
curtido de cuero requiere de sustancias putrefactas. Consecuentemente, los guantes eran
perfumados antes de que ellos fueran vendidos y usados. Un guante y un gremio de
fabricantes han existido aquí desde 1190. Para ingresar era requerido 7 años de
entrenamiento formal bajo la dirección de un maestro perfumista.
PARAGRAPH 3
The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis XV, as the master glove-and-
perfume makers, particularly those trading in Paris, received patronage from the royal
court, where it is said that a different perfume was used each week. The perfumers
diversified into other cosmetics including soaps, powders, white face paints and hair dyes.
They were not the sole sellers of beauty products. Mercers, spicers, vinegar-makers and
wig-makers were all cashing in on the popularity of perfumed products. Even simple
shopkeepers were coming up with their own concoctions to sell.
During the eighteenth century, more modern, capitalist perfume industry began to emerge,
particularly in Britain where there was a flourishing consumer society. In France, the
revolution initially disrupted the perfume trade due to its association with aristocracy,
however, it regained momentum later as a wider range of markets were sought both in the
domestic and overseas markets. The guild system was abolished in 1791, allowing new
high-end perfumery shops to open in Paris.

5. Translation: PÁRRAFO 3, Por: Dayana Olaya
El comercio de perfumes floreció durante el reino de Louis XV, como los principales
fabricantes de guante y perfume, especialmente aquellos que comercializaban en Paris,
recibían patrocinio de la corte real, donde se dice que un perfume diferente era usado cada
semana. Los perfumistas se diversificaron en otros cosméticos incluyendo, jabones,
polvos, pinturas de cara blanca y tintes para cabello. No eran los únicos vendedores de
productos de belleza. Mercers. Spicers, fabricantes de vinagre y diseñadores de pelucas
estaban aprovechando la popularidad de los productos de belleza. Incluso los simples
tenderos fueron creando sus propios brebajes para vender.
Durante el siglo diez y ocho, más moderno, la industria capitalista de perfume emergió,
particularmente en Gran Bretaña donde hubo una floreciente sociedad de consumo. En
Francia, la revolución inicialmente interrumpió el comercio de perfumes debido a su
asociación con la aristocracia, sin embargo, recuperó impulso más tarde como una gama
más amplia de mercados, tanto en mercados nacionales como en el extranjero. El sistema
de gremio fue suprimido in 1791, permitiendo abrir nuevas tiendas de perfumería de alta
gama en París.
PARAGRAPH 4
Perfume became less associated with health in 1810 with a Napoleonic ordinance which
required perfumers to declare the ingredients of all products for internal consumption.
Unwilling to divulge their secrets, traders concentrated on products for external use.
Napoleon affected the industry in other ways too. With French ports blockaded by the
British during the Napoleonic wars, the London perfumers were able to dominate the
markets for some time. One of the significant changes in the nineteenth century was the
idea of branding. Until then, trademarks had had little significance in the perfumery where
goods were consumed locally, although they had a long history in other industries. One of
the pioneers in this field was Rimmel who was nationalized as a British citizen in 1857.
He took advantage of the spread of railroads to reach customers in wider markets. To do

6. this, he built a brand which conveyed prestige and quality, and were worth paying a
premium for. He recognized the role of design in enhancing the value of his products,
hiring a French lithographer to create the labels for his perfume bottles.
Translation: PÁRRAFO 4, Por: Wendy de Jesús Gutiérrez
El perfume se convirtió en el menos asociado con la salud en 1.810 con una ordenanza
napoleónica el cual requería que los perfumistas declararan los ingredientes de todos los
productos para el consumo interno. No dispuestos a divulgar sus secretos, los
comerciantes se concentraron en los productos para uso externo. Napoleón afectó la
industria en otras formas también. Con puertos franceses bloqueados por los británicos
durante las guerras napoleónicas, los perfumistas de London fueron capaces de dominar
los mercados por algún tiempo. Uno de los cambios significativos en el siglo diecinueve
fue la idea de la marca. Hasta entonces, las marcas registradas habían tenido poca
importancia en la perfumería donde los bienes fueron consumidos localmente, aunque
ellos tuvieron una larga historia en otras industrias. Uno de los pioneros en este campo fue
Rimmel quién fue nacionalizado como un ciudadano británico en 1.857. Él tomó ventaja
de la propagación de ferrocarriles para alcanzar clientes en mercados más amplios. Para
hacer esto, él construyó una marca el cual transmitía prestigio y calidad, y valía la pena
pagar una prima por ella. Reconoció el papel del diseño en la mejora del valor de sus
productos, contrató un litógrafo francés para crear las etiquetas para sus botellas de
perfumes.
PARAGRAPH 5
Luxury fragrances were strongly associated with the affluent and prestigious cities of
London and Paris. Perfumers elsewhere tended to supply cheaper products and knock-
offs of the London and Paris brands. The United States perfume industry, which
developed around the docks in New York where French oils were being imported, began

7. in this way. Many American firms were founded by immigrants, such as William Colgate,
who arrived in 1806. At this time, Colgate was chiefly known as a perfumery. Its
Cashmere Bouquet brand had 625 perfume varieties in the early 20th century.
Translation: PÁRRAFO, 5 Por: José Wilson Castro
Las fragancias de lujo se asociaron fuertemente con las ciudades evolucionadas y
prestigiosas de Londres y París. Los perfumistas en otros lugares tendían a suministrar
productos más baratos y adulteraciones de las marcas de Londres y París. La industria de
los perfumes de los Estados Unidos, que se desarrolló en los puertos de Nueva York,
donde se importaban aceites franceses, comenzó de esta manera. Muchas firmas
estadounidenses fueron fundadas por inmigrantes, como William Colgate, quien llegó en
1806. En esta época, Colgate era principalmente conocida como perfumería. Su marca
Cashmere Bouquet tenía 625 variedades de perfume a principios del siglo XX.

8. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Write a text about the problems you faced regarding words or
expressions that were hard to translate and an explanation on
the techniques used to get the results.
 JOSE WILSON CASTRO
Normally I should deal with some topics with a translation like the hyperbaton or the
natural order of speech, in this case the perfume`s translation was not causing me any
difficulty.
 WENDY DE JESUS GUTIERREZ
Actually, the paragraph number 4 was easy for me to translate it. The paragraph looked
long but I did it.
I couldn´t have any problems, I only had problems with some words and some phrases that
I didn´t know. Some of them were:
1. Perfume became less associated: Literal translation
2. Unwilling
3. Spread
4. Little significance: modulation
5. He took advantage
6. The role of design: Reformulation
In the first phrase, “Perfume became less associated” It is literal translation because a literal
translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language.
In the third phrase, “Little significance”, It is a modulation because I generated a change in
the point of view of the message without altering meaning and without generating a sense
of awkwardness in the reader of the target text.

9. In number six, I used reformulation because I had to express something in a completely
different way.
 ANGGIE TATIANA CUELLAR
While I was translating the paragraph 2 I found a lot of expressions in the text that in the
beginning of the translation I tried to translate of a very literal way, but while I was reading
again in order to give a better definition of the expressions in Spanish; I found that I had
some words that I did not know the meaning, for that reason I had to look for them and
after that give sense to the phrase.
For in this activity the most difficult thing it was the terminology about perfume and the
fact that they were not talking in a literal way, sometimes you had to infer some facts
according to the information given in the paragraph.
As a reflection of this activity I think that we have to learn to think in English, even if we
are Spanish speakers, it’s important give the correct meaning to the idea that the author of
the text is presenting, besides try to re-think a lot of times the translation of the phrase or
text because always you will find a better description or maybe the way to explain the idea
in a different context.
The techniques that I used to get the results in this case: Oblique translation technique,
specifically the modulation technique, literal translation (at the beginning of the translation)
and finally adaptation.
 DAYANA OLAYA
In general, in the previous translation was easy I understood most of the words. However, I
had problems with some words because I did not know the meaning. There words are:
o Soaps: In spanish is Jabones
o Powders: In spanish is Polvos

10. o Mercers: I did not find the meaning
o Spicers: I did not find the meaning
I used the next kind of translation:
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words
translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest
TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
(Ordudari,july 2007)
 ERIN CONTRERAS
I did not face any problems while translating, however as it was from English to Spanish I
used only one Oblique Translation Technique. As parts of speech change place from one
language to another in a sentence I used a lot of transposition. On the other hand, I did not
find the need to use in this particular paragraph modulation, equivalence, adaptation and
compensation as the text it is pretty straightforward.
Even though the paragraph was part of a historical narrative text, it didn’t have a lot of
unknown technical words that required equivalents in Spanish.

11. TASK 3. CHART
Create a chart about the difference between method, strategy
and technique and give an example of each concept.
 JOSE WILSON CASTRO
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUES
INTERPRETATION
Described as global
plan for methodical
presentation of any
language based on
simultaneous
approach.
Method of
operation for
attaining a
particular end
designed for
managing and
shaping certain
knowledge.
Is a particular
course or skill for
completing a
specific task .
EXAMPLE Modified Literal:Words
are translated and
adjusted slightly in
order to conform the
target language.
Literal: Syntax and
word order are
translated literally.
DynamicEquivalence:
Concerned with the
thought of writer and
the translated message.
The
implementation of
a translation that
bears little or no
morphological
resemblance or
semantic relation.
Prepositional
phrases instead of
Saxon genitive.
At a semantic level
rather than a
morpho-syntactic
one, proverbs,
sayings and
idiomatic
expressions often
require
substitution, songs
Oblique
Translation:
Used when the
structural or
conceptual elements
of the source
language cannot be
directly translated
without altering
meaning or upsetting
the grammatical and
stylistics elements of
the target language.
Include:
Transposition
Modulation
Reformulation
Equivalence
Adaptation
Compensation

12.  WENDY DE JESUS GUTIERREZ
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
DIFFERENCE A method is the set of
techniques used to
achieve a goal. It is the
procedure, way or
orderly and systematic
way of proceeding for
the development of an
activity whose purpose
is to obtain a goal or
determined result.
A strategy is a plan
that specifies a series
of steps or core
concepts that aim to
achieve a certain
objective
Set of procedures or
resources that are
used in an art, in a
science or in a certain
activity, especially
when they are
acquired through their
practice and require
skill.
EXAMPLE The method of
translation word by
word.
“This is a pen”,
Esto es un lápiz.
Adaptation: “Star
Wars”, Guerra de las
Galaxias.
Borrowing-. “Blue
Jeans”
Among other
Calque: “Handball”,
balón mano.
Literal
Translation: “I
am reading a
book”, Estoy
leyendo un libro
CLASSIFICATION Intralingual translation
or rewording
Interlingual translation.
Intersemiotic
translation or
transmutation
DIRECT
TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES:
borrowing, calque,
literal translation.
OBLIQUE
TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES:
transposition,
modulation,
reformulation,
adaptation,
compensation.

13.  ANGGIE TATIANA CUELLAR

14.  DAYANA OLAYA DAYANA OLAYA
Method Strategy Technique
Newmark (1988b) wrote,
“translation methods relate to
whole texts”. (p.81)
Teaching plan or the medium
of arriving to the objetives.
Example:
 Word-for-word
translation: in which
the SL word order is
preserved and the words
translated singly by
their most common
meanings, out of
context.
Loescher (1991:8) defines
translation strategy as "a
potentially conscious procedure
for solving a problem faced in
translating a text, or any segment
of it.
Procedures to achieve
objectives.
Example:
 Jaaskelainen (2005:16)
divides this into two
types, namely global
strategies and local
strategies: "global
strategies refer to general
principles and modes of
action and local
strategies refer to
specific activities in
relation to the translator's
problem-solving and
decision-making
Newmark (1988b) wrote,
“translation procedures are
used for sentences and the
smaller units of language"
(p.81)
How to do something.
Example:
 Borrowing is the
taking of words
directly from one
language into another
without translation.
Many English words
are "borrowed" into
other languages; for
example, software in
the field of technology
and funk in culture.

15.  ERIN CONTRERAS
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUES
CONCEPT
A method is the
way a particular
translation
process is done
in terms of the
objective.
An strategy is the procedure
being this conscious or
unconscious , verbal or not,
used by a translator to solve
problems having a particular
objective in mind.
A technique is a detailed list of
rules or a guideline for any
activity. Based on a
description incuding do´s and
don´ts
CLASSIFICATION
Literal
Translation
Direct
Procedure
Literal
Translation
Direct
Translation
Techniques
Borrowing
Transference Calque
Semantic
translation
Translation
Loan
Literal
Translation
Oblique
Translation
Techniques
Transposition
Naturalization
Modulation
Reformulation
or Equivalence
Communicative
translation
Indirect
Procedure
Equivalence Adaptation
Shifts Compensation

16. TASK 4. FEEDBACK
.Give meaningful feedback to your mates’ task about translation
 JOSE WILSON CASTRO ___________________________________
 WENDY DE JESUS GUTIERREZ
1. Hi, Erin.
I saw your translation, and I could see you omitted the translation of a small part of
a text. In my opinion I would can translate the following phrase in this way:
". They developed the processes of distillation and suspension in alcohol, which
allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than in the ancient
process," Ellos desarrollaron los procesos de destilación y suspención en alcohol,
el cual permitió a cantidades de materia prima más pequeñas ser usadas que en los
procesos antiguos".
But I don´t know what you think that is the best translation. It´s my opinion.
2. Hi, Anggie
I saw your activity and I think that is good but it is missing the task number three
(The Chart with the strategy, method and techniques); so you should complete this
part for you don´t lose points.
Wendy GR.
3. Good morning dear Anggie:
It´s true what you say about when I read a text. Sometimes If the text contains
vocabulary with a technical term, it will be difficult for us to translate it.
We have to identify and study the methods and techniques for getting an excellent
translation.
Regards,
Wendy GR

17.  ANGGIE TATIANA CUELLAR
1. Hello Erin,
Thanks a lot for that translation, of course is better than mine.
A comment about your job is that I think that if you did not have any problem with
the translation is because you have a vast vocabulary which is great. Besides about
the chart that you created I think that is very precise and covers all the topics about
the difference between method, strategy and technique.
In this moment I'm working in my chart, I will upload the chart today at the end of
the day.
Thanks a lot.
2. Hello Dear Wilson,
I hope you are ok.
I have reviewed your work and I consider that the point number 1 and 3 are
developed of the best way, I just want to give a tip about the point 2. It is about if
you did not face any problem with the translation please give the techniques that
you used to do this job.
Thanks. Have a good day!.
3. Hi Wendy,
I hope you are going ok,
In this opportunity I would like to say just a comment about your job.
I have to say about the translation that you did a very good job and the techniques
that you used are very useful in this part of the job.I have to say something about
the examples that you did, I am not sure but if we are talking about translation, it
would be better if the examples are related to translation, please let me know if I am
wrong.

18. In this moment I'm thinking about my examples in order to give them very related to
the topic.
In general, very good job, Thanks.
 ERIN CONTRERAS
1. Hi Anggie,
I have added your translation to the attached file and I adjusted the expression
you had highlighted
A glove and perfume makers’ guild had existed here since 1190.
La asociación entre un guante y los fabricantes de perfumes había existido aquí
desde 1190.
Hope it helps.
2. Good morning Anggie,
It was a really good translation, I have a couple expressions that I would translate
different,
1. associated with healing. - asociado con sanación
2. to have resulted - había resultado
3. such as cinnamon - tales como canela
4. led to an aversion to using water for washing - condujo a una aversión del uso
de agua para el lavado
Hope they help.
3. Good morning Jose,
I am sending a couple ideas to adjust the paragraph,
1. were strongly associated - eran/fueron fuertemente asociadas
2. where French oils were being imported - a donde los aceites franceses estaban
siendo importados
Other than these two, I found your translation very accurate.
Well done.

19. REFERENCES
Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from
http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures, strategies, and methods. Translation
Journal, 11(3). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from
http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41culture.htm